مجید صالحی نیا

The fundamental changes between the two historical periods of Qajar and the first Pahlavi dynasty have led to a variety of house architecture. This research has studied and evaluated the tradition or evolutionary process of Gorgan house architecture in these two periods based on library studies and historical documents along with supplementary field observations based on the scientific method of Ames Rapaport typology. Three types of house architecture can be identified in terms of physical-spatial aspects. The first type, "Qajar houses", includes houses with a central courtyard pattern. The second type, "houses of the transitional period from Qajar to the first Pahlavi dynasty". These houses have linear geometry. The third type, "the first Pahlavi houses", are completely extroverted. Architectural elements and features such as: proportions of open, closed and semi-open spaces and other physical elements were examined and the necessary results were obtained to classify and recognize the architectural developments of Gorgan houses.

The facade architecture of the introverted historical houses of the central plateau of Iran is more evident in the central courtyard. According to the diversity of the central courtyard facade architecture in multiple fronts, it seems that there are various effective factors in the formation of the courtyard facade architecture of historical Qajar houses, and it is necessary to identify the effective factors comprehensively and in terms of impact. be classified from high to low. The research seeks to know what factors and sub-factors are effective in the formation of the architecture of the central courtyard of historical houses of the Qajar period in the hot and dry climate of the central plateau of Iran (with a case study of Qazvin city)? What is the classification of these factors and sub-factors in the formation of the architecture of the central courtyard view according to the degree of influence? Identifying the influencing factors on the architectural formation of the facade of the central courtyard of historical Qajar houses (with a case study of Qazvin city) and classifying these factors based on the degree of influence of each factor. The type of research is fundamental in terms of the goal, and the research method in response to the big question is a survey of basic theories and a field visit to the historical Qajar houses of Qazvin city and a local conversation and a conversation with elites. In response to a detailed question, the Delphi method has been used to rank the impact of each of the factors and sub-factors based on the opinion of experts and professionals familiar with the architecture of the Qajar house and facade. In the following, a theoretical model was proposed and this model was reviewed and tested in the case of the research of ten Qajar historical houses in Qazvin. Eight main factors and thirty-three sub-factors were identified in the formation of the facade architecture of Qajar houses in Iran. The eight main factors in order of influence include: economic, climatic, construction technology, socio-cultural, aesthetic, spatial, political and urban planning. Each of these factors have been relatively effective in the formation of the architecture of the central courtyard. According to the opinion of the experts of the basic theories and the test of the presented theoretical model, the most effective is the "economic factor" and the least effective is the "urbanization factor". In the ranking of thirty-three effective sub-factors, the most effective sub-factor was "radiation" and the least effective sub-factor was "urban architecture".

The facade or the architectural shell of the building is its exterior visual dimension that defines the boundary between the interior and exterior space and is of great importance in terms of identity and vision. Due to the introverted culture and architecture, the facade in the architecture of the historical Qajar houses of the Central Plateau of Iran is mostly manifested in their middle courtyards. Various indices and architectural factors have been effective in the creation of this facade, each of which is identified in this research and analyzed in depth in a case study. The aim of the present research is to identify and compare the views of the middle courtyards of historical Qajar houses in Qazvin city. By conducting a comprehensive literature review regarding the facade architecture or facade of Iranian historical houses, indices and architectural factors of their subcategories were identified. After the survey, a theoretical framework was presented as a proposed system including all the architectural factors of the facade of the middle courtyard of the historical Qajareh house. Through field research, selection, case study and analysis of ten historical Qajar houses of Qazvin city, this theoretical framework was reviewed, tested and evaluated so that its effectiveness and comprehensiveness can be tested and completed if necessary. Each of the investigated houses are adjusted according to the architectural number of the central courtyard view, so that the role of each of them is revealed in regard to the architectural number of the central courtyard view. This matching is established between houses that have one to four facades. The results showed that there are various architectural features and factors that are effective in shaping the architecture of the middle courtyard. The effective indices in creating the appearance of houses are climate, performance, shape and construction technology. Each of these macro indices have several architectural factors in their subset. These four indicators and sixteen architectural factors under the set of each indicator in the theoretical framework were tested and proved by field research. The presented model demonstrated its efficiency in analyzing the architecture of the facade of the middle courtyard of historical Qajar houses. Additionally, it could probably identify the historical period and contemporary houses in the central plateau or other climatic and geographical parts of Iran. Also, the results of this research reveal the importance of the architecture of the middle courtyard in the historical study houses of Qajar. Each of the investigated houses are adjusted according to the architectural number of the central courtyard view so that the role of each of them is revealed with the architectural number of the middle courtyard view. This matching is established between houses that have one to four facades in their courtyards. Also, at the end, the process of examining the facade architecture of historical houses in Qazvin city can be examined as a basic theory in other buildings of various historical periods of Iranian architecture.

