قدرت برزگری

The sustainability of tailings dams is very important from the economic, social and environmental aspects. The stability and safety of these structures are a worry of countries all over the world. Mazraeh mine tailings dam is located 18 kilometers north of Ahar city. This tailings dam was built in order to store the tailings from the concentration and processing factory and reduce the pollution of the mines in the area. The current level of the dam crest after height rising in two stages is 2085 m (above from sea level), with a height of 47 meters from the bed. The studied dam site is located in the tectonic zone of the Western Alborz. The weathering of the rock mass on the surface and along the joint surfaces is evaluated as low to moderate. In general, the quality index of the rock mass up to a depth of 20 meters from the surface of the earth is very poor to poor and at greater depths it is medium to excellent. Based on the results of lugeon tests, the permeability of the dam site is determined to be an average of 35 Lu in the bed up to a depth of 12 meters, and less than 5 Lu in other sections. In this research, the stability and performance of the dam in terms of seepage have been investigated through field studies and limit equilibrium analysis using Seep/W and Slope/W software. The obtained results show that the stability coefficients of the dam boy slopes are more than the minimum required limits and there is not much problem in this respect. The amount of seepage through dam foundation in the abutments is not very significant, but it is noticeable through the rock mass on the bed, which necessitates the sealing of such dam foundations.

With the fast development of metropolitans, the huge production of construction and demolish waste has become a challenge for sustainable development of the cities. Although some efforts have been made to promote re-use and recycling of construction wastes. However, landfilling of waste, remained the most common method for the mentioned disposal. Therefore, site selection and finding a suitable place, is one of the most important steps in the management of the wastes. Due to the destructive environmental effects of the landfill, the selection of the suitable site should be done with accuracy and through a scientific process. In this study, considering geological criteria (fault, lithology, morphology and slope), environmental criteria (hydrology, geohydrology, groundwater depth and protected areas) and socio-economic criteria (residential areas, airports, industrial areas, communication lines, mines, transmission lines and land use) through the capabilities of GIS software and using a combination of Buckley fuzzy hierarchical analysis process methods and the ideal option, suitable locations has been selected for disposal of healthy and unhealthy construction waste in Tabriz city. Based on the obtained results, three places in the north, south and east of the Tabriz city have been selected separately for the disposal of healthy and unhealthy construction waste and demolish.

In this paper, stability analysis of the slopes on Sungun mine was investigated. Sungun mine located in East Azerbaijan province, 45 km north of Varzaghan city. In order to investigate the stability coefficient and the rate of displacement on the slopes, three sections were selected and analyzed by numerical and equilibrium methods using SLIDE and UDEC models. The results showed that the coefficient of slope stability against failure in static conditions is more than 1.4 and in dynamic conditions with cosidering of the design based acceleration (DBA) of 0.35 g, it will be in the range of 0.92 to 1.2. In the case of applying acceleration of 0.42 g, the safety coefficient decreased to 0.8 and 1.05 and in most of the mine area, especially by Janbu method, it will be less than 1 and occurance of instability in wide range of the studied mine area is possible. However, in the extraction benches even with the application acceleration of 0.35 g, a limited chance of failure is possible. Based on the numerical analysis results, the displacements in the western part of the mine (downstream of the mine slopes) are generally higher than the eastern part of the mine. The maximum dynamic displacement in DBA of 0.42 g will be happen at section 2 (middle part of the mine) with the amount of more than 40 cm. In the entire of the mine area, the occurrence of toppling failure is dominant.

Cement grouting is the most common methods using for improving, treatment and sealing the foundations of structures and construction sites of dam projects. In this method, through injecting the cement grout by pressure, joints and fractures of rock mass subjected to filling and as a result, the geomechanical characteristics of the rock mass improving due to integrity and reducing of permeability. The key to success in using this approach is to correctly evaluate the grout-ability of rock mass and, consequently, to determine the mixing plan and designing of grouting parameters. Peygham-Chay Reservoir Dam is an embankment dam with a clay core and a height of 46 meters from the riverbed, which is under construction in East Azerbaijan province, 15 km southwest of the Kaleybar city. The bedrock of the dam site is basalt, which is covered by alluvial deposits in the riverbed and the left abutment. The bedrock is fractured due to 3 main joints and a number of sub-joints and faults. Based on the results of Lugeon tests in the construction site along to the dam axis, in most test sections, the permeability is less than 3 Lugeon. The rock mass quality index (RQD) in the study site in 75% of sections is less than 25% and in only 1% of sections is more than 75%. Investigation of the relationship between RQD and Lugeon values shows that most sections with low to high RQD have low permeability and there is no logical relationship between these two parameters. In different RQD, the cement take is low that indicates the presence of rock mass with low to high degree of jointing with filled and/or with low aperture as well as very low continuity. The study of the relationship between the cement take and different classes of secondary permeability index (SPI) shows that there is no logical relationship between this parameters in the study site. Based on the obtained results, the rock mass forming the study site is low grout-ability.

