مجید شهریاری

Dust is a disastrous weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and adverse consequences on agriculture, industry and people's daily life. The intensity of these winds is such that by creating the concentration of dust in the sky and the influx of quicksands on the surface of the earth, they deprive people of any activity and create disturbances in the general situation. To the extent that these strong winds today have covered the fields that were used as wheat storage for several millennia with sand dunes, and the drought has progressed to the extent that it has completely dried up an area of 4,000 square kilometers. Successive droughts caused the Hamon wetland to dry up and the bed of that spring became dusty. As a result of the 120-day winds of Sistan, fine dust particles spread for kilometers and create a basic problem for the residents of Sistan in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The amount of water that enters the wetland through the Hirmand River every year, if it is spread on its bed, it can stabilize the soil particles to some extent and cause plants to grow in the Hamon bed, which is very effective in stabilizing the soil and preventing the spread of dust. However, the spread of floods in the Hamon bed is in conflict with the interests of some wetland beneficiaries such as nomads, fishermen, boatmen and farmers of the Hamon bed. Their interests will be secured if the small amount of water entered into the wetland is concentrated in some places and not spread over a wide area. for this reason The movement of quicksand caused by sandstorms in Sistan region irreparable damage to the economic life of cities and especially villages, including communication roads, agricultural fields, aqueducts and irrigation canals and houses. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the economic losses of the effects of dust on the beneficiaries of the Hamon wetland.

The statistical population of this research is all the beneficiaries of the wetland (fishermen, boatmen, farmers of the wetland bed and nomads) and residents of Sistan region, of which 292 people were randomly selected. In this research, two library-documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To determine the model to measure the willingness to pay, it is assumed that the person accepts the proposed cost for the green and prosperous Hamon wetland based on maximizing his utility under conditions or rejects the proposed cost. The dual questionnaire form in cv survey has a dependent variable with a double choice, which requires a selective qualitative model. Usually, logit and probit models are used for qualitative selection methods, due to the abundant and common use of logit model in calculation, this model was used in this research. The average method of partial willingness to pay is better for calculating the amount of willingness to pay because this method preserves the stability and consistency of the limits with the theory, statistical efficiency and the ability to accumulate; Therefore, the average willingness to pay was used in this research. The parameters of the logit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, which is the only technique for estimating the logit model (Hanemann, 1984). Then, the expected value of the willingness to pay is calculated by numerical integration in the range of zero to the highest offer (A) in the form of the following equation. Research data was collected using designed questionnaires that were prepared separately for each department. Users were interviewed in person and in different parts of the lagoon. The willingness to pay method was used to calculate the average willingness to pay of Hamon lagoon users and it was used to calculate the expected value of willingness to pay by numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum offer. Also, Excel software was used to analyze the variables and mathematical calculations, and SPSS software was used to estimate the parameters of the logit model.

The results of surveying the education level of the respondents showed that 28.1% of people had less than middle school literacy and 20.5% of them were illiterate. Examining the results of people's income status showed that 49.3 percent of users had monthly income between 1-3 million tomans, 26 percent of them had income less than 1 million tomans. The values of Cox and Nel and Nigel Kirk statistics are equal to 0.095 and 0.133, which means that six independent variables (gender, income, education, number of children and occupation) have been able to account for between 10 and 13 percent of the changes in the damage variable Explain the cause of dust. After estimating the parameters of the logit model using the maximum likelihood method, by means of numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum damage amount (15000000 Rials), the expected value of WTP was calculated, and the average dust damage to the users was 11237600 Rials per year. According to the total population of users (11172 people) of Hamon lagoon, the total value of dust damage to users is 125546467200 rials per year. The average amount of users' willingness to pay is 286,950 rials per year. Considering the total population of users and tourists of Hamon Wetland, the total value of the proposed amount for the restoration of Hamon Wetland is 45,354,350,800 Rials per year, which can be used to preserve and restore natural resources or to invest in the direct values of the wetland in terms of tourism, etc. .

Since the recent droughts in the Sistan region have endangered the life of the Hamoun wetland and led to the employment of a large part of the residents of rural areas who used to earn a living in this way, it is necessary to develop effective strategies for the establishment of non-agricultural industries in order to create employment. We are the residents of the region that if this is not fulfilled, we will witness the depopulation of a huge part of the rural and border areas in the Sistan region.

