مانی مجدم

90% of Iran's land area is in arid and semi-arid areas. It is expected that by 2025, about two-thirds of the world's agricultural lands will face a water deficit. The yield also decreases by 50 to 90% under drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. Among the different types of stress, drought stress at the end of the season is the most important stress in Mediterranean areas such as many areas of Iran. Therefore, the yield of small grains cultivated in these areas is affected by drought stress at the terminal of the season. Salinity and drought stress increases the concentration of dissolved solutes in the root environment, increases the osmotic potential of the soil, decreases the absorption of nutrients and decreases the mobility of zinc and iron elements in the soil solution. Elements in the plant can be compensated and tolerance to saline conditions can be increased. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. In stress conditions due to reduction of stomatal conductance and limited access to CO2 for carboxylation reactions, the rate of photosynthesis decreases and increasing stomatal resistance is a suitable defense strategy for the survival of wheat and barley. Due to the cultivation of barley in these moderate areas and the role of the micronutrient element zinc in reducing the effects of drought and salinity stress, this research was carried out in different varieties of barley using different amounts of zinc sulfate. This research was carried out in November of the agricultural year 2017-2018 in two areas: 1) Kobutrabad Agricultural Research Station (drought stress by removing water after spike emergence); 2) Rudasht Station (rrigation with salt water 10 dS/m). Planting was carried out by machine planter in November in both regions. In the dry area of Kabutrabad, the plots containing 6 rows of 6 meters with the distance between the rows of 20 cm (the planting area of each plot is 7.2 square meters) with a density of 400 grains per square meter were done. Data analysis and step-by-step regression were performed using SAS9.1 software and mean comparison was performed by LSD test at 5% probability level. If the interaction effect is significant, cutting (slicing) and comparison of means was done by Lsmeans test at 5% probability level. The results showed that barley cultivars under drought stress had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content than under salt stress. Drought stress at the end of the season compared to salinity stress during the growing season had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content. Foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate had higher grain yield (4763 kg/ha about 34%) and biological yield (4763 kg/ha about 26%) than without foliar application and is recommended. It should be noted that there was no difference in the amount of proline between cultivars in drought stress, but in salt stress, tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars had more proline content than the stress-sensitive line. In drought stress, Armaghan (semi drought tolerant) and Goharan (drought tolerant) cultivars had more chlorophyll a in the application of zinc sulfate. It seems that the mechanism of increasing the tolerance and performance of Armaghan and Goharan cultivars under drought stress conditions is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll a due to the application of zinc sulfate. For this purpose, foliar spraying of suitable cultivars (Armaghan and Goharan) is recommended in drought stress conditions.Grain yield had positive correlation with traits of plant height (p = 0.01, r = 0.33), spike length (p = 0.05, r = 0.31), number of grain per spike (p = 0.01, r = 0.35), biological yield (p = 0.01,  r = 0.96), amount of chlorophyll a (p = 0.01, r = 0.44), amount of chlorophyll b (p = 0.05, r = 0.29) and zinc element (p = 0.01, r = 0.39), which is the highest correlation between grain yield and biological yield (r2 = 0.99). In terms of grain and biological yield, Armaghan and Goharan cultivars are recommended under drought stress and Armaghan and Mehr cultivars are recommended under salt stress with a concentration of 0.5% zinc sulfate. In salinity stress, the minimum and maximum grain yield and biological yield were obtained respectively in foliar spraying of 0.1 and 0.5% zinc sulfate in all genotypes. It seems that foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate is sufficient for all barley cultivars under salinity stress, and foliar application with a higher concentration of zinc sulfate is not recommended due to the decrease in grain and biological yield in this stress.

In the sustainable agriculture system, the use of plant hormones has received more attention in recent years due to the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the quantity and quality of the produced crops. To investigate the effects of cytokinin foliar application on the physiological and yield characteristics of cowpea cultivars, a split-plot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the two crop years of 2018 and 2019 in Dezful city. The main factors included Mashhad, local, and Arabic cultivars, and the secondary factor was foliar application of cytokinin hormone at 100 and 200 ppm. Hormonal foliar spraying was done at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results of combined variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars for all traits, except for the harvest index. The correlation between seed yield and protein percentage, hundred seed weight, and biological yield was positive and significant, with the highest correlation related to seed protein percentage (0.958). The highest seed yield (with an average of 2281 kg/ha) belonged to the Mashhad variety, and the lowest yield (with an average of 1386 kg/ha) belonged to the Arab variety. The highest and lowest seed yields were obtained from the use of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone and the control treatment (with an average of 2319 and 1327 kg/ha, respectively). Increasing the use of cytokinin improved quality traits such as chlorophyll index and seed protein. In general, it was found that the selection of high-yielding Mashhad variety and foliar spraying of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone, in addition to increasing yield, could improve quality traits in cowpea.

