مجتبی فرهمند

which is considered the background for the realization of other rights during the trial. In the meantime, the question that can be asked is that it is possible to imagine that the law, as a government tool, will stepin the position of violating this principle? In order to answer this question, a distinction should be made Such a way that The law, in the position of the approach of the legal government, has the ability to establish norms in conflict with this principle, while in the position of overseeing the rule of law, this is not acceptable. In other words, the principle of judicial independence can potentially be violated in the pursuit of the rule of law, and due to the provision of regulations in conflict with this principle, it will cause a hidden pressure factor on the judicial authority in the proceedings. which is an accepted category in the first place because it is recognized as legal, but it will be unacceptable in the rule of law government due to the violation of judicial independence and the weakening of fair proceedings. Therefore, from the point of view of the conclusion ofthe article, it is assumed that the acceptance of the principle of judicial independence in the functional field refers to the acceptance of the rule of law government in the legislative position. Therefore, in this article, with an analytical method and a practical approach, we will examine a sample of these laws and regulations as an explanation ofthe two approaches mentioned inthe category of judicial independence

One of the most crucial steps in ore exploration is the recognition of geological patterns and features. These features contain mineralogy, lithology, alteration, rock texture, etc. This stage has always been associated with many challenges. Among the challenges of this stage, we can mention the time-consuming and costly nature of this stage and the need for high expertise and human resources to recognize these patterns and features. In recent years, deep learning and machine learning have been adopted in earth sciences. In this research, by using the architecture of U-net, ore and waste were separated, and the grade pattern was identified using the core box images. For this purpose, iron minerals were segmented using binary image segmentation, trial-and-error methods were used to optimize the network, and finally, the model's accuracy for identifying ore was 91%. The IoU metric was utilized for further evaluation; this metric is a suitable criterion for the final evaluation of the image segmentation model, which has reached 75% in recognition of iron ores. For the final evaluation of the obtained model, the grade outputs of the model and the XRF analysis results of one core were compared. The network error was evaluated at 9%, which shows the good accuracy of the obtained model according to the real data.

Some of the problems faced by the councils and their shortcomings made the legislature, in an urgent and ambiguous action, generally compromise the authority of the council and transfer the authority to issue judgments to another authority called the peace court(county court). The county court in Iran has a historical root. It has and has been present at different times in history, removed and re-appeared. The new law on dispute resolution councils has stated the main content of the county court in one article. This article describes the jurisdiction of the peace court and the method of resolving disputes in the jurisdiction and appealable decisions of the county court. Financial claims up to one billion Rials, some arbitrary matters. Some family lawsuits (such as alimony, dowry, and dowry in compliance with the quorum and growth decree) and some civil registration lawsuits, in addition to providing evidence and arrears, eviction, rent adjustment, and the requirement to obtain termination of employment, legal qualifications, and unintentional crimes caused by accidents. Driving and work accidents and crimes of the seventh and eighth degrees form the criminal jurisdiction of the Peace Court.

Ensuring security in various political, military, economic, social and cultural dimensions depends on paying attention to all types of threats in the internal and external arenas. One of these threats in our country, which affects all these dimensions - especially the economic dimension. It is the smuggling of goods and currency. Smuggling is an ominous and destructive phenomenon that has caused a lot of damage to the country's national economy and has overshadowed and disturbed the official economy and programs and policies of our country. The reduction of productive investment and the reduction of entrepreneurship as well as the reduction of public revenues of the government have brought with it, however, various economic and non-economic factors have played a role in the phenomenon of smuggling of goods and currency, which due to the necessity of a detailed study in order to curb this dangerous phenomenon as a Scientific need seems mandatory. Since smugglers always exceed expectations in calculating the amount of profit, costs and risks of smuggling, therefore, with the increase in the risk of smuggling, smugglers will be less willing to do it. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to take necessary measures to curb the smuggling so that the problem of unemployment and employment of people is solved and the national economy flourishes.