Determining the relative advantage of agricultural products in different regions is one of the important dimensions of agricultural policy and planning, based on which the appropriate pattern of production and cultivation can be achieved in different regions according to the conditions in each region. The current research aims to prioritize the provinces that produce medicinal plants in the country based on the indicators of the physical advantage of production (advantage of scale, efficiency advantage and collective advantage) and their fluctuation coefficient during the period of 2011-2018 using the numerical taxonomy method. The results showed that during a period of 18 years, South Khorasan, Jiroft and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest average scale advantage index (SAI) and the highest average efficiency advantage (EAI) was also in Alborz, West Azarbaijan and Lorestan provinces with 13/67 respectively. , 6/47 and 6/19 were obtained. According to the results of collective advantage (AAI), the provinces of Hamadan, Semnan and Sistan and Baluchistan have the lowest fluctuation coefficient of collective index with 0.26, 0.28 and 0.33 and the provinces of Alborz, Jiroft and Sistan and Baluchistan with 31.40 respectively. 2.3 and 1.65 had the highest average collective advantage among all the provinces of the country. Finally, in order to summarize, using GIS software, a comprehensivemap of the country for medicinal plants was drawn based on the indicators of physical advantage.

The capital market is the place of interaction of two major groups, investors and investors, and accounting is the third pillar and link between these two groups. In order to establish a proper link between these two groups and in terms of the necessity of fairness, it was necessary to prepare transparent audit reports by auditors and to be approved by independent auditors. In reviewing financial reports, auditors frequently use value and professional judgments, which are subject to several factors. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the effect of individual desirability on how auditors make judgments, so the research model was formed by using individual well-being variables as independent variables, and the auditor's professional, specialized and general judgment as dependent variables. In this research, 3 hypotheses were proposed. The current research method is practical in terms of its purpose and it is correlational according to the execution method, which was collected by using the questionnaire tool and the survey method. The statistical population includes private sector auditors, 90 samples were collected using a simple random sample and the questionnaire was distributed among them. SPSS21 and EXCEL software were used to categorize and classify the data. The results of the research show that individual well-being affects the auditor's professional, specialized and general judgments.

Determining the relative advantage of producing agricultural products in different regions is one of the important aspects of agricultural policy and planning, based on which an appropriate pattern of production and cultivation can be achieved in different regions according to the existing conditions in each region. The present study aimed to prioritize the sugar beet producing provinces in the country based on the indices of physical advantage of production and their fluctuation coefficient within the period of 1983-2019 using numerical taxonomy method. Results showed that during a period of 36 years, the provinces of South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and West Azerbaijan had the highest average of scale advantage index (SAI), and the highest average of efficiency advantage index (EAI) was achieved in the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Ardabil as 2.90, 2.20, and 1.80, respectively. Based on the results of collective advantage (AAI), the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and Isfahan with 0.10, 0.22 and 0.33 had the lowest coefficient of fluctuation of the collective index and with 1.93, 14.14 and 1.74, respectively had the highest average of collective advantage among all the provinces of the country.

Water as one of the sources of life is one of the most important factors of growth and development in human societies. In the last two decades, especially in the late 20th century, water management has become a major international concern. Drought and dehydration in Iran are also a climatic fact, and due to the growing need for different parts of the water, the drought problem will become more acute in the coming years. Water productivity is one of the most important key indicators in large-scale planning related to the supply, allocation and consumption of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in water productivity in industrial and agricultural sectors by country's provinces during the implementation of subsidy targeting using Malmquist index. The results indicated that the provinces of Tehran, Kerman and Hormozgan have been inefficient in all three sectors, but overall, the total productivity index has increased in the country.

Public attention has been growingly given to healthy food products. Development of organic farming and enhancement of consuming such products in society require attending to consumers’ orientations and tendencies. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the viewpoints of experts and consumers about organic livestock products in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.  For the purpose of the study, first, an open-ended question regarding the barriers to the expansion of organic livestock products was sent to the experts (n=33) through Delphi technique. After extracting the main indices from the experts’ responses, a questionnaire, consisting of 13 items, was designed to evaluate the consumers’ viewpoints (n=516) about the barriers to developing organic livestock products in Sistan and Baluchistan province.  From the experts’ points of view, the main factors accounting for the restriction of the extension and promotion of animal organic products consumption included the lack of consumer s’ confidence about organic products, consumers’ unawareness of the benefits of organic animal products, and inability to purchase the organic livestock products due to economic weakness. Moreover, the consumers reported the inefficient organic animal production technology, lack of appropriate conditions for organic animal production, and shortage and limitation of supplying organic livestock products in the market as the most important barriers to developing and promoting the organic animal products.  Enhancement of people’s acceptance of the novel products and approximation of the experts and consumers’ viewpoints could have a key role in the expansion of organic animal product consumption in Sistan and Baluchistan province.