The population growth of cities on the one hand and rising land prices on the other hand havecreated overcrowded residential environments. Living in such environments has had a negativeimpact on the individual and social health of residents. Children, as the most vulnerable groupin society, are at greater risk of being exposed to changes in physical and social environmentsthan the other groups. The literature review has shown that most recent research focuses onthe characteristics of urban playgrounds, while the lack of playgrounds in residential areas hasconfirmed the necessity of paying attention to design of the middle area in residential complexfor kids’ motivation to play. Hence, the present investigated effective factors that would influencekids’ motivation to play in the middle area of residential complexes adopting a mixed-methodapproach (quantitative & qualitative). Accordingly, the theoretical framework of the research hasbeen developed with a qualitative method and aimed at searching for skeletal-functional andcognitive-behavioral features effective on creating and enhancing kids’ motivation to play. Onthe other hand, the extent and quality of the impact of each component resulted in transformingof quantitative data into quantitative data. In this research, a survey based on the Delphi methodwas used. After the construction and validation of the instrument, 100 architects’ attitude wasexamined. Finally, seven factors affecting on kids’ motivation to play were extracted by usingfactor analysis. These factors were: controllability, child-centered legibility, natural stimulantfactors, social interactions (generational & cross-generational), vitality of environment, curiosityand also, sensory stimulation. Following that, a hypothetical model was proposed based on therelationship between these variables and then, the factors’ relationship type and extent of effect oneach other were obtained by path analysis. Finally, the proposed model was modified. Based onthe analysis of the model, the relationship of the variables under investigation were interpreted:the study of direct and indirect effects of these factors shows the relationship between cognitivebehavioralcharacteristics and physical-functional characteristics that can have an important roleon the environmental affordances for kids’ motivation to play. At the end, the final model forthe relationship between physical-functional variables and cognitive-behavioral variables waspresented.

‘Place’ has been one of the most critical subjects of architecture, urban design, landscape architecture, and environmental design. However, most of the studies have been influenced by objective-subjective duality. Scholars have studied the place as a fixed issue separated from social structure and the place concept has been limited to the personal perceptual areas. These issues have led to a downward approach to place studies. In this regard, the place even has been reduced to a nostalgic space.

Recently and following the paradigm shift of social studies and philosophy, the reason for the creation and transformation of the place has been discussed. This qualitative research attempts to focus on the nature of place change through reproductive strategy. This article, using a retrospective approach, and with a descriptive-analytical method and qualitative content analysis, tries to categorize previous studies on the place in a qualitative study to address why the place is evolving.  And by taking a critical approach, examine the main (problematic) issues of these studies and then redefine the place.

Available studies on the place have usually addressed the quiddity of place, its perception, and the physical aspects, or the mental aspects of individual perception of the place. The current study examines the reasons “Why” place has been created and the manifestation of the social structures in place and studied the role of the social practice in creating place and explained the components of social practices. 

The place simultaneously has objective manifestation, physical dimension, and social-economic process. In addition to the three mentioned aspects that usually are considered for the place by positivists (Form, function, meaning), the place also has three other aspects that could reveal social structure: difference, convergence, frequency. Through these components, the place would reflect social practices. Through difference, the place results in social interactions and contributes to vitality and improvement of the collective identity. By convergence, the place receives its value, and various groups get together regarding one specific event and goal rather than isolation and being away from the center, and create the place centrality. Through frequency, time could emerge in places.

Developmental psychologists believe that a kid's interaction with the environment is effective in the development of her/his physical and cognitive abilities. Children are important group of users of the middle area in residential environments. These places are dedicated to important part of the daily lives of children, so improving their quality can be effective on their overall development. The research literature review has shown that most recent researches focus on the characteristics of urban playgrounds, while the lack of playgrounds in residential areas has confirmed the necessity of paying attention to design of the middle area in residential complex for kid’s motivation to play. So, the present article is looking for the factors effective on kid’s motivation to play in the middle area of residential complexes. In this paper, mixed method (quantitative & qualitative) was used as the research method. Accordingly, theoretical framework of the research has been developed with a qualitative method and aimed at searching for skeletal-functional and cognitive-behavioral features effective on creating and enhancing kids’ motivation to play. On the other hand, the extent and quality of the impact of each component have been resulted in transforming of quantitative data into quantitative data. In this regard, using the survey based on the Delphi method, after the construction and validation of a research instrument, 100 architects’ attitude were questioned. Finally, physical-functional factors (controllability, child-centered legibility, natural stimulant factors and vitality of environment) and cognitive-behavioral factors (sensory stimulation and social interactions) affecting kids’ motivation to play were extracted.

