قاسم فتاحی

Shi'ism, which became a fundamental factor and agent in the way rulers interacted with followers of other Islamic sects and religious minorities with the establishment of the Safavid state, was also of significant importance during the Zand period and the rule of Karim Khan Zand. The present article aims to examine the religious policy of Karim Khan Zand, based on the views of Antonio Gramsci, the theorist behind the concept of "hegemony." This approach relies on cultural and ideological dominance, emphasizing the power of human thought and will in transforming social dominance and strategizes on creating change in the hegemonic system towards public consent. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method and relies on library and documentary methods to examine the aspects of hegemonic representation in the religious politics of Karim Khan Zand. The findings indicate that Karim Khan endeavored to rely on hegemony to generate and regenerate public consent. In his interactions with religious and sectarian minorities and Shia scholars, as the most significant political and civil actors in the country, he represented his hegemony and, in most cases, instead of resorting to violence, used hegemonic power to persuade individuals and social groups to accept the beliefs, convictions, and values favored by his government.

The dismissal of Timur Bakhtiar from the head of SAVAK and then the announcement of his retirement from the army caused many challenges and troubles for the Shah's regime. Timur, who before that was in various positions, was among the loyalties to the court and close and trusted people of the Shah, was removed from power in the last years of the 1960s due to the suspicion of the Shah and disagreement between them. The purpose of this article is to examine one of the important reasons for Bakhtiar's dismissal, namely his contacts with the Bakhtiari tribes, his numerous trips to Chaharmahal and Isfahan, as well as the actions of the Pahlavi II government to deal with the political-security challenges caused by Timur Bakhtiar's removal from the position. Investigating the causes and methods of Bakhtiar's removal and the subsequent emergence of challenges in the country, as well as the regime's solutions to end this challenge, is the main issue of the current research. The method of data collection in this research is documentary-historical and of the method analytical-descriptive. The results of this research show Timur's relationship with the people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari on the one hand and the Pahlavi II government's use of a wide and diverse range of information and security methods and political and cultural measures on the other hand to end this challenge, which is finally resulted in Bakhtiar's murder.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of educational content of social studies in the first grade of high school to the symbols, components and elements of national identity. The research method is descriptive-analytic-content analysis. The statistical population of the study included all the books of social studies of the first grade of elementary school, which, through a series of checks, all their content (as a unit of analysis) in terms of attention to symbols And the components of national identity were examined. The results of the research show that the attention of the reviewed books has been incomplete and transient in strengthening national identity. Means that Some of the symbols, such as monuments and national celebrities, are overrated and some like national flags and anthems are either ignored or neglected. Among the lessons, the pages and images of these books have been neglected.  Considering the importance of the issue of national identity and its impact on creating convergence and cohesion in society, the use of this research can be considered as one of the important missions of the educational system to be paid special attention to policymakers and authors of textbooks.

Physical-motor injury is a type of injury that limits one or more of the basic activities of a person's life and prevents the physical and mental development of an individual. Therefore, men with this type of disability will face certain challenges and problems during their lifetime. One of the most important challenges is marriage and the choice of the spouse to support the emotional, psychological and physical aspects of the man. The aim of the present study is to explain the lived experiences and challenges of men with marital-related physical-motor injuries. This research was carried out in a qualitative way, through the phenomenology of lived experiences, via a purposive sampling technique and in-depth interviews with 16 males with physical-motor injuries. The interviews were recorded, then recorded in transcripts and analyzed by Colaizzi's method. The findings of the lived experiences and challenges of men with physical-motor injuries were summarized in 6 main themes (occupational concerns, fear of disability in sexual relations, fear of rejection, therapeutic problems, religious beliefs, self-affirmation in life), and 20 sub-themes coded as subcategories of the main themes. These findings can provide the necessary data for recognizing the main problems, concerns and challenges of men with physical-motor injuries in their marriage, and provide a platform for many professionals and authorities to provide services and supports for social rehabilitation of the physical-motor disabled.

