مجید فولادیان

This research examines the resocialization process of transgender men in Mashhad. Resocialization refers to the process through which an individual, whose identity, role, or social status has fundamentally changed, attempts to redefine their societal position by adopting new values and norms. In other words, individuals seek social adaptation to align with existing culture and gain recognition. However, transgender individuals often face challenges in adapting to primary groups such as family, school, and other social sectors. They reconstruct their emotional systems, roles, and social identities and alter their physical appearance to align with their established identity. This concept is particularly significant in the context of transgender men, whose gender identity does not align with their biological characteristics. Due to social, cultural, and institutional resistance, transgender men often face a challenging path toward self-acceptance and reintegration into society. This research aims to analyze the stages and challenges of this process and identify the factors influencing it. The focus on Mashhad provides a unique context for examining this issue, given its specific cultural and religious environment.

Based on the data of Waqfs in Astan Quds Razavi and historical evidence, this article tries to present a clear picture of Waqf changes; Waqifs(Donators), type of Waqfs and their geographical distribution, manner of endowment consumption, as well as the assignment of Custodians or supervisor.In addition,From the perspective of social history and using some theoretical concepts, it seeks to explain these developments.For this purpose, descriptive-analytical historical method and interview were used.The most important results show that;Without considering a combination of components, it is not possible to establish a strong correlation between macro policies, actions and the social image of Custodianson the one hand and the amount of endowment absorptionon the other hand.Despite some inappropriate policies and shortcomings in the performance of the Custodians, the waqifs have made endowments based on an understanding of the needs of the society, which was enhanced by the institutional environment. These People mostly belonged to the upper middle social base and except for a small number of merchants entrusted the responsibility of endowment to Astan.These people usually considered the use of endowments for medical purposes and the least use in religious ceremonies for Taziah.Also, in this era, it seems that the lack of distribution of Waqf is related to the growth of charitable organizations, the lack of encouragement from the clergy and the government.

This study is an attempt to investigate the whyness and howness of the emergence of the charismatic national leader during the Islamic Revolution and the non-emergence of a charismatic national leader in the Constitutional Revolution. To examine this issue, two main approaches to charisma were first proposed and it was then tried to identify the problems of the "leader-oriented" approach and the preference of the "follower-oriented" approach. With the selection of the follower-oriented approach, the explanatory theories of charismatic leadership in this approach were reviewed. In the follower-oriented approach, the attention was assigned to the ambiguity of the effective variables of "crisis" in the acceptance of the leader by the followers; then, the emphasis was placed upon the dimensions, intensity, and extent of this approach (as the variables determining crisis) with the theoretical extension of the concept of crisis. Then, the variable named ideology based on the culture of traditional society was emphasized using Weber’s theories. Moreover, since the concept of charisma has a wide range of meanings, national charisma was here selected as the main concept. For this reason, another independent variable, called "formation of national community" was included in the research model. To respond to the research question, the conditions and social structure existing before the Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution were examined through a comparative-historical study according to the theoretical model of the research to find out why no charismatic leader appeared in the Constitutional Revolution, but it did in the Islamic Revolution. Considering the theoretical points as well as the empirical results obtained from comparing the social conditions before the Constitutional Revolution with those before the Islamic Revolution, it should be mentioned that a widespread social crisis may lead to the institutional displacement of individuals in society. If the four crises in combination with each other surround the individual and an ideology based on traditional culture is formed, then people will look for a savior and charisma to solve their problems. In such circumstances, if a national community is formed, there is the possibility of the appearance of a charismatic national leader.

Two years after the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the "Taklif Celebration" was defined as a public religious rite of passage for girls. Over time, this ceremony has become a significant event for girls, featuring extensive media coverage and the participation of high-ranking political figures. Additionally, the ceremony is held in public spaces such as the Holy Shrine of Razavi, halls, hotels, and schools. The purpose of this article was to examine how the Taklif Celebration functions as a rite of passage and a starting point for religious duties for girls in public spaces.

This study employed a qualitative and ethnographic approach, participating in several Taklif Celebrations to observe and analyze the events and their occurrences. The study fields included four girls' schools, the Holy Shrine of Razavi, selected halls, and hotels in Mashhad. Data were collected through participant observation and informal conversations, categorized, and then used to construct a comprehensive narrative to develop a theoretical understanding of the ceremony.