All psychologists of child development believe that the main core of developmental theories is interaction of an individual with the environment. Based on the empirical studies of children’s outdoor activities, the environment affects the child behavior; so that by changing the environment, the child behavior will change. Today, the population growth of cities on the one hand, and rising land prices on the other, has created overcrowded residential environments. Living in such environments has had a negative impact on the individual and social health of residents. Children, as the most vulnerable group of society, are at greater risk of being exposed to changes in physical and social environments than other groups. In recent years, due to urbanization problems, life style and building density, the middle area in residential complex is an important space where kids can spend most of their time after school, for leisure and social interaction Since these places are dedicated to the important part of the daily lives of children, so improving their quality can be effective on their overall development. Accordingly, in the present study, designing the middle area of a residential complex as a childlike environment and responsive to the kids play needs (3-6 years old) and consequently affecting their social development has the great importance. Based on the literature review, it can be stated that children tend to physical environment in order to satisfy the play need as a factor of intrinsic motivation. So, they gradually start to make changes to it. Furthermore, the physical environmental stimuli, as a factor of extrinsic motivation, play an important role in kids’ motivation to free play. The result is creating environmental affordances which can be entitled environmental affordances to motivate kids to play, regarding to the theory of affordances. The purpose of environmental affordances to motivate kids to play as the potential affordances or the functional affordances is to make the environment usable for children’s play behavior (autotelic or free play), in a way they have freedom to act in accordance with the goals and motivational resources as well as to interact with the environment. More precisely, quality of the elements and physical components of the environment as the extrinsic motivation factor encourage kids to play. So their motivation to free play will increase in physical environment. The final result is the transformation of the physical environment into a playful environment for kids. Therefore, it is possible to determine the design principles of the middle area in residential complex in such a way that by increasing the kid’s sensory stimulations and social interaction, his or her motivation to play can be increased. In the present research, based on the combination of theories related to the research subject, a mixed method research (Qualitative & Quantitative) was used. Accordingly, the theoretical framework of the research has been developed with a qualitative method and aimed at searching for skeletal-functional and cognitive-behavioral features effective on creating and enhancing kids’ motivation to play. On the other hand, the extent and quality of the impact of each component have been resulted in the transforming of quantitative data into quantitative data. This research has been conducted in three main stages: the first stage (hypothesis formulation) by logical argumentation method, the second stage (hypothesis testing) survey based on Delphi method and the third stage (results validation) by simulation method. In this way, after the sample selection and data collection by means of open form questionnaire and closed form, important factors affecting on kids’ motivation to play were extracted by using factor analysis. These factors were: controllability, child-centered legibility, natural stimulant factors, social interactions (generational- intergenerational), vitality of environment, and also sensory stimulation. Then, based on the correlation between the factors, a linear model was designed. The model was modified by path analysis method while investigating the factors’ relationship and degree of influence on each other. In the following, based on the present model, research literature and the result of open-ended questionnaire, the research hypotheses were analyzed and interpreted. Findings showed that "vitality of environment" and "natural stimulant factors" had a positive and significant effect on "sensory stimulation". The impact of "natural stimulant factors", "vitality of environment", "child-centered legibility" and "controllability" in the middle area of the residential complex has also a positive and significant effect on children's "social interactions (generational- Intergenerational)". After guaranteeing the research hypotheses validity, the design principles of the middle area in residential complex were extracted. In the final stage, these design principles were transformed into comprehensible images for kids, and then put to the test of 3-6 years old kids living in residential complexes. Finally, the design principles confirmed by kids, will be considered as the design principles of the middle area in residential complex which consequently promote Iranian kids’ motivation to play.

Light hierarchy is a secondary but highly influential issue in the perception of space and forming a unique experience in architecture. Light hierarchy is due to a light gradation which presents the priority of space content and leads the users into the space around him. This is a significant subject in Iranian-Islamic architecture that is considered in constructing a pleasant building in various ways.