In order to effect of potassium nano chelate on physiological and yield characteristics of barley in irrigation cut-off conditions, this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatment consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub treatment consisted: no foliar application (control), 35 mg.L-1 and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano chelate. results showed that the effect of deficit irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate on number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were statistically significant at 1% level of probability. Interaction irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds, in canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were significant at 1% probability and stomatal conductance at 5% probability level. The highest grain yield was in full irrigation (control) (5308 kg.ha-1) and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-chelate (4854.9 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was in irrigation at anthesis (3169.4 kg.ha-1) and no foliar application (control) (3588 kg.ha-1). the maximum relative water content of leaf was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (73.13%) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (35.99%). maximum stomatal coductance was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (185.87 mlmol.m-2s-1) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (47.99 mlmol.m-2s-1). as a result, foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer at different irrigation cut-off periods cause improves grain yield and leaf water in comparison to control (no foliar application) and is recommended.

This study was carried out in the two crop years of 2016 and 2017 at Safi Abad Research Center. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main factor of the experiment was to cut off irrigation at three levels (control), cut off irrigation at the stage Silking and cut off irrigation at the stage Blister and the secondary factor wascycocel zero, 442.5 and 885 mg/l Micronutrients were zero, 1000 and 1500 gr/ha and control. The correlation results of the assessed traits with each other were determined, seed yield with plant height, number of seeds per cob, thousand seed weight had a significant positive correlation with hydrogen peroxidase, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage rate, catalase activity, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and proline in leaves showed a significant negative correlation, the highest positive correlation was related to the number of seeds in the cob (0.893) and the highest negative correlation was from electrolyte leakage (-0.945) and hydrogen peroxide. (-0.854) was observed. The placement process of different amounts of micronutrients and cycocel was determined; So that different levels of micronutrients tend to be more towards the center; And consumption of 1000 gr/ha tends to zone III and the zone where yield and yield components are located. In general, it was found that foliar spraying with concentrations of 1500 gr/ha of micronutrients and 885 mg/l of cycocel by reducing the negative effects of stress, could be suitable treatments to increase tolerance toin corn stress at the end of the season.

One of the important goals of rice breeding programs is to develop new high yielding cultivars with high quality properties as well as desirable agronomic traits. Introducing of such cultivars and adoption them by farmers will lead to increased production. This experiment evaluated new hybrid rice cultivars under different transplanting bed methods in the Khuzestan climate conditions in Iran.

The experiment was carried out as split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons at the Shaawor agricultural research station, Ahvaz, Iran. The main plots were wet and dry transplanting bed methods, and the sub-plots consisted of seven hybrid rice cultivars (L66S, F168S, Quan2, XinerPS, Hs–3, Shen51S and Hui34S). SPAD value, leaf area index (LAI), number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, grain yield and yield components and biological yield were measured.

The results indicated that the SPAD value, leaf area index, number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, grain yield and yield components and biological yield were significantly affected by the interaction effect of year × transplanting bed × cultivar. SPAD value, LAI, number of tillers, growth duration, panicle fertility, plant height, yield components and grain yield and biological yield were higher in wet bed transplanting method. Also, Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid cultivars were superior than the remaining five hybrids. in 2021, the tallest plant height (84.3 and 81 cm) and LAI (4.3 and 4.2), the greatest number of grains per panicle (189 and 160), and the weight of 1000 grain weight (24.4 and 25.8 g) were observed in Quan2S and Hui34S cultivars, respectively, in wet bed transplanting method. However, in 2022, most of the studied hybrid rice cultivars did not show significant differences. The highest grain yield (5200 and 4675 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (12380 and 10143 kg.ha-1) were obtained from Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid rice cultivars, respectively, in the 2021 and wet bed transplanting. The results of cluster analysis showed that seven hybrid rice cultivars were separated into three different groups. The first group comprised XinerPS, L66S, and F168S, the second group included Hs-3 and Shen 51S and third group comprised Quan2S and Hui34S hybrid rice cultivars.

The results of this experiment showed that while the hybrid rice cultivars did not perform successful and are of low adaptability in Khuzestan environmental conditions. The results also indicated that wet bed transplanting method is suitable for Khuzestan environmental conditions and led to higher grain yield of rice hybrid cultivars.

