قاسم زمینی

Trichostrongylid helminths play a significant role in economic loss in livestock and human health. Due to the need to knowledge of the latest status of helminth infection of domestic ruminants, for proper planning to prevention and control, this study was conducted to determine of Trichostrongylidae helminths .

A total of 334 intestines and abomasums purchased from slaughterhouse of Sanadaj, Kurdestan. The samples were placed in 10% formalin separately and examined in the Parasitology Laboratory of Sanandaj and Hamadan Medical School. All nematodes identified using the appropriate keys. The results were recorded in a form along with information such as livestock type, sex, farming location .

Totally, 178 sheep samples (53.29%), 93 goat samples (27.85%) and 63 cattle samples (18.86%) were studied. The prevalence of intestine infection was 18.31% and abomasum was 81.69% and the overall infection in this study was 20.95%. Only two samples (0.6%) of Trichostrongylus sp. were isolated, most of them were female. The most isolated species was T. longispiculis. The highest percentage of isolated worms was Ostertagia ostertagi (22.18%). Most cases of intestinal nematode were Nematodirus abnormalis (14.28%) and in abomasum O. circumcicta (18.57%.)

Although Trichostrongylus infection has decreased in recent years; a 0.6% prevalence were found in present study. However, infection with other Trichostronegilids in the studied animals has a relatively high prevalence. Due to the economic loss in livestock and the possible role of these parasites in transmitting to humans, appropriate control and treatment measures should be taken

Iran started malaria elimination campaigns many years ago. The purpose of this study was to review the malaria surveillance system in Iran.
 

The data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control, a review of records, documents, books and published articles, and also interviews with process owners and experts of malaria surveillance in 2017-2019.
 

The surveillance system of malaria in Iran has a coherent structure, in which all identified cases are reported and monitored from the environmental levels to the center by telephone instantly. Considering that the main goals of the malaria program including disease elimination have been obtained, the surveillance system in Iran is currently aiming at strengthening the elimination phase. In this stage, all new cases are also epidemiologically investigated in addition to examination, treatment and follow-up for categorization of the cases in categories of relapse, indigenous, introduced, and induced.
 

The successful implementation of the surveillance system for malaria over time has caused indigenous cases of disease to be limited to three southeastern provinces of the country and there are fewer than 300 new cases a year. Despite success, since the goal of malaria surveillance in Iran is now disease elimination, continuous monitoring of  correct implementation of all processes and evaluation of the applied strategies are necessary.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoon with worldwide distribution that infects human and a wide spectrum of warm- blooded animals. The aim of the study is to survey the prevalence of T.gondii antibody in slaughtered livestock in slaughterhouse with modified agglutination test in Sanandaj in 2015. Totally 343 serum samples were collected from 130 cows, 111 sheep and 102 goats from May to July 2015 in Sanandaj slaughterhouse. Sera were examined with modified agglutination test (MAT) for T.gondii antibody and 1.40 titer antibody and above was considered as positive. Antibodies of T.gondii were found in sera of 51 out of 343 (15.45%) samples. From 51 seropositive sera, 13 cows (23.84), 13 goats (12.74%) and 9 sheep (8.1%) were infected. The differences among species were statistically significant (P≥.002). Results indicate that T. gondii in sheep, goats and especially cows is prevalent, so consumption of undercooked meats should be avoided, also the prevention methods of infection should be taught to the people and due to the possibility of limitations in the results of serological tests, repetition of the study using molecular techniques is recommended

Ticks are important ectoparasites that feed on the blood of various livestock hosts and sometimes, humans, which can lead to direct injury or transmission of microorganisms including the agent that causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Case reports of humans being bitten by these ticks can be helpful in preventing disease and improving human health.    A 71-year-old woman from Aran o Bidgol (northern Isfahan Province), referred to her public health center because of a burning sensation, pain and a nodule on the nape of the neck. Clinical examination showed a normal general condition of the patient with no fever reported. Physical examination detected an arthropod attached to the affected area; however there were no other significant findings. The arthropod was carefully removed by a fine-toothed forceps and sent to the medical Entomology Laboratory of the Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Using a stereomicroscope and an identification key, the specimen was identified as female Hyalomma spp. tick, which was completely swollen with the length of 20 mm. After removing of the arthropod, the patient still felt the burning sensation on the bite area. Red bumps and hematoma were also observed, but with no hotness or tenderness. The patient was discharged after prescription of cephalexin 500 mg every 6 hours and gelofen 400 mg p.o. every 8 hours. The red bumps and hematoma subsided after 2 days. The patient was followed for the next 10 days for any symptoms of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Introduction and Parasitic diseases have led to economic and health problems around the world. One of the most common ways for the transmission of these diseases is the consumption of raw vegetables contaminated with parasite. These diseases can be prevented through obtaining knowledge about the parasitic contamination of the vegetables. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and type of raw vegetables contamination in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2013.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 360 vegetable samples distributed in 60 greengroceries in Sanandaj in 2017. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16.
In total, 16.3% of the vegetable samples were contaminated with various types of parasites, including free-living nematode (12.2%), Entamoeba coli (1.7%), Giardia (0.8%), Blastocystis hominis (0.8%), and Dicrocoelium (0.8%). However, most of the contaminations (81.6%) were found in the vegetables, which were imported from regions other than Kurdistan province. Basil had the highest level of contamination, whereas coriander and lettuce had the lowest contamination level (P=0 Regarding the findings of the present study, it is recommend to thoroughly perform parasite decontamination before the consumption of vegetables. Furthermore, the officials can prevent the parasitic diseases by careful monitoring of public food distribution centers and controlling the source of vegetables in the winter.