To identify the factors contributing to the Light hierarchy, experts in the field of Iranian-Islamic architecture were surveyed by the Delphi method to identify the factors and their role as fundamental, main or complementary factors. To be specific, experts were also asked to rate the role of factors in the creation of light hierarchies with a Likert scale of 5 degrees. Wilcoxon test was used to analyze data at the last part.

The factors were divided into three categories: “Lighting Elements” (such as normal opening and lattice opening), “Intermediate communication with outer space”, and “Decorating”.

Experts believed that the “normal opening” had a significant effect on the “fundamental factor” in creating a light hierarchy. In addition, “lattice opening” and “architectural spaces” were identified as the “main factor” factors controlling the light, and decorations as the “complementary factor” influence the light hierarchy.

Today's residential complexes, which have become the predominant form of urban housing, have become the lowest type of urban housing due to a lack of attention to quality issues and human psychological needs, as well as mere attention to quantitative and economic issues. One of the spaces that can always play a key role in meeting human needs is the open and communicative spaces of buildings and blocks in residential complexes. The main challenge of the present study is to identify the components that affect the formation of open spaces in residential complexes in order to achieve the emotional level of the residents of "presence in place". In the hierarchy of place, "presence in place" is of high rank and means that one is united with the environment, which is one of the most effective human senses, which connects man and the environment in a positive way. In order to identify these components, at the beginning of library and citation studies were conducted to obtain basic theories, and finally these components were identified. In the next stage, qualitative identification and prioritization of these components were performed in a qualitative manner. This was done by using Delphi questionnaire and survey of 12 professors, experts and experts in the field of architecture, urban planning and environmental psychology. The influence of functional, natural and formal-spatial factors on the formation and promotion of the sense of presence in the place of residents.

This article aims to identify the factors affecting elderly satisfaction with outdoor spaces of residential complexes, and to explain these factors and formulate a model using the ‘Delphi Method’ and the ‘Shannon Technique’. The two main questions of this study are ‘what are the factors affecting the satisfaction of the elderly with the outdoor space of residential complexes’ and ‘how one can understand the importance of each in relation to others’. To answer these questions, the opinions of ten Delphi experts were collected using interviews and questionnaires, and analysed using the Shannon Technique. Findings show that the most important factor affecting outdoor satisfaction of the elderly is the ‘physical’ aspect of the space, with ‘spatial supply’, ‘views’, ‘spatial organisation’, and ‘aesthetics’ being most effective indicators in this respect. This is followed by "individual-social" aspects, with ‘age, ‘feelings and needs’ and ‘expectations’ as its most effective indicators. Next comes ‘performance-management’, with ‘community surveillance’, ‘safety’ and ‘access to public and private services’ as its most effective indicators. Finally, a model for residential satisfaction factors of the elderly is developed, which outlines the weight of each of these factors and indicators.

Due to its being located in a desert area, the city of Yazd has a favorable weather and a clear starry sky at nighttime. So, has the potential to expand nightlife and become a "24-hour city". This purpose can be achieved with the help of the artificial lighting industry. However, what we see nowadays is cities with optical visual perturbation and excessive use of colorful lights. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the techniques of artificial lighting and its effects on the affective meaning of space. This can be effective for the protection of Yazd's global status. The nature of the present study is descriptive-analytical one, using a Delphi-based survey method. A part of the study is quasi-experimental in which artificial lighting techniques at the Dahd Hotel were simulated and 50 people were surveyed. According to the results of the research and from the viewpoint of architectural lighting experts in Yazd, local-peripheral lighting techniques, illuminance intensity, and the way light is distributed have the most impact on the creation of affective meaning. By doing experiment on people, it was found that local-peripheral lighting techniques are more pleasant than the general lighting. It can be a good approach to create an attractive space with a combination of local-peripheral lighting, a non-uniform distribution of light and high luminosity. It will also be suitable for creating a relaxing space with a combination of peripheral light with uniform light distribution and low luminosity.