Hajilar chai basin located in the western part of varzegan and it may expose to potential of water resources contamination due to placement of Zarrin Dagh Astarkan gold extraction factory in this area. In order to monitor the water sources of the Hajilar chai basin, 12 water samples collected and analyzed in March 2021. The results showed that the concentration of Co, Pb and As are higher than permissible limit of WHO standard for drinking water in some places and probably the source of trace element related to geological formations and water rock interaction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrchemical characteristics and source of contamination of water sources using graphical methods, multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The result of the graphical methods showed that the most of the water samples have bicarbonate calcium dominate type. The result of the factor analysis show that four factors were affecting the quality of water source. The first, third and fourth components result from affecting of formation on water resources and water rock interaction. The second component show evidences of the anthropogenic activities in the study area. Also, hierarchical cluster analysis classifies the data into three categories. The first cluster data have similar geochemical process and less trace element. In second cluster hydrochemcial equilibrium is not established, which is probably due to the impact of factory activities. In third cluster, the concentration of arsenic is high and probably is originated from geological formation.

Uncontrolled urban expansion in country cause to increasing of waste production in the cities and became to an important issue despite the progress of science and technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate and select a suitable location for landfill in Malekan city.

In this study, the required criteria including lithology, land use, vegetation, soil characteristics, topography (slope), distances from urban areas and away from the main road, the main and secondary canals, residential areas, wells and aqueducts, faults have been identified and collected. To form a pair wise comparison matrix and the weight of information layers determined by using of the Expert Choice 11 software and analytic hierarchy process. Then the appropriate zones have been modeled by overlaying of different layers in GIS media.

It was found that the current waste disposal site of Malekan city does not have sufficient conditions for waste disposal and in order to select a suitable location, in addition to addressing the impact of the included criteria, it is necessary to use field visits and environmental assessments to finally select the most suitable place for landfilling.

As a result, 8 zones have been selected that 4 of them were eliminated based on field visits. Finally in order to planning of the studied area waste, the candidate zones were evaluated by the Leopold matrix and finally the zone number 4 located on the east of Qalejogh village has been selected as a best location for landfill of Malekan urban waste.

The research project in this study is a part of a 36 kilometer tunnel with 6.32 m in diameter for conveyance of water from the western of Zagros to the Uromia Lake that is under construction through hard rock by using of two tunnel boring machines. Lithology of the tunnel alignment including of granite, granodiorite, hornfels, schist, limestone, dolomite, shale, slate and phyllite. The wear of cutting tools is one of the main challenges of the studied tunnel, which impact significant cost and serious delays on schedule. Wear can be defined as the continuous and unwanted loss and removal of material from the surface of a solid object, as e result of mechanical actions, such as contact and relative motion between two objects. Abrasive wear and impact wear are one of the most important type of wear occurs on the TBM disc cutters. In this paper field actual cutter wear data belong to 9.5 Km of the bored tunnel, geotechnical properties and laboratory information are used to study the wear phenomena. Field data show that abnormal wear of disc cutters with 51 percent is more than normal wear. Also the study of disc cutter consumption rate in relation the geological characteristics and TBM parameters show that the Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI) and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) are in agreement with disc cutter consumption rate. The obtained results indicate that thrust, torque and penetration rate have a relatively good relation with disc cutter consumption rate. It was not found any relation between rock mass quality index, geological strength index and disc cutter wear rate. In general the relative cutter life in the studied tunnel is in accordance with the relation proposed after Bruland (1998).

In this paper, the effective parameters on settlement due to EPB twin tunnelling excavation including face sup-port pressure, back-fill grouting pressure, penetration rate, pitching angle, groundwater level, tunnel depth and soil characteristics (standard penetration test number, soil elastic modulus, dry density, internal friction and cohesion) belonging to a part of the Tabriz metro line 1 twin tunnels in a distance between Qunqa and Gazran stations was se-lected as the intelligent network input data's and designed to optimize artificial intelligence models using artificial neural network, fuzzy logic methods for predicting of maximum surface settlement. Comparing of obtained results with actual measured data's showed that despite of the ability of both artificial intelligence models on estimating the maximum settlements in mechanized excavation, it is still possible to precise the results by applying a combined arti-ficial intelligence model. Therefore, the output of two single models was used as the input of the Nero-fuzzy model and the obtained results (R2 = 0.77 and RMSE = 0.78) indicate a decrease of at least 27% RMSE compared to the in-dividual models.