The debate is about desirable ways of explaining and disseminating Divine teachings in confronting the views and ideas of the opponents of Islam that have been considered in the scholarly and practical school of Ahl al-Bayt (AS). In the meantime, the discussions of Imam Reza (AS) are of great importance because of the broadening of the scope and the scientific atmosphere that arose in that era, and also the support of the Abbasi tribunal for debates and the convening of scientific meetings and the invitation of the parties to the debate. In this article, the factors and fields of influence on the formulation on one of the most famous debates recorded in the pages of Islam's history, namely, the discussions of Imam Reza (AS) with the elders of religions and the sects, and the Causes and Consequences of these talks are reviewed and researched. The method of doing research is documentary analysis and in order to collect data for answering research questions which are presented in the form of subtitles in the text of the article, the documents related to the subject have been analyzed.

Security measures in Karim Khan Zand era to create calm and order, taking into account the pastoral life and agriculture among the people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, which are reflected in both residential and non-residents' history in the region, can be explained in two ways of dealing with the rebellious tribes, and creating order through the creation of a garrison in the Chaharmahal. In the turbulent period of the 12th century (18 A.D), which is unique in terms of chaos and rebellion of tribes and nomads, led to the destroyed the security of roads and places, and delayed the normal life of survivors in various parts of western Iran. This research, which has been drafted in a historical way, has been proposed by the question of how and in what way is the process of establishing security in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari region by Karim Khan? In response to this question, the research hypothesis is that Karim Khan Zand has been using various methods such as the encouragement, granting of tax liability and the assignment of local order and security to Khans, to enforce sovereignty over the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and to create order and security. Other tactics, such as the policy of displacing tribes and nomads or taking hostages their heads, were also used. The findings of the research show that this process in the local dimension has caused relative security and prosperity of the North-South communication, and in the country level, with the expansion of Khan Zand, it had a huge impact on the organize of peasantry, businessmen and travelers.

The author of the research aims to study the attitudes of students to islamic history course at islamic azad university of shahrekord placed in chaharmahal bakhtiyari province. The method was survey. questionnaire are used for data collection procedure. Statistical population in this research consists of the students of islamic azad university of shahrekord and borujen (n=9696). 365 (men and women) were selected through stratified sampling studying art, science, foreign language, agriculture and veterinary. The results of the study show that 7.42% of students are in a high attitude and 15% are in a moderate attitude toward Islam History Course. According to the results of this study, there is a close relationship between student's attitude to Islam History Course and the following items: attention of managers in cultural affairs and their programs related to Islamic history revolutions, TV and radio programs, satellite networks, publications and Web site contents, form, size and content of the textbooks, moral characters, skills and academic ability of teachers and lecturers in Islamic history, study of this course and rate of interest in Islam and Iran and sense of unity and solidarity with Muslims and their Islamic and national identity There are some differences in attitudes based on variables such as gender, fields of study, educational degrees, place of education and occupation.

Human civilization and scientific advances in the history don’t blong to a group, race or tribe, but are the attemps of all human beings and tribes tried constantly in the course of centuries to create different civilizations and to develop different sciences. This is why to say that those who built Islamic civilization didn’t blong to a particular group of people. In the 3st A.H. century most of the scholars in shaam (Damascus) and Iraq were non-Arabs and most of the jourists and judges (mavali) living in Iraq cities were governors. It can be clearly said that Islamic civilization belongs to all the groups and races lived from Andalus (Spain) to Sindh. One of the cuntributions of Islam to human culture was the destruction of racial differences and proving the fact that different groups of people through cooperation with each other and having religious unity can establish a big and wonderful civilization for humans. For this reason Iranians distributions in all aspects of Islamic sciences is so significant and clear that no one can refuse it.In this research we are to study Iranians role in the formation of Islamin civilization, specially in the foundation and development of mathematics and introducing some outstanding mathematicians of Iran and to show the role and influence of Iranian scientists in the evolution of human civilization and culture from the beginning to the modern century by using existing sources.

The Science history is not separable from political, social, economical and cultural history. Aftar first victories, according to recommendation and emphasis of Islam about obtaining education and Knowledge from every one and every where, muslims translated and quoted sciences from different languages to Arabic powerfully from second and third hejira centuries in Darol hakamah and the other Islamic scientific centers: And this process continued until fourth century and first middle of fifth century. Greece was the main source of wisedom sciences that entered into Islam. Haroon and Maaoun appointed many translators for translating of books in different fields of commin sciences and Knowledge in Darol hekamah. Muslim scientists searched about other countries works and pondered on them and created excellent works which later were translated into latin, Hebrew and other languages. There for, muslims retained Greek Knowledge in middle ages and added many things to them and played an important role on scientific development of west in recent centuries.