Thematic analysis has been used as a qualitative method for data analysis in various fields, especially psychology, behavioral sciences, health, and sociology. However, this approach, which emphasizes the content of the text, and views language as a direct and transparent path to meaning, has been less applied in the field of architecture and urban planning. Thematic analysis is a flexible theoretical approach, easy to learn, able to summarize data, and so on. Hence, it can be applied to a wide range of qualitative environmental studies, particularly to understand the users’ perception of the environment, which shapes their relationship with the environment, by classifying the meaning patterns within the data set. Using this approach allows provide an in-depth description of the data, and to highlight the similarities and differences between the data, thereby enabling the creation of rich and complex data. The present study introduces the thematic analysis as a flexible method, through a sample study undertook this method, and describes its six steps, including familiarizing with data, assigning preliminary code, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and finally, producing a report. It explains how the thematic analysis is used in built-environment studies. The study presented as a sample attempts to identify the meaning experienced by people in the architectural space. It strives to answer the following question, "What aspects of meaning are perceived when moving through a built environment?" The aim was to focus on the influence of physical properties on the users’ experiences of the environment to obtain useful findings for architects and environment designers. To identify the widest possible range of capabilities for movement and the possible experiences obtained with them, an interview was designed using “phenomenological ethnography” approach, in which students and staff of an academic campus were asked to respond to the questions of a deep, qualitative interview ‎when moving on their daily paths in the campus. Each participant was asked to move, along with the interviewer, on his/her daily main paths, express his/her thoughts and feelings about the path. Each interviewee were also asked to take photos of the phenomena affecting route selection, and explain why and how they affect. The thematic analysis of the interview content reveals eight meanings of efficiency, convenience, legibility, sense of belonging, agency, invitingness, attraction, and beauty, which can be summarized under 3 themes of physical comfort, involvement, and making sense (being apprehensible). These themes explain the main meanings experienced by people during movement between and within buildings. The findings show that some of the physical properties of the path clearly lead to the experience of certain meanings. Based on these findings, users experience efficiency in short, direct, and simple paths with minimum barriers. Paths with multiple accesses and amenities provide more convenience. Distinct paths with clear boundaries and adequate signs are easier to remember. All of these properties of a path provide an experience of physical comfort for those who move through the environment. The findings, on the other hand, suggest that navigable paths, containing reference points can be easily understood and remembered, and therefore, affored legibility. Other properties of the path that make it private, familiar and friendly, or make people feel more comfortable in it, allow for a sense of belonging. Together, these qualities of legibility, familiarity, friendliness, and the like enhance making sense of the environment for users. Finally, according to other part of findings, individuals can engage and involve in environments (identifying themselves as part of environments) where they, in addition to feeling more sense of invitation, experience agency that results from a greater sense of control over the environment through visual access and so forth. Crossing paths that have pleasing aesthetical qualities, and arouses individuals’ positive emotions, yield similar results and increase the involvement in the environment. These results can be used to design environments that are more favorable to users, and could help to create the desired architectural spaces for them by considering the attributes that provide physical comfort, the qualities through which individuals make sense of their settings, and those that more strongly attract and involve users with their built environments. Moreover, the process of thematic analysis, introduced in this article, can be applied for analyzing contents in similar qualitative research in the field.

Murals are one of the works that are included a range of patterns from past to present, including themes derived from Iranian painting, calligraphy or pictures of architectural works. These paintings in comparison with original context have gradually changed in functions and materials according to the needs of the community and the new context.Also, given that metro stations are considered as public spaces; Their role is important for communication and interaction among people. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the features of public art and to understand how they are perceived and efforts to bring their experiences closer to different citizens. Therefore, the factors influencing the perception and visual preferences of public art audiences can improve the perception process of these works. Such an understanding of the quality of space that hosts a public art work will also be affected. Visual quality is measurable from three dimensions: functional dimension: (readability), identity dimension: (beauty), semantic dimension: (meaning and message) that this article focuses on two dimensions of identity and meaning. Despite the expansion of cities and the increase in their populations, the need for high-speed public transport and the establishment of subsurface metro lines and related stations, the use of public art to attract audiences in this area has been less considered.One of the most popular public spaces in the city of Tehran is the metro station of the city's theater, which houses various wall paintings. Some of these wall paintings borrowed from their traditional arts, and they see a lot of memories for the viewer's mind. Therefore, the greater the degree of this adaptation, the effect will be to make the sense of satisfaction more successful.The good of this paper is to investigate the intuitive features of patterns and traditional calligraphy as decontextualization and detextualization in mural of City theater Metro Station. It seems the changing nature of the media type, materials and also how to express has turned the fine and court art into human and public art. The current study aimed at answering the question of what characteristics of City theater Metro Station's murals can be verified as decontextualization and detextualization? This research has been done through descriptive-analytic method and by using case study. In order to collect information in the theoretical part of the literature, library documents and in the field of observation, questionnaires and interviews were used. Due to the large volume of murals at various metro stations that were randomly selected and visited, The city's theater station, due to the large number of murals in the path of switching lines, which allows more people to visit them, The variety and content of works of public art, proximity to the city's theater and student park and the existence of high levels of walls were selected. Then, from 9 murals at the station, One of the pictures of 9 murals in 388 questionnaires filled by citizens and 13 questionnaires of visual arts specialists Selected as one of three preferred preferences, analyzed. The design of the questionnaire was based on the visual preferences technique (VPS) and the analysis method using the spss software.This art work that has been selected as a case study has the motifs, partly inspired by calligraphy and the other part, inspired by the art of book writing. And these motives, borrowed from two images; one of the book Khamseh military titled "Killing Bahram Gore Dragon" by Mohammad Zaman, painter late Safavid period, and the other "The sequel of the old man of shitty" by a certain image, painter of the time of the Shah Abbas, from the book of the Jamie. Applying the Iranian motives, in addition to preserving cultural identity, if there is a logical connection between the visual elements of an effect, improves the understanding of the message of the effect by the viewer and, by promoting the quality of the environment, results in meaning and satisfaction in the audience. Observation technique and library studies are used in order to collect information. The result indicate that artist has used intelligent device for preservation of iranian identity by using the existing motifs and measures such as decontextualization and detextualization that creates changes in structures, elements, and materials. The above changes in structures and elements have been achieved the relationships of visual elements in murals of City theater Metro Station. The above changes indicate the change in function and differences that distinguish today's world from the past.