Site selection for landfill is an important issue for planning and management of solid waste materials on the metropolitan cities. In order to prevention of environmental, ecological and economical impacts of waste material, investigations for selection of suitable site should be done in a scientific trend. Nowadays multi-criteria decision analysis methods and GIS systems are widely using for environmental planning.
Shahindezh city with 35 tones daily waste material production is facing with environmental, social and healthy problems. In this research, in roder to selection of suitable site for landfill of Shahindezh city, some important criteria including hydrogeology, hydrogeology, litology, land use, vegetables developing, soil condition, topography, transmission lines, distance from city and main roads and faults are considered. After making pair-wise comparison matrix for the criteria, the weight of information layers determined by using of Expert Choice11 software in the GIS media based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Therefore the appropriate zones for landfill of Shahindezh city are divided into four categories according to the location potential from completely suitable to completely unsuitable. As a result 6 areas are selected and subjected to visiting and filed investigations. In term of site visit, three areas are determined as proper locations. The selected areas are compared to each other based on similarity to the ideal choice by using TOPSIS method. Finally area no. 2 located in the west of Shahindezh (in the north of the upper Sarojeh village) was introduced as the best area for landfill site of this city

Sungun copper mine is located in the East Azerbaijan province, 45 km north of Varzaqan County. In this research, in order to zonation of potentially unstable areas, slope mass rating (SMR), kinematical analysis and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods by using of Dips 6.0, Expert Choice and ArcGIS softwares were accomplished. In the study by using Analytical Hierarchy Process method, the effective general criterias on the failure of rock slopes and extraction benches including structural geology, geomechanics, groundwater condition of joints, morphology and degree of alteration were selected and ranked by forming a pairwise comparison matrix. Then the sub-criterias and alternatives are wheighted by using of overall row wheight method on the basis of their importance. Finally, by integration of obtained data layers in the ArcGIS system, the studied mine area was zoned in low, medium and higth category in terms of failure potentially. According to the results, the western, southern, southeast and scattered parts of the north area of the studied mine specially in mining benchs are more likely to rock slope failurs, which is in good agreement with field observations. The results showed that there is a fairly good agreement between the results of the methods used in this research. But due to the fact that in the hierarchical analysis method, other criteria involved in the failure are considered, and the result is more reliable.

Land subsidence is often triggered by over abstraction of groundwater due to increased demands from agriculture, industry and domestic uses. This problem is investigated for Shabestar plain formulating a framework to estimate subsidence potentials and the outcome is compared with measured values of them with the lowest threshold value of 30 cm. The research puts together seven hydrogeological and geological factors affecting land subsidence, which comprise groundwater level decline, aquifer media, recharge, groundwater withdrawal, land use, aquifer thickness and fault distance. Although the framework results are acceptable, Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to optimize weights and to improve the correlation between calculated indices and their corresponding measured subsidence values. Results confirm the improvement and show further that the southern and southeastern areas in Shabestar plain have most subsidence potentials. As such management plans are essential to meet the local demands and yet to protect land against subsidence and other adverse impacts.

Increasing development of engineering projects construction such as city subway needs appropriate investigation, management and control of groundwater. Therefore, precise estimation of hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity is the most important factor in studies and modeling of groundwater and geotechnical issues. In recent decades, various laboratory and field methods exist for estimating this parameter, but estimation of hydraulic conductivity using these methods due to the heterogeneity and anisotropy hydrogeological environments is costly, time-consuming and inherent uncertain. In this study, three fuzzy inference methods, Sugeno (SFIS), Mamdani fuzzy inference model (MFIS) and Larsen Fuzzy Inference System (LFIS) that is suitable for handling the uncertain data, was adopted to estimate the hydraulic conductivity in Tabriz city subway area. After, the hybrid SOM-FL model was presented to improve efficiency of individual model and solve heterogeneity problem of the Tabriz city aquifer. Based the evaluation criterions R2 and RMSE the results of individual models are acceptable but the proposed hybrid model improved, R2 in train and test stage, 18% and 15.4 percent, respectively.