The use of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and recognizing the best planting time is a way to improve plant growth and achieve proper yield in agricultural production. In order to investigate the planting date and different nitrogen sources on yield and yield components of two experimental black seed masses in two cropping years 1396-97 and 1397-98 as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the experimental field of Azad University Shushtar Islamic was performed. Nitrogen sources include: urea, cow manure, Azotobacter, urea + cow manure, urea + Azotobacter, Azotobacter + cow manure, urea + Azotobacter + cow manure and planting date 1 Azar and 25 Bahman as factorial as the first factor in the main plots and 2 black seed masses Arak. And Semirom were implemented as the second factor in the subplots. Combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction of planting date, nitrogen sources and black seed masses on traits: plant height, number of lateral branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and harvest index at level five . The percentage is significant. In terms of quantity, Arak black seed mass with the highest plant height of 76.4 cm, number of lateral branches 6.4, number of capsules per plant 10.8, weight of 1000 seeds per 1.8 g / m2, biological yield 2218 at surface height Harvest index of 28.3% on the first planting date (November 1) was superior to Semirom black seed mass and the second planting date (February 16). The highest grain yield of 499.8 weight per field was obtained in the treatment of planting date of 1 Azar and application of urea for black seed in Arak, which was significantly different from the combined feeding treatment (urea + Azotobacter + manure) with an average of 460.8 weight in the ground. , Semirom mass did not have on the date of planting 25 Bahman, so according to the results of the selection of Arak black seed mass, the first planting date and integrated feeding is recommended for cultivation in the region.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.

This experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in Ahvaz station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan province. The treatments included irrigation at two levels of drain water and pure water irrigation in the main plot, fertilizer compounds at six levels including control (no fertilizer), seed inoculation, seed inoculation and humic acid, seed inoculation and humic acid and growth promotion, seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high phosphorus and seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high potassium in sub-plot and sub-sub plot including three wheat cultivars of Mehregan, Shoosh, and Chamran 2. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and leaf proline content were significantly affected by irrigation treatment. It seems that the richness of drainage of minerals along with a significant increase in leaf proline as a mechanism of tolerance to adverse drainage irrigation conditions has been able to play a positive role in significantly increasing biological yield and grain yield under drainage irrigation conditions compared to Have irrigation with ordinary water.Also, grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike and grain protein were affected by fertilizer composition treatment and the highest increase in biological and grain yield compared to the control was obtained in seed treatment, humic acid and growth stimulant. In this study, biological yield and number of spikelets per spike were significantly different in the studied cultivars and Shush cultivar had relatively better yield than other cultivars.The results of correlation analysis showed that grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with fertile tiller number, number of spikelets per spike and biological yield. Although the interaction of treatments in this experiment was not significant, but Shush cultivar had better performance in terms of irrigation with drainage and treatment with a combination of seed fertilizer, humic acid and growth stimulant.

Safflower is an oilseed plant tolerant to water deficit, and have an important role in oil production. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth and this role is highly related to the amount of water and how it is distributed. Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are one of the most important growth-promoting bacteria in plants due to their abundance and extent of spread, which is able to improve the availability of nitrogen. In areas where most rainfall occurs in winter and early spring, crops will face water constraints at the end of the growing season. In such conditions, finding cultivars and lines that have good performance in non-stress and drought stress conditions and have a suitable response to Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer is of special importance.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the response of safflower genotypes to the application of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions.

This experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017), in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station, Ilam Province. The factorial scheme 4 × 6 experiment was performed in both years in a randomized complete block design with three replications under terminal drought stress and non-stress conditions. The distance between these two environments was considered to be 10 meters so that the humidity of the two adjacent environments did not affect each other. Experimental factors included seed inoculation with A. chroococcum using urea chemical fertilizer at four levels [without using any N fertilizer source (control), seed inoculation with A. chroococcumalso without use N fertilizer, seed inoculation with A. chroococcum + 50% N of urea fertilizer source, and 100% N of urea fertilizer source], and six safflower genotypes (312-S6-697, PI-401478, PI-253895, PI-306974, Padideh, and Sina).After harvesting and determining grain yield in both experimental conditions, stress tolerance indices including stress sensitivity index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean yield (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and Modified stress tolerance indices (MSTI) were calculated. Statistical calculations of analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS 9.1 software. STATGRAPH software was used to principal component analysis and drawing biplot diagrams.