"Aging In Place" is one of the Environmental Gerontology findings which as a result of increasig number of elderly people in whole world, becomes one part of its dictionary. "Aging In Place" emphasis on remaining at home and familiar neighborhood and having the right to choose the kind of life. And its goal is to provide a supportive physical and psychological environment for the elderly in which they become normal functioning members of the community, rather than passive service recipients. The purpose of this research is to find desirable features of environment for elderly to reach "Aging In Place". and by knowing what the elders demand from the environment and identifying built and spacial elements that could strengthen their presence in the environment, the basis of their participation in society will be provided. and as a result of an interaction between elderly and environment, society can benefit from elderly presence in the environment. Then by identifying compatible concepts with this goal in Iran architecture, some practical solution are introduced to achieve the "Aging In place”. so the research questions are: what characteristics have a society with respect to elderly and with ability to integrate elderlies in society? And how Iran's architecture adapt with these features? In order to introduce the theory of "Aging In place" and find and apply it into Iranian architecture, Research method is practical and according to the nature of the subject analytical method is used. In the theoretical perspectives and literature review, descriptive methods are applied. For data collecting in this research, documentary method is used to identify "Aging In Place" theory and it's related concepts. as well as through field study some environmental measures associated with the concept, identified and collected. Analysis method in this research is also descriptive and comparative in a way that after reviewing various sources, the findings from the study were matched with existing examples. in this way results and strategies stated for the intended purpose. The data consists of two parts: the first part of the data related to the theory of "Aging In place" and the second part of it related to the architectural features of Iran, associated with the elderly and compliance with the theory of "Aging in place" and finally with accumulation and comparison of data the final conclusions are reached. Research results suggest that, an environment with features like respect for the aging and the ability to integrate seniors can provide the purposes of "Aging In Place" and some of Iranian Architect 'concepts have conformity with "Aging In Place" purposes. For instance, it has the ability to encourage elderly people to continue an active life and maintain their customs and habits in familiar neighborhood and environment. therefore it potentially has some signs of respect for the aging. Also considering local architecture of Kerman city, some suggestion are presented for using and preserving these architectural patterns, Eventually with creation of an elderly friendly place, local architecture can be protected too

The five human senses are tools that make it possible to understand phenomena, environment and space around him. Because of the predominance of vision over other senses, environment designers often consider only visual sense in their design; unaware of the number of members of the community that are incapable of understanding the visual qualities. Creating visual dominance space that ignores audience’s perceptions, leads to physical architecture and urban environments that are unfamiliar for audience. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sensory scape components and the environmental sensory perception quality of the new Arg in Tabriz. This research is a quantitative research and in terms of data collection, is a kind of field research. The population of this research is all the audiences (residents, workers and visitors) that have passed this area during March 2016 to May 2017. The statistical population of this study was 42950 people. The sample size of this study is 380 people selected by simple random method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of questionnaire was approved by the member of experts. The reliability of questionnaire was obtained 0/8530 by using Cronbach’s alpha formula. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that between components of sensory scape and quality of environmental perception of New Arg of Tabriz there is significant relationship at a confidence level of 99%. The results of linear regression test indicated that sense of touch, hearing, taste, sense of smell and sight at the end have the greatest role in environmental perception of this pass; and these five variables have the ability to account for 60.6% of the variance. Finally, with regard to the findings of the research, practical suggestions have been made regarding the practical solutions for improving the sensory quality of the environment.