The research identified seven common themes across the four Taklif Celebrations: 1) A New Birth; the transition from childhood to adulthood, 2) Religious Eulogies in the Rhythm of Songs; compensation during crises, 3) Songs; the community’s expectations from girls, 4) Special Attire; presenting unidimensional images, 5) Religious Gifts, 6) Competitions for education and reinforcing gender boundaries, 7) Oaths; prioritizing political duties over religious obligations.

This religious rite of passage aims to establish a new identity for girls. The findings suggest that through the Taklif Celebration, according to the theories of Van Gennep and Turner, children move from the pre-liminal phase into the liminal or crisis phase. These ceremonies are designed not only to prepare girls for religious duties but also to commit them to revolutionary values, as seen in the oaths, speeches, and songs. Additionally, the ceremony emphasizes certain religious obligations and presents unidimensional images of them, particularly the importance of hijab and prayer for girls. This is highlighted in components such as songs, special attire, and religious gifts. The delineation from non-mahrams and the transition to adulthood are linked to the new identity definition for children, facilitating the acceptance of other religious duties. These themes play a crucial role in shaping the religious and revolutionary identity of girls. Ultimately, this article provides a critical and in-depth description of the Taklif Celebration and its execution

The purpose of this research is to analyze the patterns that rural migrants went through until they reached marginalization. Interview technique has been used to find these patterns. The main method of analyzing the data obtained from the interview was thematic analysis. The community studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz region and settled in Saadi and Javadieh towns of Shiraz. After conducting 22 in-depth interviews with these people, data saturation was achieved. According to the findings of this study, four patterns can be concluded for the marginalization of these families: 1. The pattern of migration of families with economic poverty, 2. The pattern of migration of families that have undergone value-normative transformation, 3. The pattern of migration of large rural landowners, 4. The pattern of migration Families with work culture. In general, the results showed that the socio-cultural factors and contexts that were expressed in the second, third and fourth patterns were more influential on the migration and marginalization of immigrants than the economic factors in the first pattern.

In this research, we deal with the detailed simulation of CIGS solar cells using band-gap grading. Our main goal is to improve the electrical and optical properties of these cells. In order to check the performance, we also evaluate the change in the thickness of the absorbent layer as a key factor. In particular, we analyze the effect of these changes on the efficiency and filling factor of the cells. In conventional CIGS solar cells, the efficiency is about 20.8% that we have achieved so far. But by taking advantage of the bandgap grading on the absorber layer and by using engineering techniques in the absorber and buffer layers, we have achieved the most impressive efficiency ever of 33.7%. This increase is the result of successful achievements in optimizing the structure and properties of cells. In summary, the values of important output parameters for these advanced cells include 33.7% efficiency, 79% filling factor, 1mV open circuit voltage and 40.96mA/cm2 short circuit current.

This article has examined the changes in the representation of naming and renaming of the passages and places of Tehran in the mirror of the press during a century and has tried to reveal the birth and peak points of naming and renaming in different trends. In this research, quantitative content analysis method was used for data analysis. The data of this research was collected from all the printed issues of Information newspaper, which has been published for about a century, and after collecting the texts related to naming, the data were classified and content analyzed. Names and renamings are above all subject to power and social and political developments on the other hand. The findings of the research show that during the last hundred years, names with a political orientation were the most frequent, in such a way that the names of political figures or events have been attacked quickly after structural changes. In fact, the first step after structural changes is erasing and erasing the names of characters and events according to the value system of the past, and after this, the names that are in line with the ideology of the time should be recorded both on the large surface of the streets and urban passages and in the collective memories. In other words;

Aspirations, as the motivations and future goals of individuals, play a vital role in shaping behavior and fostering progress. Aspirations can either be intrinsic, stemming from personal needs, or shaped by cultural and social factors. Since aspirations begin to form during childhood and are influenced by one's awareness of abilities and opportunities, social class and economic status have been recognized as crucial factors in determining the level of aspirations. Research indicates that higher social classes nurture higher-level aspirations in their children, highlighting the significant impact of social inequalities on the development of children's aspirations. These disparities act as a determinant of the fundamental differences in their goals and expectations. One effective and multidimensional approach to understanding children's aspirations is the analysis of their drawings. Drawing, as a non-verbal expressive tool, reflects children's social and cultural environments and conveys what they cannot articulate verbally. This study aimed to explore the differences in the aspirations of children from advantaged and disadvantaged areas in the city of Mashhad through the analysis of their drawings.The research was conducted on 849 elementary school students (boys and girls) aged 7 to 12 years, and their drawings were analyzed across both social classes to examine the influence of social and economic inequalities on the nature and type of children's aspirations. Children's drawings were used as a means to identify and analyze their material, spiritual, occupational, and imaginary aspirations. Given the significance of the subject and the profound effects of social inequality on the formation of children's aspirations, this study sought to answer four key questions:Are there significant differences in material aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?Are there significant differences in spiritual aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?Are there significant differences in occupational aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?Are there significant differences in imaginary aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?To address these questions, the study employed a causal-comparative approach, using children's drawings as a multidisciplinary tool to uncover and analyze their aspirations. The matching method was used to control confounding variables. Two variables, school grade and gender, were considered for matching the comparison groups to minimize differences caused by these factors. This method ensures that observed differences in aspirations are attributable solely to social class while controlling for other influencing factors.