The results showed that among the nitrogen source treatments, the highest percentage of grain yield reduction with 48% in drought stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was related to the application of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer. This result shows that in drought stress conditions, the application of 100% nitrogen fertilizer due to the increase of biological substances, causes an imbalance between the roots and plant aerial parts in water absorption and water loss through transpiration by aerial organs, which in Extremely serious damage to the economic sector of the plant.Azotobacter inoculation + 50% nitrogen fertilizer application had the highest mean productivity index and the lowest stress sensitivity index among nitrogen source treatments, although it was not significantly different from other nitrogen source treatments. These results indicate that the use of Azotobacter in combination with the application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduces the damage caused by drought stress in safflower. Sina cultivar was the most tolerant genotype under drought stress under Azotobacter inoculation and 100% nitrogen fertilizer application. In conditions of inoculation with Azotobacter + 50% of nitrogen fertilizer application, Sina and Padideh cultivars are located in the area of high production potential and low drought sensitivity in the vicinity of vectors related to drought tolerance indices

Sina cultivar in inoculation treatment with Azotobacter and consumption of 100% nitrogen fertilizer, Padideh cultivar in addition to Sina cultivar in combined application of Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had the highest tolerance to terminal drought stress; Therefore, in selecting drought tolerant genotypes, special attention should be paid to nitrogen source factor.

According to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition.

Water and nitrogen are among the main factors affecting crops yield. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation and amounts of nitrogen on some traits affecting yield of spring corn, a research was carried out in the form of split plots and use of a completely randomized block design with three replications in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch.  Treatments included irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 95, 130 mm of evaporation from class A evaporation pan, and the total volume of irrigation water in each treatment was, respectively, 6435, 5620 and 5140 m3/ha) and amounts of nitrogen consumption at three levels (including 80, 150, and 220 kg.N.ha-1), which were placed in the main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that irrigation treatment had a significant effect on traits such as leaf area index, leaf relative water content, grain yield and its components, and harvest index. Also, application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the characteristics of leaf area index and cob leaf nitrogen, yield and yield components, biological yield and harvest index. The highest seed yield from the irrigation treatment was obtained after 60 mm of evaporation and 220 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer with an average of 763.2 g.m-2, which had no statistically significant difference with the treatment of 60 mm of class A evaporation pan and 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer; threfore, this treatment is suggested for the climatic conditions of Khuzestan

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g. ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg. ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g. ha-1 are recommended.

In order to evaluate the response of quantitative and morphological traits of spring wheat cultivars to planting arrangement and density in late planting, this experiment was conducted in the cropping years of 2014-15 and 2015-2016 as twice split plots in a randomized complete block design in three repetition was performed on agriculture research center in Safiabad Dezful. Treatments include three cultivation method flat strip, two lines on the bed and three lines on the bed in the main plots, three seeds used including: 400, 600 and 800 seeds m-2 in the subplots and four genotypes of spring wheat including: Chamran, Baj, Chamran 2 and ER-92-19 were in the sub-plots. In this study, combined analysis for grain weight and spike length and other characteristics were analyzed in separate years. The results of analysis of variance in the first year showed that the effect of planting method, density and cultivars on grain yield was significant. Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and awn was significant.  Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and length of awn was significant. Most yield belong to three line on bed cultivation method (793.56 kg ha-1), 600 seed rate (754.78 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (948.34 kgha-1). In second year, cultivation method was non-significant and the most yield belonged to 800 seed rate (3435.18 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (5704.19 kgha-1). In general, it can be concluded that the yield of spring wheat in very late planting can be increased economically by selecting the appropriate cultivars, density and arrangement and this ability in areas such as northern Khuzestan province for three or four times in one Years of interest.

