مجتبی جوادی

Guiding research and changing its content by actors inside and outside of scientific community is a phenomenon that has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of research governance. The purpose of this research is to describe a part of these researches to understand how research is governed. This description has been formed in the reciprocating with a more basic framework, i.e. the freedom-responsibility duality. Thus, by adopting a narrative review approach, after expressing an argument about the possibility of research governance, the main discussions about manner of arranging the authority relations in the field of research have been proposed with a view to the aforementioned duality. This duality, on one side of which is independence and scientific freedom (necessity of self-assignment of research tasks by the researcher) and on the other side of which is accountability and responsibility of research (compliance with external expectations from research), has been historically analyzed and the process of shifting from a contradictory relationship to an interactive and complementary relationship is described. Finally, seven lines of research from its manifestation in the formation of research governance mechanisms have been counted that common feature of all of them is a kind of influence on research while maintaining its functional necessity (research independence).

Is research governable? If the answer is positive, these questions are raised: Does governance of research mean injecting ideology into it and ordering it? The researcher's freedom to seek the truth is limited by what kind of mechanisms? what is the place of the norms of the scientific community, the expectations of external authorities, including the government and society, the demands of customers such as industry in these constraints, and in what process does the researcher become accountable? The purpose of this article is to discuss about these questions and similar topics. This article is a written debate between the author of an article entitled " Governance of Research: A Theoretical Framework" (Mojtaba Javadi) and its reviewer (Narges Naraghi), which was published in the same issue of the Science and Technology Quarterly. The author of the mentioned article is send a letter to the editor of the journal in protest of the reasons for its rejection by the reviewer and entered into a debate with the reviewer at his discretion. Through the mediation of the editor, several correspondences were made between the author and the reviewer, whose contents are presented in this article without any interference. In short, by referring to the use of some sentences in the article, the reviewer has argued that the author is seeking to defend ideological science and the necessity of injecting values into research, and this defense is also a result of a misunderstanding of the approach of recent social science paradigms about the presence of values in the research and thus the article has been rejected. By presenting the sources of the sentences, the author has argued that the reviewer's understanding was not sympathetic and whether the research is ideological or not, is not the subject of this article, and then by proposing four binary concepts, that is, "Science/Research", "Direction/Ideological", "The position of the researcher/ The position of government and science policy actors" and "description/prescription", the theoretical position of the article and the nature of research governance have been described

The evolution of society depends on the evolution of insights and tendencies, in other words, the evolution of the university. The biography of some social reform activists, such as Ayatollah Mahdavi, about the construction of the university and the evolution of previous stereotypes also confirms this claim. The founding of Imam Sadegh (as) University by Ayatollah Mahdavi shows that the evolution of the social sciences and consequently the social transformation can not be reduced to a mere theoretical and epistemological debate, but for its operational guidance, we need to build non-epistemic factors such as university and styles that Its rulers took steps to lead this transformation. According to many domestic and foreign experts, one of the key elements in founding and maintaining a university is the style of governing and, and in simpler terms, how it is organized. Despite what is happening in the world, attention to this issue is less seen in Iranian-Islamic literature. While interrogating the patterns formed in the lap of the Islamic Revolution, we can have a good share of help for this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study the construction and management of Ayatollah Mahdavi at Imam Sadegh University.

In this research, after an extensive and analytical review of the background of modern university and the evolution of its leadership models, a conceptual framework is presented. According to this framework, data from the remaining works of Ayatollah Mahdavi were collected and analyzed by content analysis method, and based on them, his ideas and principles of university administration were extracted.

The principles of Ayatollah Mahdavi's university administration are: a style based on humanization, applying the traditions of the seminary in the university with emphasis on Islamic teachings, interactive independence in relation to the Ministry of Science and financial independence.

Finally, it can be said that the cornerstone for a new research platform or research agenda on the academic leadership style of Ayatollah Mahdavi, has been presented.

Today, the use of the concept of governance is widespread among academics and executives of the country. But usually what is meant by it is flawed, so that some consider it equal to management and administration, etc., or understand it in the context of the World Bank version of "good governance." The concept of governance actually seeks to build one of the most important relationships in any society, the relationship of obedience. The coordinates of this relationship are determined by the values ​​of each society, and Islamic teachings related to society also seek to establish special relationships in the system of social adherence. The Western world has worked extensively on the system of relations of obedience, or theories of governance, according to humanistic approaches based on worldly tactics, but Islamic literature has not questioned how to govern for such minor matters, and often suffices to explain the characteristics of the Islamic ruler. Has been. In this study, after a general review of theories of conventional governance, a thematic study of one of the key words of the Holy Quran in the field of Islamic follow-up relations, namely the word "obedience", has been done. Thematic research method in this research is a method based on keyword (obedience) and context with verse-based and context-oriented strategy. The results of the thematic research show the deep Quranic knowledge about what, why and how Islamic rule. The need to pay attention to the relationship between obedience and knowledge and faith, attention to human free will in governance, different levels of obedience, the constant need for obedience in man and the essential role of piety in obedience, are among the topics of this study for the emergence of Islamic governance.