Recently, financing knowledge-based companies as a strategic issue in Iranian economy has been considered by many domestic bankers. In this regard, the establishment of venture funds and the allocation of credit lines may be considered as major activities of the banking system. However, there are many challenges on the road to achieve effective financing of knowledge-based companies, namely the existing risks, absence of supervision, valuation approaches to science-based projects, etc. that despite extensive studies provide some improving opportunities in this area. Here, the Export Development Bank of Iran due to its supportive role in Iranian international trade is being engaged with an expert study for presenting a novel idea based on Islamic financial instruments as one of these achievements. This article will explain the aspects of the model and is organized as follows: At first, it reviews some statistics related to venture capital in Iran and the world and tries to analyze the current situation of knowledge-based financing. It continues with the development of literature reviews and determines the desired situation. Then the proposed model is to cover the gap between these situations and finally, it benefits from experts to validate the model and its applications.

Since the uncertainty in venture capital structure, there are so many challenges with banks and financial institute's decisions about their portfolio. According to literature, the most important challenges in this area are business management, supervision on facility expenditure and appropriate Islamic contract. It is clear that the proposing a new approach for venture decisions needs to consider these challenges in an acceptable method. This paper at first tries to specify the Iranian bank challenges in venture capital decisions and then introduces a novel comprehensive model to cover them. Finally the results of using this model in financial institutes are outlined at the end of the paper.

Venture capital is an interesting area in banks financial decisions and because of its uncertainty, brings lots of challenges. Despite the increasing tendency for banks in this kind of investments, there is not any certain method to analyze the risk and return of ventures; thus it is neccessary to develop an effective research in this area. Recently, development of the studies about ventures, has facilated conditions for investors and increase the proportion of venture capital in commercial banks portfolio. This paper as a novel study, at first, consider the literature review of financing VC projects and their instruments, and then try to find the usablity of these methods in Iranian commercial banks in a comparative approach.

Gamma ray spectroscopy has extensive applications in many problems of physics and in varieties of radiation applications, such as material analysis. The obtained spectrum from a Gamma emitting source, which is usually detected by Germanium or inorganic scintillator detectors, contains information for the energy and activity of the source. The SBUspect uses Mariscotti method to detect the existing peaks in the spectrum. Furthermore, it has the ability to fit these peaks with appropriate Gaussian functions, to detect the elements in the source and to calculate the activity and the MDA of the existing elements in the source. The accuracy of the software is assessed by the I.A.E.A standard G series spectra. The results showed that the SBUspect has acceptable stability and functions well in finding single peaks. Like most other available commercial softwares, this software needs to be improved and developed in detecting and analyzing multiple and weak peaks.

A classic bank Asset - Liability problem tries to find an optimal solution that maximize the return and minimize the risk simoltaneously. But there is an obvious conflict between these objectives that makes it impossible. Based on this situation, there are too many studies that try to propose some helpful method; But most of them lie on decision makers empirical ideas. This paper proposes a novel method that use a utility theory as a more quantitative approach for solving the problem. At first, it measures the utility function of the related managers and then the problem reduce to a solvable one for finding the optimal solution.

There is a strong relationship between a bank performance and the way it finds the utility of applying their resource. This can be another word for value creation ability. Although there are many ratios and models for analyzing the financial performance in a bank, but in absence of an aggregated approach, finally makes it an empirical analysis for managers. This paper proposes a model to analyze banks performance in an aggregated and effective way according to creating value strategies. It considers two main parts: a model for measuring the financial performance and a comparative structure. By using the results of the model in a commercial bank, it provides an analysis for its ability to create values.

The main purpose of this work is to investigat the effects of different ions produced in plasma focus device (SBUPF1) with the specification of (8.6, 25 kV, 2.5kJ) on the Aluminum surface. Also the possibility of ion implantation with the use of this device has been investigated. Argon and Hydrogen+1%Krypton used as working gas. For determining optimum ion density, optimum pressure and operating voltage for Argon as operating gas have been obtained (0.45mbar and 22kV respectively). These parameters for Hydrogen+1%Krypton were 5mbar and 23kV respectively. Irradiated samples have been analyzed with SEM technique for morphological and surface study of samples. The EDX spectroscopy and the SRIM calculations have been done to determine the composition of samples and the penetration depth of the ions in the samples respectively. Melting and surface evaporation effects and generation of cracks were seen in these samples. The intensity of these effects for the samples put in different height from the anode top has been determined. Elemental analysis with EDX technique showed that copper ions penetrated into the samples due to sputtering from anode.