Application of Azotobacter as a substitute or suitable companion of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with higher efficiency of inputs in safflower plant as a plant adapted to different climates is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies. Therefore, in order to study the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, grain nitrogen and straw, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain yield of six safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Agricultural Research Station Sarableh in Ilam Province. Experimental factors inoculate a combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum with urea chemical fertilizer application at four levels (non-inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50 Percent N from urea, and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 100% N from Urea) and six genotypes of safflower. The combined analysis of variance for two years show that the main effects of nitrogen source and genotype and also year× nitrogen source have had significant effect on all of the measured traits and nitrogen efficiency indices. The results from comparison of means show that inoculation treatment with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had higher Nitrogen use efficiencythan 100% nitrogen fertilizer use, with no significant difference in grain yield between the two treatments. Sina genotype with the highest grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, compared to other genotypes, is more desirable for cultivation in rainfed conditions of the region.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limiting the growth and yield of plants. In recent years the use of various methods to reduce its negative effects has been considered by many researchers. This experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications in two years. The effect of foliar application of different ratios of magnesium and potassium on the morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics of maize (single cross cultivar 704) in different irrigation cycles (50, 75 and 100 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) was evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of irrigation and magnesium to potassium ratio on the characteristics of height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, potassium uptake, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, Carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index had a statistically significant effect. The results of the study of the effect of potassium and magnesium on morphological and biochemical changes in drought tolerance in maize (Single Cross 704 cultivar) showed that consumption of these elements significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, uptake rate Potassium, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index in water deficit conditions; So that the highest value of these traits in evapotranspiration conditions was 50 mm from the evapotranspiration pan and application of 200 kg of magnesium sulfate/ 300 kg of potassium sulfate. Also, foliar application of different concentrations of potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate by increasing the uptake of potassium and magnesium, preserving leaf chlorophyll, resulting in more effective photosynthesis as well as increasing the concentration of proline in plant leaves, moderate the negative effects of water deficiency and corn tolerance to conditions. Improve water shortage.

The method of sugarcane cultivation is generally affected by mechanization conditions and has always faced the problem of long distances between cultivation rows. On the other hand, its asexual cultivation through the cultivation of cuttings and influencing the characteristics of the cuttings does not provide the possibility of precise control of the planting density. Therefore, it is necessary to review the pattern of sugarcane cultivation and of course, keeping in mind the limitations of mechanization. In order to investigate the effect of planting pattern on the yield changes and quantitative and qualitative traits of sugarcane variety CP57-614 in the crop year of 2013-2014 in the Amirkabir Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in the South of Khuzestan, a research was carried out in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatment was the planting pattern in six levels (including planting distance of 180 cm in two rows (control), planting distance of 180 cm in one row, planting distance of 150 cm in one row, planting distance of 90 cm in one row, planting distance of 180 cm in three rows on the stack, the planting distance was 180 cm, three rows of atmospheric soil) which were randomly placed in the plots. The treatments of 90 cm in one row and 180 cm in two rows produced the highest yields of 104.21 and 86.533 tons per hectare, and in total, they were superior to other treatments in terms of the investigated traits. The three-row cultivation treatments were not favorable either in terms of cuttings consumption or yield, compared to other treatments. Based on the obtained results, none of the studied cultivation methods were superior to each other in terms of quality characteristics.

In order to study the responses of chickpea genotypes and super absorbent application under supplemental irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted base on split-split- plot randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-2015 in the Agricultural Research Station of Sarab Changaei, Khorramabad. Suplimental irrigation (rainfed, suplimental irrigation at 50% flowering and supplemental irrigation at 50% flowering+ 50% poding) in the main plots, super absorbent polymer in subplot and cultivars (Arman, Azad, Hashem, Adel and ILC482) the sub-subplots were located. The highest grain yield and protein yield were obtained in supplementary irrigation in two stages (50% flowering + 50% poding) with super absorbent application, by avrege of 3890 and 870 kg.ha-1, respectively, which were 24% and 21% higher than control, respectively. The highest leaf greenness (39.22), pods per plant (22.1), seed weight (52.4) and biological yield (5413.5) were related to two-stage irrigation. The highest number of pods per plant (27.7) was observed in Hashem cultivar and superabsorbent application, which was 34% more than non- super absorbent in same cultivar. Results of genotype× super absorbent showed that the highest grain yield (4159 kg.ha-1), grain nitrogen percentage (3.69) and protein yield (960 kg.ha-1) were obtained under super absorbent and Adel cultivar conditions. Based on the results, application of supera bsorbent increased grain yield and protein yield of chickpea genotype in rain-fed conditions. By improving physiological traits, associated with drought tolerance, the use of supplemental irrigation method in areas that make this possible, especially if combined with the application of super absorbent polymers, can increase seed yield in chickpea.