Due to the dispersion of provisions relating to children and adolescents in various laws including; The Islamic Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, with the adoption of the new law on the protection of children and adolescents in this study, we have tried to review the criminal regulations on children and adolescents in these three laws to a general and integrated conclusion on juvenile criminal responsibility And juveniles, to achieve the rules governing the investigation of their crimes and the relevant competent authorities in Iranian criminal law. In the legal system of the country, by drafting the law for the protection of children and adolescents, measures have been taken to protect people at risk and prevent the occurrence of crime. In this regard, missions have been given to the relevant agencies and institutions to be accepted. Social persons under 18 years of age to play a role. Before examining the relevant laws in the country, we will look at international regulations, including the Declaration and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Imprisonment, regardless of its strengths and weaknesses, remains one of the main punishments in the legal systems of countries. Studies in the field of criminal law are evidence of the harmful effects of imprisonment, which in addition to the individual, negatively affects her family and society and incurs exorbitant costs. For this reason, lawmakers and criminal policymakers pay special attention to impunity, one example of which is imprisonment. The last legislative will in the subject law of Iran in this regard is the law on reducing the punishment of imprisonment, approved on 23/2/1399, which aims to balance the guarantee of criminal execution, strategies such as reducing imprisonment for some crimes, changing the rules of multiplicity, repetition and mitigation of punishment, The development of friendly institutions has been aimed at reducing the prison population. The analysis of the success of the legislature in this way as well as the study of the practical and executive dimensions of the measures taken by the legislator in order to de-punish this law has been examined in this article. Explaining the aspects and executive capacities of the law in order to reduce the judicial punishment, in practice, criticisms due to the legislator's lack of attention to the standards governing substantive criminal law and a form for hastening the adoption of the law were cited as examples and suggestions for the law will be amended and revised.

At the beginning of its formation, the criminal justice system focused on offender and his punishment, but gradually beside the criminal, another element of the crime, that is, the "victim" was also raised and criminal justice system was transformed and the grounds for the emergence of the restorative justice was provided. The present study aims to investigate the effects of restorative justice in institutions bringing down the punishment in the new Islamic Penal Code.

The present study is of a descriptive-analytic research type. In this way, investigating the library resources and analyzing the accredited documents an attempt has been made to explain the legislative criminal policy of the legislator in the new Islamic Penal Code in institutions bringing down the punishment and in the light of restorative justice ideas.

Research showed that the four institutions bodies, including complainant remission, exemption from punishment, forgiveness and repentance are predicted in the Islamic penal code for bringing down the punishment. Although these institutions are not potentially restorative and it can be said that the focus of legislator is towards reforming the criminal in most of these institutions, an attempt has been made in the establishment of these institutions to preserve and restore the victim's rights. In this way, the Islamic Penal Code in the institutions bringing down the punishment has appropriate capacities for criminal protection of the victim and progress towards the implementation of restorative justice programs, but these features are useful when they are welcomed by criminal justice.

Context and Tribunal court will only address the cases that have been sent the complaint to tribunal court during 6 months in maximum from last started decision in the internal authorities. The 6 months limitation is of the orders of the tribunal court and its purpose is to finalize the verdicts which given in the internal authorities and also to litigate in the reasonable time table. Litigants have possibility to cut the elapse of 6 months by preliminary letter and to litigate by a reasonable time table in the tribunal court. Mentioning the last decision of internal authorities means conventional and common process of investigation of the tribunal court, not especial and exceptional verdicts of courts like restore hearing. The essay utilizes analytical-descriptive method and uses the references of library by using indexing method. According to the process of European tribunal court of human rights, every complaint has its specific 6 months moratorium. The provided complaints which are presented out of the 6 months period, would be merely addressed the preliminary letter which has been sent to the tribunal court during 6 months interval. The purpose of ratifying the elapsing of the period of 6 months, Is to support internal authorities, observing the principles rights of definiteness of verdicts and because by passing the time, many of proofs would be lost and possibility worthy of consideration is taken away, the tribunal court would be merely addressed the litigations which have been presented at this delimited time. By this action the tribunal court could have both appropriate judgment and lessens measures of its workload.