The findings revealed that high-level material aspirations (e.g., palaces and luxury cars) represent the upper-class children's perspective on material and social resources, while low-level material aspirations (e.g., food and housing rent) in lower-class children reflect the impact of economic hardships on their aspirations. These differences highlight unequal access to resources and distinct life perspectives between the two groups. Lower-class children's greater focus on spiritual aspirations reflects social inequalities, steering them toward altruistic and spiritual goals. They appear to view spirituality as a means to escape daily challenges and attain inner peace. Differences in occupational aspirations between upper- and lower-class children underscore the critical role of access to education and cultural resources in shaping career goals. Upper-class children, exposed to more complex and ambitious occupations, naturally gravitate toward such aspirations. In contrast, lower-class children facing economic challenges opt for more attainable occupations. The findings also show that imaginary aspirations exist solely among upper-class children, as lower-class children shape their aspirations based on tangible, everyday realities. The absence of imaginary aspirations in lower-class children may indicate cognitive and mental limitations caused by harsh social and economic conditions. Conversely, upper-class children, with greater access to media and imaginative entertainment, engage more with imaginary aspirations. These differences underline the influence of economic status on the ability and inclination to imagine and escape reality.

This study, which analyzed children's drawings to investigate differences in aspirations across upper and lower social classes, demonstrated that social and economic inequalities have a direct and significant impact on the formation of children's aspirations. Children's aspirations differ not only in level and type but also in content and quality between these two social groups. The findings align well with several theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Hyman's reference group theory, the achievement motivation theory, and Bandura's observational learning theory. These theories explicitly explain the social and economic influences on the development of aspirations, showing how social inequalities alter the level, type, and content of children's aspirations. Furthermore, the results are consistent with previous research on the impact of social and economic disparities on children's aspirations. This study lies at the intersection of developmental psychology, the sociology of childhood, and social inequality studies, adopting an interdisciplinary approach to explore various dimensions of children's aspirations in diverse societies.Keywords:Painting Analysis, Children's Aspirations, Social Inequality.

The outskirts of Mashhad are a collection of population centers that have expanded around the metropolis of Mashhad over the years. Which have created various problems for the metropolis of Mashhad; According to this, the present study was conducted with the main purpose of a sociological study of the process of formation and continuation of the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood in Mashhad as one of the essential informal settlementsThis research was conducted using an interpretive approach and qualitative research method and based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 elites, residents, and informants from the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. Data were collected using the snowball sampling method until the researcher reached theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis of the data collected in this research has confronted us with 82 sub-categories, 28 sub-categories, and 10 main categories. The results showed that the policies of the government, the policies of urban management, the policies of Astan Quds, and the existence of the village of Qaleh-e-Khayban had prepared the necessary conditions for the initial formation of the neighborhood of Qaleh-e-Khayban. At different historical stages and due to developments and land reform policies, the war in Afghanistan, policies of destruction by the city administration, and the non-integration of excluded people in the society and economy of Mashhad have created and strengthened the migration of social and economic groups to Qala-e-Khayban neighborhood. Along with the spread of drought, the existence of anonymity and kinship ties and the expansion of informal jobs have led to the continuation and consolidation of marginalization and ultimately the formation of one of the most important suburbs of Mashhad.

This article tries to analyze the changes of Waqfs while presenting a clear description of the Waqfs of Astan in Qajar, identifying the peak points of Waqfs and its influential components.

It has used social history and some theoretical approaches, descriptive-analytical historical method, and interviews.