Finite element and Monte Carlo are two basic and useful methods in numerous modeling and simulation codes. Charged particles transport in electric and magnetic fields based on these methods is the feasible manipulation of some software. There are, however few codes that have the ability of explaining the secondary radiation transport resulting from the movement of the charged particles in a magnetic field. FLUKA, for excample, is known to be one of them. In this paper, a modeling and the simulation process using the FLUKA code for the survey of the synchrotron radiation of the electron are presented. The results found to be in agreement with those predicted by the known theoretical approach. The analysis of the synchrotron radiation of the output photon beam and the beam energy reduction are the basic results of the present work. For this investigation a specific field card MAGFLD and a USRBIN card have been applied.

Two major advantages of polymer gel dosimeters are their ability to determine the integrated D dose distribution as well as their ability to the formed in different shapes. In this research, PAGAT gel dosimeter was irradiated by moderated fission neutrons in the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) thermal column, and the response of the gel was investigated as a change in the spin-spin relaxation rate of MR image of gel Phantoms. The linearity of the response (R) versus the absorbed dose (D), sensitivity, dose resolution and minimum detectable dose (MDD) were investigated. For calibration of the gel response versus the dose rate, the foil activation analysis was made. In this method the flux map of the thermal column and by using flux to dose conversion factors, given by ANSI/ANS-6..-997, the flounce related to the absorbed dose map was obtained. To make sure that if there is any epithermal neutron in the thermal column a cadmium cover gold foil was set at the core nearest the thermal column. This study resulted in that PAGAT gel dosimeter can be used as a useful instrument for thermal neutron dosimetry. The sensitivity and MDD of the PAGAT gel dosimeter for thermal neutron was 0.05±0.0055 Gy-s- and .8 Gy, respectively.

In this study, a pulse shape discriminator (PSD), incorporating zero-crossing method has been developed. The separate measurements with 241Am-Be and 252Cf sources undertaken by BC501A liquid have shown that the purposed and the common-used PSD’s are in good agreement. The improved characteristics of the presented PSD are FOM=1.36 at a threshold of 60keVee and 1.5µsec dead time which allows the count rates up to 50kHz.

Time-dependent behavior of fission reactors is simulated using Monte Carlo method and a code named TDMC is developed for neutron parameters calculations. Parameters such as reactivity, neutron life time, space distribution of flux, and power with several groups of delayed neutrons are calculable by the code. Material composition and system boundaries may be changed as time-dependent in the code. The results which have obtained with the code are in good agreement with the benchmark problems results.

The study was performed to investigate the dependency of the wedge factors (WF) of a linac internal wedge with the depth and field size for 6MV photon beams. In addition, the current study was performed in order to accurate determination of the WF to introduce an algorithm to be incorporated it in treatment planning to decrease the level of systematic error due to this factor in clinical applications. Materials An Elekta linac head structure with and without the internal wedge was precisely simulated based on the data provided by the manufacturer using MCNP 4C Monte Carlo code. The simulated linac was then benchmarked against the experimental measurement. Thereafter, a mini - phantom was simulated using the same Monte Carlo code. Then, the relevant linac wedge factors due to the internal wedge were determined for different symmetric field sizes of 4, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm2 at various depths ranged from 0.5 to 34cm, while the mini phantom was present in the fields. The wedge factors were determined based on the values, which are measured at 100cm SAD and 10 cm depth for each field size. Linear trend lines were fitted on the set of depth dependent wedge factors for each of the field sizes. Then the trend lines’ constants were analyzed for investigating their field size dependency. Results indicated that the wedge factor is dependent on the depth for each field size. In addition, it was noted that the level of the wedge factor dependency on the depth varies for different field sizes. For example the wedge factor calculated at a depth of 10 cm had a variation of %7.4 when the field size varied from 4 to 20 cm2 symmetric square fields. ‎In this study, a more accurate algorithm was determined that it can be used instead of the ‎usual wedge factor look-up tables used for MU calculation in radiotherapy planning. The variation of the ‎photon beam due to these circumstances can be determined accurately using Monte Carlo method and the ‎proposed algorithm. This algorithm enables us to reduce the level of possible systematic errors ‎encountered in clinical practices