This experiment was carried out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping years in Khuzestan province. The main factor, consisted as water shortage stress with four levels of irrigation after depletion of 45, 60, 75 and 90% of plant usable water was optimal irrigation, mild stress, severe stress and very severe stress, respectively. The levels of 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% and 50% combination of chemical fertilizer with 100% nitroxin and plant density at three levels of 57, 71 and 95 thousand plants per hectare were as sub-factors. The results showed that the interaction of water shortage stress, combination of nitrogen biochemical and chemical fertilizer and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seeds per head, harvest index and biological yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from the optimal irrigation treatment by combining 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 95,000 plants per hectare, which showed a 75% increase compared to the very severe moisture stress treatment with 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 57,000 plants per hectare. The interaction of moisture stress and density and fertilizers on oil percentage and leaf area index was significant. In general, the use of nitrogen from both chemical and biological sources at a density of 95,000 plants per hectare may reduce the effects of moisture stress on the sunflower plant in the experimental condition.

This study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Sarabela Agricultural Research Station in ILAM province. In one experiment under non stress condition, irrigation was based on the need of the plant, while the in the other experiment, plant growth was as rainfed where rainfalls was enough. The total amount of precipitation during the plant growth period in 2015-16 and 2016-17 were 410.7 and 388.5 mm, respectively, but it occurred with inappropriate ditribution during the growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of six  safflower genotypes plus inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter and use of urea fertilizer application with four levels: 1- no fertilizer application (as control), 2- Azotobacter seed inoculation, 3- Azotobacter seed inoculation + 50% nitrogen from urea source and 4- to 100% nitrogen from urea fertilizer based on soil testing recommendation. The results showed that nitrogen source and genotype were significantly affected all traits both under drought and non-stress conditions. Under drought stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Sina genotype by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer and Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer treatments (with mean yield of 1408 and 1336 kg.ha-1 reapectively), which were not significantly different. Under non-stress conditions, the highest grain, with mean yield of 2185 kg.ha-1, was attributed to PI-306974 genotype with 100% nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Thus, this genotype, under non-stress conditions, by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer for maximum yield of safflower and under drought stress, it was Sina genotype by using 50% nitrogen fertilizer with Azotobacter can be recommanded to the experimental region.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on physiological, biochemical and functional characteristics of the of SC704 hybrid maize at water deficit condition during two cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Experimental Farm in northwest of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of water deficit stresses at three levels, complete irrigation, cutoff irrigation both at the vegetative growth stage (12-14 leaf) and early seed growth stage, sub-plots were zinc sulfate foliar application at three concentrations (0, 5 and 10 g.L-1) and sub sub-plots foliar solution of iron sulfate at three concentrations (0, 3 and 6 g.L-1). The results of this study showed that increasing ZnSO4 concentration from zero to ten per thousand at constant levels of FeSO4 application (6 per thousand concentrations) resulted in increase in leaf area index under water deficit condition at the vegetative growth stage and beginning of seed growth stage. The lowest current photosynthesis was obtained in the absence of foliar application of zinc and iron. The lowest content of intercellular carbon dioxide was obtained at the beginning of seed growth stage when irrigation was stopped. The use of zinc and iron sulfate increased the values of this trait and removed the photosynthetic limitations. The highest yield of ear was obtained in complete irrigation with 6 per thousand concentration FeSO4 spray (9135.66 kg.ha-1), which increased by 25.1% compared to non-spray at this irrigation level.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen rate and its split application on seed yield and nitrogrn use efficiency (NUE) of quinoa cultivars, experiments were performed during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons as factor split plot based on randomized complete block design with three repetitions at Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center Station. Experiment treatments were nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as the main factor and four levels of split nitrogen fertilizer applications (50% basic + 50% six-leaf, 50% basic + 25% Six-leaf percentage + 25% mid-flowering, 25% basic + 50% six-leaf + 25% mid-flowering and 25% basic + 25% six-leaf + 50% mid-flowering) and three cultivars of quinoa (Gizat, Q26, Titicaca) as sub-plot. The results showed, SPAD, height plant, number of plant branches, number of panicules per area unit and seeds per panicule as influenced by nitrogen content × split × cultivare, interaction. The years× nitrogen rate×split application× cultivar intractions were significant on plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yields, harvest index and NUE. The highest seed yield under all different levels of nitrogen was related to cultivar Q26, in both years by the use of 200 kg of nitrogen, the highest seed yield in the first year belonged to at 25% base application + 50% at six-leaf stage+ 25% at mid-flowering stage and in the second year, to at 50% as base application+ 25% at six-leaf stage+ 25% mid-flowering stage. Highest NUE belonged to Gizal (52.8 g.kg-1) and Q26 (51.8 g.kg-1) cultvars from 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen by split applications of 25% base + 25% at six-leaf stage+ 50% at mid-flowering stage, while in second year from 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. In general, climatic conditions and split application of fertilizer were effective roles in increasing the efficiency of nitrogen consumption. Thus by the use of proper management seed yield can be increased and the risk of its production decreased.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual monocotyledonous plant of the poaceaae family. The corn is C4 and is native to the tropical region. The breadth of its degree of adaptation and adaptation makes it possible to cultivate it in temperate and cold regions. The corn is the third highest cereal after wheat and rice production, but its production is equal to the production volume of each of the world's two grains. The agricultural sector and its systems, with more than 90 percent of the country's water consumption, are the largest water consumer, wasting 80 percent of its traditional irrigation systems. Therefore, by reducing water resources, the reform of consumption patterns is the only way to overcome the depleted crisis. About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, but unfortunately, the water crisis in many countries of the world, including the countries of the dry belt of the earth, such as Iran, is a concern. Iranian soils have difficulty absorbing elements such as iron and zinc due to high pH. Therefore, chelate fertilizers, while retaining the elements for a long time, reduce the possibility of water leaching of these elements into the soil. Chelated fertilizers stabilize the material in the soil and do not eliminate it quickly. So that fluctuations in pH range from high acid to alkaline cannot have a negative effect on them. Zinc is one of the essential nutrients needed for optimal plant growth. It plays an important role in many biochemical reactions within the plant. Therefore, study of agronomic traits and nutrient content of maize in Hamidiyeh region to identify sensitive growth stages of water deficit and to investigate the role of zinc and iron chelate were necessary.