The five human senses are tools that make it possible to understand phenomena, environment and space around him. Because of the predominance of vision over other senses, environment designers often consider only visual sense in their design; unaware of the number of members of the community that are incapable of understanding the visual qualities. Creating visual dominance space that ignores audience’s perceptions, leads to physical architecture and urban environments that are unfamiliar for audience. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sensory scape components and the environmental sensory perception quality of the new Arg in Tabriz. This research is a quantitative research and in terms of data collection, is a kind of field research. The population of this research is all the audiences (residents, workers and visitors) that have passed this area during March 2016 to May 2017. The statistical population of this study was 42950 people. The sample size of this study is 380 people selected by simple random method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of questionnaire was approved by the member of experts. The reliability of questionnaire was obtained 0/8530 by using Cronbach’s alpha formula. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that between components of sensory scape and quality of environmental perception of New Arg of Tabriz there is significant relationship at a confidence level of 99%. The results of linear regression test indicated that sense of touch, hearing, taste, sense of smell and sight at the end have the greatest role in environmental perception of this pass; and these five variables have the ability to account for 60.6% of the variance. Finally, with regard to the findings of the research, practical suggestions have been made regarding the practical solutions for improving the sensory quality of the environment.

This research has endeavored to investigate popular locations in the Isfahan’s Jame mosque (Atiq) for different groups of users, discover the meaning that they received and finally identify the architectural features which effect on stops and behaviors by a reverse process. The main question of this study is: how do the dominant physical and spatial features of the Jame (Atiq) mosque impact the behavior of its users? All of the behaviors have studied by analyzing the basic theories and the psychological fieldwork include observation by the techniques of “behavioral map and list” and “Questionnaires” by the techniques of “differentiation meaning” and “grasping the mental map”. By employing the SPSS21 software, the results of the gathered data from the questionnaires were separately analyzed for the different groups of the users which were divided by the “age”, the “gender” and the “aim of being in the mosque”. By overlapping the results of mentioned methods it can see that there is a meaningful relationship between the architectural features of different parts of Jame (Atiq) mosque and the behavior of its users; the architectural features of each part of the mosque create a different meaning in different groups of users and cause different behaviors.

Crisis of place, as a social crisis of meaning about space and time, is the most striking contemporary of urban problems, which embodied in urban spaces, without date, identity and relationship. Place meaning reflects people’s inner psychological landscapes, their personal issues, and their particular ways of ‘‘being-in-the world”. Relph (1976), in his influential work on place and placelessness, identifies three components of place: physical setting, activities and meanings. He argues, that of these three components, meanings are probably more difficult to grasp than the others although it is important. Architects and planners, not considering the meanings that places bring to individuals and groups, run the risk of destroying authentic places or producing inauthentic ones. The literature suggests a variety of dimensions that enhance our understanding of people’s perception of place meaning. This paper explores how place meaning is related to religion. Religion as one of the main components of person’s schemata plays an effective role in perception and meaning of urban spaces. This research at first developed a theoretical framework. Then it measured the differentiations and similarities in meaning of urban space between Muslims and Jews as well as evaluated the hypothesis of the research which is the perceived meaning of urban space between Muslims and Jews. Therefore, Joubareh neighborhood in Isfahan that has been the place of coexistence of Muslims and Jews was chosen to examine the theoretical framework. The second axis of Joubareh, between Kamal Street and Imam-Ali square with approximately 6 hectares in area, located in the northwest of Isfahan. Radial structure of the whole neighborhood has a concentric redial network of passages that each one covers the layer of Joubareh neighborhood. There are bi-axes perpendicular to this sector, which in addition to the spine, a kind of liaison between the concentric above lines. This neighborhood is adjacent to the grand mosque moreover while is the location of the coexistence of Muslims and Jews. Although now most Jews have emigrated and 95 percent of the residents of the neighborhood are Muslims, and only approximately 5 percent Jews living in the neighborhood. The research has taken place through the semantic differentiation test and in- place technique. In the semantic differentiation test, the words are used to understand the associated meanings. In such cases, the vocabulary knowledge of the respondents affects the extent of answers. To resolve this problem, this test wants the respondent to express their feelings based on the predetermined words. Usually, these words are bipolar adjectives and express dual opposite mode. Generally, to judge the opposite words, using a Likert scale is proposed. In this case the number of options should be odd to provide a neutral choice. To analysis of data, descriptive statistics (Fig. of bipolar adjectives) and inferential statistics (Man- Witney) by SPSS 19 software have been used. The results of this research show that the perceived meaning of urban spaces that can be categorized from basic level to instrumental, worthy and symbolic level, influenced by the mind of the user and urban space. The urban space is the combination of the landscape system, activity system, motion and access system, physical form system, structure of public space and environmental system. In the field research, through the combination of the systems, we found that perception of place meaning in Joubareh isn’t generally influenced by religion, but the effect of religion on the perceived meaning of single place is quite evident. The mind of the user, which in this study was used as the schemata, represents on components such as religion. We found that in second axis of Joubareh, the perceived meaning between the Jewish and Muslim is differences. Jews often perceived urban spaces, as dynamic, ugly and repetitive spaces and are interested in the Jewish community spaces, such as the space around the synagogues. Muslims feel urban spaces, as quiet, beautiful and varied spaces and are interested in parks, bazaar and etc. Although the assigned meanings have been in common as seen in the third and fourth spaces.
comparing the perceived meaning between two groups reside in Joubareh in Isfahan, we focused on the differences of the inhabitant religion that shows different perceived meaning in such as the urban spaces around the synagogues, parks and markets.