Directing research and changing its approach, problem and subject is the goal pursued by a wide range of governmental and non-governmental actors (including industry, private sector, social groups, etc.). But how is this Direction and, more precisely, the governance of research possible? This article is designed to answer this and other similar questions.

The present article is a review of literature and researchers have adopted a narrative review method based on sixteen types of literature reviews. Therefore, based on previous knowledge, they have analyzed the existing literature in the field of Research Governance and classified it into three categories: nature, scope and tools of research governance.

Based on the network of themes and analyses obtained from the literature, the essence of governance and the governance of research was explained as "construction and exercise of authority over interdependent actors". Based on this insight, the existing literature in the field of research governance was classified into two sections: macro and micro approach. The unique features of the research world (especially the prominent role of the micro-level, ie researchers in the science system) cause the critique of the two approaches and, as a result, the combination of approaches and the presentation of the research governance toolkit.

Based on the nature of governance and by combining approaches and considering the unique feature of the science system, the research governance toolkit to change the decision-making situation of researchers or their interpretation of those situations, including styles: forcing researchers, equipping (or not) Researchers, inducing them and re-interpreted those situations. In order to realize and use these tools accurately, the mediation of epistemological features of different fields in this effect as well as possible reactions of researchers to these tools have been investigated.

Many studies have been done on government from the perspective of the Qurchr('39')an. But there is less research on the emerging concept of governance, its model and its main components. Therefore, the main purpose of this article was to identify the general model of governance from the perspective of the Holy Quran. The method used in this report is the method of “Thematic Interpretation Methods of the Quran”, according to which after specifying the subject and finding the appropriate keyword, the relevant Ayahs were examined based on it. After the initial review, the word “Tabaeit” was chosen, which basically refers to “to follow”, and this meaning was very close to the central concept of governance. Hence, “Tabaeit” became the main keyword of this study. In reviewing the Ayahs, a normative approach was avoided in order to draw clearer implications for governance by paying attention to Qurchr('39')anic presuppositions and descriptions. Finally, the results of the research were presented as a model of governance in the Holy Quran in three axes of “follower”, “following” and “to follow”, which are the pillars of “Tabaeit”.

Research is the key to progress. Because it is one of the important foundations of any social and economic development in various fields, and the progressive quality of research management systems in some developed countries is indicative of this. Nowadays, many problems exist in the country's research system that cause paralysis and loss of vitality in the scientific community. Country's research system, especially in the field of human sciences is in certain confusion. There are duplications, waste of financial resources, human capital and time which originates from the lack of good governance in this field. Therefore, this article aims to identify and to diagnose the weaknesses of governance framework in humanities/ social science to provide the appropriate management of social science research and to take a step for devising an Islamic-Iranian model of governance research. This article uses a qualitative survey strategy. The researcher attended different organizations and institutions which are best known as the main areas of research governance. In addition to direct observation, a group of 16 experts were interviewed. After gathering data and analyzing them by using theme analysis method, the researcher formulated a conceptual framework of research governance and also analyzed its problems. The final framework has seven main parts: the whole system, inputs, governance box (as the process research system with three levels: macro, intermediate, micro), output, feedback, the research culture and environment, and research related systems. To ensure the validity of results, the researcher distributed a list of the most experts important weaknesses (with high degree of importance and frequency) in the form of a questionnaire, among 28 experts and finally they were verified by most ranked from least to the most by the experts.

One of the most important national and international scientific goals of our country is the scientific authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to achieve scientific authority, it is necessary to use the strategies presented by the Supreme Leader based on the spatial, temporal and situational characteristics. This research seeks to prioritize these strategies to accelerate the achievement of the scientific authority of Islamic Iran.
The present research method is combinatory (quantitative and qualitative), so that in the first step, the method of data- based theory is used to extract the strategies for achieving scientific authority from the perspective of the Supreme Leader. The extraction of the content has been done by drawing upon statements made by the Supreme Leader during the years 1368 to 1393. In the second step, based on the quantitative method of IPA, these strategies were prioritized based on the views of the experts in the field of science in the country.
Findings: In the first part, based on the stage of extraction of concepts from leadership statements, fourteen fundamental strategies (main concepts in open coding) have been identified for achieving scientific authority; further, based on quantitative analyzes, these strategies were divided into four categories. Each category, based on two dimensions of importance and performance, represented the degree of priority of that strategy in line with the needs of the country.
Finally, after extracting major concepts based on quantitative analyzes, it became clear that the priority should be given to the strategies of "university and university unity", "software movement and science production", "transformation of education" and "development in the education system and theose of systematic management of the scientific field "and" attracting and supporting elites "should continue with the current level of attention. The third- group strategies include the Islamization of science, scientific exchange, scientific diplomacy. Transforming the seminaries, establishing the Islamic university, scientific discourse, free thinking. Finally, learning from the West but not to be content to remain a student, and establishing knowledge-based companies and commercialization of science and technology constitute the fourthe- group strategies.