This research was carried out in 2018-19 in a farm located in Hamidieh with a longitude of 48 degrees and 10 minutes east and 31 degrees and 33 degrees north latitude and 13 meters above sea level. This study was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included three levels of irrigation regimes: 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in the main plots and spraying iron and zinc in three levels (non-spraying, foliar spray of 2 per thousand and 5 per thousand) in the sub plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes and foliar application of iron and zinc had significant effect on number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, grain yield, zinc percent, iron percent, protein percentage and biological yield. Iron and zinc foliar application at 5 per thousand treatments significantly increased yield, grain yield components, plant height, ear length, leaf area index, Fe and Zn concentration of corn, which was not significantly different from 2 per thousand treatments. Interaction between different irrigation regimes and foliar application of iron and zinc had significant effect on grain number per ear, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (6400.49 kg.ha-1) was obtained by irrigating 95 mm evaporation from the pan and spraying of iron and zinc at 5 per thousand. According to the results of this study, foliar application of iron and zinc at 5 per thousand in 95 mm evaporation of pan caused to increase quantitative and qualitative characteristics of spring maize in Hamidiyeh region which was economically effective.

Overall, the results of this study indicate that soils in most of the southern parts of the country are low-pH calcareous and low in organic matter and lack of micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum quantitative yield and nutrient content, cultivation of maize with foliar application of 5 to 1000 micronutrients is recommended in appropriate moisture conditions because soils of Khuzestan province are deficient in micro elements so foliar application the micronutrients in the irrigation conditions were able to compensate for the deficiency of these elements. Although, as expected, the highest grain yield was obtained in the irrigation treatment with micronutrients foliar application, but under conditions of water resources limitation, mild moisture stress, ie 95 mm evaporation from the pan with the foliar application of iron and zinc at a concentration of 5 in a thousand can be recommended.

To evaluate the effect of different rates of biochar and humic acid applications on physiological characteristics and grain yield of single cross 704 hybrid corn under water deficit stress, a split split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during two years (2017-19) at Ahvaz. The main plot devoted to water deficit stress, with three levels irrigation (after depleting 30, 40, and 50% of field capacity as optimum irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively) and sub-plot to biochar with 2 levels, non-application of biochar (control) and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar, and the sub-sub plots to humic acid with 4 levels non-application of humic acid (control), and application of 2, 4, and 6 liters per hectare of humic acid. The results showed that the interaction effect of water shortage by biochar stress and water shortage by humic acid stress on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll index and catalase were significant at 1% probability level. Under severe stress conditions grain yield (36.54%), number of grain per ear (36%) and leaf area index (30.36%) decreased and activity of superoxide dismutase (37.7%) increased. Acidic acid had a significant effect on all traits under study. The highest grain yield (8995.18 kg.ha-1) was related to irrigation treatment after 40% depletion of field capacity and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar. Based the results obtained application of 4 liters per hectare of humic acid under moderate moisture stress conditions, could be recommended in arid and semi-arid conditions to save water consumption and reduce the effects of water deficit stress.