Using of underground spaces for transportation have been inevitable with considering to population growth, energy saving and environmental polluting issues especially in metropolis and its need to have modern systems. Tunneling under urban environment which involves old residential building with high density, different infrastructures, monuments and unknown buried subterranean has a specific challenges in spite of using modern tunneling machines. There are different parameters which determine the influence to adjacent structures due to mechanized tunneling. Risk assessment procedures form a key component of pre-construction studies for underground projects.
In this paper, main parameters which cause to hazards and damage to adjacent structures in tunneling by using of pressurized TBM (EPB) in urban areas have been presented and classified corresponding to their abundance on the Tabriz metro line 1.
The project is 17.2 kilometers long which is includes 8 kilometers twin tunnel is part of metropolitan transportation development of Tabriz city. This line is consisted of 17 underground stations and passes underneath the historical city center. Mechanical tunneling of Tabriz metro line 1 twin tunnels with 6.88m in diameter is under construction by using of two EPB-TBM under special urban area including of old residential buildings, different infrastructures and geological challenges (mix faced condition, buried holes, disturbed ground during varies earthquakes, abrasive ground) and continuous needs for TBMs maintenance in hyperbaric condition.
For evaluation of varies hazards on the Tabriz metro line 1 in the studied area, different events have been registered. In order to measurement of settlements in adjacent building, targets along the tunneling line on building walls installed and their movements have been monitored. The variation of displacement in depth were monitored via installation of extensimeter in the tunnel line.
It was found that as well as surface subsidence and other parameters which accounting to tunneling risk assessment efforts, there are some hazards which could enhance the risks in tunneling works in urban area. As experienced in Tabriz metro line 1, presence of wells and unknown buried underground spaces could be enhance the tunneling influence and risks to the adjacent structures. It was conclude that cracks in building due to surface subsidence with 45 percent is the main hazard. The permeation and flow of foam (soil conditioner additives) and grouts to adjacent buildings via holes and unknown spaces with 11 percent was the other hazard which has experienced on the Tabriz metro L1. It was seen that maximum displacement occured during passing of first TBM in tunneling crown level.

Soil abrasivity and TBM component wear issues is one of the most important factor in success of this type of projects. Despite of rocks there are very few test methods to describe the abrasive characteristic of soils. It can be mentioned that impossibility of reliable estimation of soil abrasivity on mechanical tunneling is one of the engineering geology science gaps in tunneling and drilling industry. In this paper the influence of some important parameter on soil abrasivity (soil particle size, equivalent quartz content and water content) are studied by use of LCPC standard and the abrasiveness of Tabriz metro line 1 soil are estimated. The results indicate by increasing of soil particle size the abrasivity trend to be increased. The influence of water content on abrasivity was not the same in all of the samples. The presence of water in some samples cause to increase and in the other sample cause to decrease of abrasivity. With increasing the equivalent quartz content (EQC), the abrasivity of soil depends on grain size has trend to increase with power relation. Evaluation of Tabriz metro line 1 soil samples shown it is very abrasive and medium abrasive in dry and saturated condition respectively.

Development of liquefaction in saturated cohesionless deposits is one of the most dramatic causes of damage in civil structures during earthquakes. The potential damage caused by liquefaction includes: 1) loss of bearing capacity, 2) excessive settlement, 3) lateral spreading, 4) flow failure, and 5) ground oscillation. The liquefaction susceptibility of a specific deposit is affected by many factors for example, wave-induced liquefaction characteristics, soil type, geological history, confining pressure, permeability, relative density, water content, and properties of the soil grain size. Chapar-Abad Dam is an inhomogeneous earth-fill dam with height and crest length of 44.5 and 427 meters, respectively. The reservoir capacity is 127 million cubic meters. The dam which is under construction is located about 75 km southeast of Uromieh City, in West-Azerbaijan province. The foundation materials include 60 meters of alluvium deposits overlying the bedrock layers of carbonate units. The abutments consist of carbonate and schistose layers of Precambrian age. In this paper the potential of liquefaction of the site is evaluated according to the SPT results form in-situ tests performed in boreholes driven into the depth of alluvial deposits. Furthermore, recently modified relations of correction factors such as stress reduction factor (rd), earthquake magnitude scaling factor for cyclic stress ratios (MSF), overburden correction factor for cyclic stress ratios (Ks), and the overburden normalization factor for penetration resistances (CN) are presented and used in liquefaction assessment of alluvial foundation at Chapar-Abad Dam. The results indicate the possibility of liquefaction and instability of granular soils during earthquake and any types of strong motions.

Considering the seepage and choosing an efficient sealing method is very important in dam projects. This issue has a close relationship with engineering geological properties of the dam site. Chapar-abad dam is an inhomogeneous earth-fill dam of 44.5 meters height, crest length about 427 meters and a reservoir capacity of 127 million cubic meters. The dam project is under construction and is located about 75 Km southeast of Uromieh city, in West Azerbaijan Province. The foundation materials include 60 meters of alluvium deposits overburden bedrock layers of carbonate units. The abutments consist of carbonate and schistose layers of Precambrian age. In order to control the seepage through the Alluvial foundation, several sealing methods were considered. The methods include grout curtain, cutoff-wall, impervious blanket, open compacted trenches, and the use of geosynthetics are evaluated. In this research using a finite element package named Plaxis was utilized. The results indicate that although the cutoff-wall is usually considered as the best method for this type of geological condition, but due to the instability of granular soils and the possibility of liquefaction capability, the grout curtain is proposed as to be an efficient method.