Oxyuris or pin worm is a type of roundworm (nematode genus Enterobius) which has small, thin, white slender shape. The size of adult male is about 2 to 5 mm and adult female measures 8 to 13 mm in length. The purpose of this cross- sectional study was to determine the prevalence of oxyuriasis and its correlation with clinical manifestation and allergic symptoms among children between 1 and 6 years of age in "Oraman Takht" region of Marivan, in Iran. "Oraman Takht" region consists of 10 villages. A total number of 845 children between 1and 6 years of age, were living in this area.
Material and Using systematic random sampling method, 338 children were enrolled in the study. Data were collected by means of a special questionnaire, microscopic examination of scotch tape test specimens and peripheral blood smear. Data about parents, education and occupation and children's sex and age, were recorded in a questionnaire for every subject. Peripheral blood smear were obtained from all children and was examined by a hematologist for presence of eosinophilia. Scotch tape tests were prepared by the parents after necessary instructions, and examined for the presence of oxyuriasis ova by a parasitologist.
Among 340 children in our study 139 (%41.1) were infected by E. vermicularis. The prevalence rate of infection was %37.4 in the boys and %45.3 in the girls. There was not a significant relationship between E. vermiculris infection and its clinical manifestation and allergic disease symptoms. 22 (%6.4) children showed eosinophilia in their peripheral blood smears, among them 17 (%77.3) were infected by E. vermicularis, too. There was a significant relationship between eosinophilia and E.vermicularis infection (p‹0.001).
Considering the results and importance of this subject and for better control and prevention of parasitic infection, we suggest necessary training and education for the people in regard to the life cycle of the parasite, transfer and prevention of infection. Measures for improvement of economical status, public and personal healths are recommended. Finally all the household members should be treated at the same time.

Flies are found in most geographical areas in which every place where humans can live except from the poles and they benefit of human beings. In human societies, families Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae live in close association with humans. although Intestinal Myasis not always reported, but in a study 54 case has been reported in China and because flies are found in everywhere they can infest food and lay their egg and larvae in them, If fecal samples taken for stool exam is contamination with larvae of flies they can cause misdiagnosis and experimenter concern and The purpose of this reports are introduce the rare cases of the presence of larvae in stool samples to the laboratories expert. Case report: This report is about a 7 year-old Sanandajian (west Iran) preschool girl that for school entry and preventing the spread of parasitic infections, stool samples taken from her 3 times, in the third stool sample exam Ascaris eggs, Charcot–Leyden crystals and lots of motile larvae were found, immediately transferring the suspect specimen to Parasitology research laboratory section at Kurdistan University of Medical science, we found that it was fly larvae and Suspected to intestinal myiasis, After putting the samples in appropriate laboratory condition, larvae transform into pupae and finally emerge as adult within 13 days in room temperature. With More accuracy on one more stool exam with regarding to the normal status of patient and according to the information derived from questionnaire we conclude that the sample was taken and preserved improperly and somehow infected with the larvae of flies and subsequently transferred to the Clinical Laboratory so the larvae were not excreted by the person. According to diagnostic keys, we found that it was the larvae of Sarcophaga fertoni spices.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely immuno-compromised patients. Despite the advances made in diagnostic methods, accurate diagnosis of IA is not easy. At the present time, in Iran, the diagnosis is most often made based on a combination of clinical and abnormal radiologic findings, which are nonspecific, and the treatment is often given without establishing the diagnosis. Considering the invasive and progressive nature of the disease, if proper diagnostic methods are not used, control of the disease will be difficult. Therefore establishing the diagnosis of IA at an early stage by non-invasive and specific methods is necessary for early successful treatment. The detection of circulating galactomannan (GM) antigen in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid and tissue has become an important method for the early diagnosis of IA. Recent data have indicated that this test has a high specify and sensitivity and is more valuable than other methods such as culture and CT scan. In general this method is non-invasive, time-saving and specific which permits early treatment of the disease and helps physicians to select the proper treatment and other clinical measures. Certainly, well designed prospective studies with systematic sampling and use of accepted definitions are required to compare the efficiency of antigen detection in different samples and population.