In contemporary urban design¡ environmental meanings from the users’ perspective have been generally replaced by the perception of an environment. While meaning is something beyond perception¡ that planning without it¡ creating urban spaces with no identity¡ no history and relationship. Due to the importance of meaning in improving the quality of the built environment¡ this research intends to evaluate urban space of Joubareh in Isfahan based on the perceived meaning between Muslims and Jews¡ and based on it¡ offers design policies. In this regard¡ Phenomenological¡ Social and Psychological approaches to the meaning of place have been studied¡ and then a model has been provided to explain how the meaning of users’ cognitive and physical factors influence the meaning of urban space¡ that is a combination of “perceived meaning”¡ “existing reality” and “user’s schema”.
The hypothesis of this research is that in making policies of urban space of Joubareh in Isfahan¡ religion as a significant component of people’s schema¡ has an effect on the perceived meaning of the place and should be considered. In order to achieve the meaning of urban space in both Jewish and Muslim spectrum¡ the Social-Semiotics method is used. Mental map and questionnaire as two main tools of this method¡ has been reserved. The results of them are summarized as follows: Jews¡ often perceived urban spaces¡ as dynamic¡ ugly and repetitive spaces and are interested in the Jewish community¡ such as space around the synagogues. Muslims feel urban spaces¡ as beautiful and varied spaces and are interested in parks¡ bazzar and etc. Accordingly¡ design policies are presented for understanding of designers and interventionists to know how their works can be based on perceptions of residents¡ and their religious thoughts.

Most of historic and old cities in Iran have been worn. These contexts along with treasures of social memories have been highly vulnerable against disaster occurrence especially earthquakes. Paying attention to disaster management in these contexts has an especial necessity. Applied principles in disaster management can effectively help to improve environmental situation and residence and safety of city against possible incidents and will cause the concept of safe city. This study wants to show that physical, social, economic and institutional- management structure of old contexts of district 12 has a vulnerable and an incomplete framework in the field of disaster management elements and requirements; and by providing guidelines for reducing disaster’s impacts, help to improve urban planning and management process and provide optimum safety and rescue services. At first AHP questionnaire was designed, then the impact of each component of physical, social, economic and institutional management old urban context was studied by Tehran disaster management experts and officials in the matrix of paired comparison and were measured the weight of each of them by using Expert Choice software. The physical dimension has the most effect on vulnerability of district 12. Social, economic and institutional management dimensions are next positions. In order to reduce vulnerability of the district in terms of earthquake should note to before, during and after disaster measures. Preventive measures such as strengthening of existing building, creating sufficient open spaces, widening streets, increasing disaster management support bases and establishing neighborhood emergency response volunteer groups and comprehensive communications to residents are related before the disaster, emergency response actions are related to during a disaster and projects about reconstruction are related to post disaster.Type of Paper: Research article