The annual average of immovable Waqfs in Qajar is about one and a half pieces. The most frequent are as follows: Special expenses are 73 percent and 17.66 percent for Khodam, 36.62 percent of cases are farms. 69.52 percent is located in Khorasan. 45 percent of the donors of this age belong to the upper middle class. 35 percent have left the responsibility to Astan and 62 percent have not appointed a supervisor. The annual average of Waqfs during the times when one person was the Custodians and governor was 3.88, pieces While for the years when he was only a Custodians, it was 1.31. In twenty-five years, in line with 27 percent of the total actions of the Custodians, about half of the Waqfs have been established. In addition, the character of six of the Custodians was evaluated as positive, two as average and two as weak. Compared to two decades of waqf decline in which the actions of the Custodians accounted for 15 percent of the total actions, the character of four Custodians was evaluated as positive and four as weak. 84 percent of the years of the Nasseri period were stable, the highest waqf amount with an annual average of 2.7 percent is related to this period and the change in the majority of the transfer of Custodians in favor of Astan is also from the Nasseri age.

Having social status, to be evaluated positively, the action of the king that leads to religious trust, Social stability and organizational order of Astan, the social position and performance of the Custodians, who have social reflection and the ability to gain trust, have had positive impact on the developments of Waqf. In other words, if the governor or Custodians has a reliable, powerful personality and has a high social identity, while having executive experience, it was more effective in attracting and maintaining Waqfs. In the cities that have the highest amount of endowments, in addition to financial ability, cultural affinity and historical history have had a positive effect. However, the instability did not create a permanent obstacle for the Waqf, rather it reduced its dispersion. Although the concept of "felt needs" is suitable for explanation, it should be considered in the context.

The increase in women's inter-provincial migrations is one of the most important changes in recent decades in the migration field,  which largely  stems from the different development of provinces. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of socio-economic and technological developments of the provinces on the ratio of their women’s independent migration to the city of Tehran, using a quantitative and fuzzy comparative method. The study of 2006 and 2011 censuses shows that despite the increase of female immigrants to Tehran, the number of independent female immigrants to Tehran from other provinces has decreased. The results of the correlation test showed that there is a direct significant relationship between the amount of "socio-economic" and "technological" developments of the provinces with the ratio of "migration" and "independent migration" of their women to Tehran, and most of the independent female immigrants who entered  to Tehran are from more developed provinces. Also, the proportion of women's independent migration to Tehran is more affected by the development of provinces than the ratio of women’s migration. The  results of fuzzy analysis show that both the conditions of "socio-economic" and "technological" developments have high "Consistency" and "coverage" indicators and as necessary conditions, they increase the ratio of women’s independent migration. Also, the causual combination of socio-economic and technological developments with high consistency index and empirical explanatory power is a sufficient causal combination of women's independent migration to Tehran. The phase sharing of two conditions, as a sufficient condition with great theoretical and empirical strengths, has been able to explain the ratio of women's independent migration of all provinces to Tehran.

in Iran’s social life, there are institutions that have important social actions. One of the most important institutions is Astan Quds Razavi. If we consider the goals of social policy as protecting citizens from risks, reducing inequalities, promoting equality of opportunities, improving human well-being and creating social justice, The goals of this institution have been in this direction according to the scope of its social activities. Based on this, we will answer the question that during the Pahlavi period, the social actions of Asn the contemporary world, having the power of deterrence against those who seek domination is a defense strategy in order to forceand what role did the vice-presidents, government policies and endowment expenses play. For this purpose, the approach of historical institutionalism and descriptive-analytical method based on historical evidence is used. The results indicate that the two dimensions of structure and agency have been effective on the social actions of this organization. On the one hand, we have seen the directional impact of the government’s macro policies, and on the other hand, in every period when the trustee was chosen from prominent figures and had independent voting, he has mostly implemented social policies in line with the endowment goals of this institution. However, whenever an affiliated person is selected for this institution by applying wrong policies that are sometimes in conflict with Astan’s endowment goals, it has effected its main functions and created tensions in the society. Also, our findings indicate the convergence between the amount and expenses of endowments on the one hand and Astan’s actions as a whole. But in comparison, the impact of government policies on educational and therapeutic measures has been greater.tan faced with what changes