In the current era, knowledge has been considered the first strategic resource for people and organizations and some organizations will be successful which create new knowledge and spread it widely across the organization and quickly this new knowledge into technologies and new products. Scientific and business communities both believe that the organizations can maintain their competitive advantages in the long-term areas by leveraging knowledge. In order to achieve organizational success in the field of knowledge and achieving the power of knowledge, the recognition of f the theoretical principles of knowledge management seems as a necessary issue. Knowledge management philosophy has been known as a discipline in Islamic and the Western views known and could be considered an economical source of strength and prosperity. Focusing on the knowledge management philosophy and comparing the traditional and modern knowledge and its attitude lead to discover the new ways through it knowledge is known and the management is applied. Due to Western view, the ultimate source of knowledge is human while in Islam view, God is the ultimate source of knowledge. Islam has the most complete features and no school, as Islam, has valued knowledge by wisdom and recognition and no religion, as Islam, has warned human beings by the danger of ignorance. The purpose of this article is to explain the theoretical foundations of knowledge management in West and to reread and compare it based on the religious epistemology and theoretical foundations of Islam. After understanding the knowledge management deeply and the essential difference between the Western and Islamic views, the status will be prepared to replace the religious theoretical foundations with the existing foundations.

The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize thewhole country universities’ cultural fund allocation indicators in the ninth and tenth government.
The method of the study is mixed. The research community comprised of 150 experts. 75 returned questionnaires was used for statistical analysis and AHP method, based on 8 cultural experts of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, was used to rank the components.
The results of the research indicate both cultural-political and administrative structure dimensions, which considered in this study, have a significant impact on universities’ cultural fund allocation. In experts view, the cultural-political dimension has more priority than administrative structure.
The article concludes cultural activities implementation with leader statement, commitment to religious activities, prayer, benediction and Islamic Awakening, prioritizing Islamic-Iranian culture, level of relation between universities’ cultural deputies and managers with Staffarea and cooperation with staff in activitiesare indicators which have priority in universities’ cultural fund allocation in ninth and tenth governments onclusion: The authors of the article conclude When using outsourcing strategy of staff training, managers must first evaluate the benefits, costs, opportunities and risks of the outsourcing and then with regard to these cases, in case of usefulness of this strategy for their organization, do further actions in order to implement it.

The aim of this research is to provide a systematic pattern of scientific authority based on Supreme Leader’s reflections. Research strategy is of grounded theory approach and a Corbin and Strauss systematic approach. For this purpose, Supreme Leader’s statements concerning science and technology examined, and by processing of data and concepts, the macro and micro concepts of systematic pattern extracted. Carrying out research steps, pattern categories including central issue, causal conditions, underlying conditions, intermediary conditions, strategies, and its consequences were extracted on the basis of Supreme Leader’s remarks. The results indicate progress toward scientific authority, is a process that requires overall development of the country, wealth creation, economic growth, national sovereignty, national dignity and formation of Islamic civilization. All these are consequences and implications of scientific authority for the Islamic Republic.

The ability of attraction and maintaining of skillful، multifunction and entrepreneur employees with high capability for act in complex situation is one of the key success factors of world class organization but in the other hand، decreasing staff commitment to a company and willingness to more freedom، is a new challenge for those corporations. This a more significant problem in higher education because there is a completion between universities worldwide for attraction of third world countries talents. This study tries to investigate on brain drain effective factors and then formulate new strategies using QFD model. We categorized our factors in two groups: Pull & Push factors. Using TOPSIS method، we prioritized factors and found that (Weaknesses of society in consideration to meritorious) is in the most priority and (Low level of salary) is not important. Using a comprehensive QFD interview with 11 managers of surveyed universities، we found 12 new strategies and based on QFD relative and absolute weight، (Benchmarking from best practices) and (Idealistic social environment) are the most important strategies to do. Keywords: Talent attraction، Brain drain، Higher education، Higher education System. The ability of attraction and maintaining of skillful، multifunction and entrepreneur employees with high capability for act in complex situation is one of the key success factors of world class organization but in the other hand، decreasing staff commitment to a company and willingness to more freedom، is a new challenge for those corporations.