In order to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza values on yield and remobilization rate of maize under water shortage tension, the present experiment was conducted in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the crop years 2016- 2017 and 2017-2018 at the research farm of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The main factor included water shortage tension including control (irrigation in all stages), lack of irrigation in 10-leaf stage (vegetative growth), lack of irrigation in pollination stage (flowering) and lack of irrigation in seed stage (milk paste) and superabsorbent polymer sub-plot included control or non-application of superabsorbent, application of 100 kilogram per hectare and application of 200 kilogram per hectare and mycorrhiza sub-sub-plot included control or (non-application) and application of mycorrhiza. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent tension interaction on grain yield, one thousand-grain weight, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, remobilization rate and remobilization share was significant. The highest grain yield (6674/29 kilogram per hectare) was related to irrigation treatment in all growth stages and application of 200 kilogram per hectare superabsorbent. Although with cessation of irrigation in 10-leaf stages, pollination and seeding reduced grain yield by 11, 14 and 12.5 percent, respectively, but this reduction was not significant in these treatments because the consumption of 200 kilogram per hectare in superabsorbent was able to compensate for the water deficit tension in these treatments. The interaction of water shortage and mycorrhiza tension on grain yield, number of grains per ear and number of grains per row was also significant. In general, due to the long-term stability of superabsorbent in soil, it can be said that the application of 200 kilogram per hectare of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza in irrigation conditions at all stages of growth can increase grain yield, corn yield components and overall production improvement.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains that is cultivated in more than 180 million hectares, and its production is over 1000 million tons. The occurrence of water stress causes metabolic disorders in plant cells, such as the increase in the production of active forms of oxygen such as radical superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and radical hydroxyl as one of the major factors in metabolic abnormalities in the cell. Plants against oxidative stress induced, efficient defense system that can destroy or neutralize free radicals. This defense system includes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Correct management practices and the application of advanced techniques to maintain moisture storage and increase water holding capacity are effective measures to increase the efficiency of irrigation and thus improve the utilization of water resources. One of the new methods for increasing irrigation efficiency is the use of superabsorbents. Superabsorbent polymers can absorb large amounts of water or aqueous solutions and swell. These water storage tanks, when placed in the soil, absorb irrigation water and rainfall and prevent it from quenching. After the environment is dry, the water inside the polymer is gradually evacuated, and thus the soil for a period of Long and no need to re-irrigate, it's moisturizing, it also increases the impact of plant and nutrients, and, on average, reduces phosphorus losses by 84 percent, reducing nitrogen to 83 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron, zinc, and superabsorbent application of water deficit stress on quantitative yield and corn antioxidant enzymes activity in Shushtar climate.

This research was carried out in two years between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in a farm located in Shushtar with a longitude 48 degrees and 49 minutes east and a latitude 32 degrees and 14 minutes north and a height of 110 meters from the sea level. The experiment was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation after 30, 40 and 50% field capacity depletion, respectively). Sub-factor was composed of twolevels of polyurethane foam (super-adsorbent, 0 and 200 kg ha-1) and sub-subplots including spraying of nutrients with four levels [control (water), iron spraying, zinc spraying and spraying Iron + zinc].

Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent stress on grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grain per ear, catalase enzyme and supraoxydisodium were significant. In dehydration conditions, grain yield, number of seeds per ear and ascorbate peroxidase decreased, but the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased. On the other hand interaction of dehydration and superabsorbent stress was significant on grain yield. The highest grain yield (8530.6 kg ha-1) was attributed to irrigation after 40% capacity utilization and application of 200 kg/ha superabsorbent. Spray application of iron and zinc resulted in increased grain yield, number of seeds per ear, catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Overall, the results showed that foliar application of micronutrients and superabsorbent important role in the growth and development of corn plants as well as the fact that the highest values of grain yield and activities of antioxidant enzymes of fertilizer zinc and iron from micro-nutrients are, It can be concluded that using such fertilizers can provide the best conditions for obtaining maximum yield and biochemical traits in corn. On the other hand, iron and zinc micronutrient spraying caused a decrease of 45% damage caused by water deficit stress on grain yield. The superabsorbent effect is also more pronounced in lower moisture content. The application of superabsorbent hydrogels in the soil increased plant yield and saved water consumption, therefore the use of this substance in less water can be effective in increasing the yield and reducing the adverse effects of stress in conditions of water shortage. Therefore, according to the results obtained in irrigation conditions after discharge of 40% of the crop capacity, the application of polyester absorbent and micronutrient application of iron and zinc improved seed yield and biochemical traits of corn.