This research aimed to investigate the factors of repulsion and attraction in the migration of villages by focusing on the narratives of migrants. Most of the research that have dealt with this issue have generally ignored the mental interpretation of immigrants regarding the factors affecting the repulsion of the origin and the attractiveness of the destination. The population studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz and settled in Saadi and Javadiyeh towns of Shiraz. The narrative method was used to obtain the life narrative of these people. Moreover, the interview method was used to collect the required data. The interviews were conducted using an exploratory approach and in a semi-structured manner in the residences of these people. After 22 detailed interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Four obtained models are: 1) Immigrant families with economic poverty; 2) Families that have undergone normative value transformation; 3) Rural landowners living on the outskirts of the city; 4) Families interested in work and constant effort (work culture). The results showed that from the participants’ perspective, the repulsive factors are lack of development, seasonal unemployment, lack of welfare and educational facilities, intense collective surveillance and violation of privacy of personal life. Moreover, urban attractiveness factors are the acquisition of higher social status, modern orientation, the existence of a network of previous acquaintances, the availability of suitable educational facilities, and higher welfare facilities in the city.

In this work, with the aim of clarifying the meaning of "fanatical character" in social sciences, the concepts related to it are studied and systematically reviewed. In this article, we reviewed the theories and perspectives of this theoretical field using the method of document analysis. Finally, by examining the central concept of "extremism", its constituent conceptual elements ("ethnocentrism", "dogmatism", "collective narcissism", "xenophobia", "grudge", "practical violence", "following authority" and " "Mabbi" which are collectively formed around "radical" and "conservative" positions) are examined and separated from each other. Finally, "fanatic character" is introduced as a macro-concept that represents "extremism" in the intellectual field and in the socio-political field (with manifestations such as "authoritarianism" and "fundamentalism") as well as in the field of consumption and entertainment. This work is considered a theoretical effort to disambiguate and organize the concepts of the field of "ideological violence", which ultimately provides a conceptual framework for classifying the concepts of this field under the conceptual umbrella of "prejudice". It also determines the position of this concept in the theoretical system of similar concepts.

Disadvantaged settlements encompass areas that face various vulnerabilities and deprivations. These adversities give rise to the recognition of these areas as being plagued by “spatial stigma.” The nature of this spatial stigma is dynamic and permeates individuals, leading to their notoriety. Consequently, residents of these areas bear the burden of place stigma, which results in the attachment of diverse labels to them, prompting the adoption of various strategies to confront these challenges. The objective of this research is to explore the perception of marginalized individuals as seen through the eyes of residents residing in disadvantaged areas and to investigate strategies employed to address urban marginalization in the city of Mashhad. Employing a qualitative approach, the study utilized a semi-structured interview tool and implemented purposeful sampling and sample size determination based on the principle of informational saturation. The analysis of interviews followed the thematic analysis technique proposed by Braun and Clarke. The findings from 21 interviews with residents of disadvantaged areas in Mashhad reveal that marginalized individuals are perceived based on distinctive characteristics, including initial categorization (focused on livelihood, economic marginalization, self-sufficiency, and self-reliance), deviant behavior (undesirable traits and nonconformity), and a culture of marginalization (reactive behavior, self-neglect, informal upbringing, vernacular discourse, actions, and cultural capital of marginalization). These perceptions collectively contribute to the construction of “marginalization stigma.” The establishment and perception of marginalization stigma serve as the foundation for interactions with marginalized individuals, giving rise to two categories of strategies: “social accommodation” strategies, involving acceptance and engagement with marginalized individuals, and “social non-accommodation” strategies, entailing rejection and the establishment of boundaries in interactions with marginalized individuals.

How Foroudistan is represented in written texts is one of the factors that shape the social life of Foroudistan. In addition, by paying attention to the representation of Foroudistan in written texts, we can understand the mentality of the authors of these texts about Foroudistan and how they face Foroudistan.

Our goal in this article is to first, by referring to the different numbers of newspapers of information in different years, to achieve the representation of the urban poor in government newspapers and to reconstruct some of how the country's bureaucracy looks at them. Second, let's describe some of the methods of Tahidistanshahri's confrontation with the government in these years as it is represented in the government newspaper. We will focus on representing the urban poor in Tehran.

urban poor are visible only during crisis, they are often collected and returned to their origin, and sometimes they are assigned to temporary work and are always subject to royal inspection. Concerning how governments deal with the urban poor, we can discuss the "dialectic of inefficiency.”

In connection with the confrontation of the urban poor with the government, in the absence of the first necessities of life, such as work and bread, they are often busy struggling for survival and neither think nor can achieve anything more than that.

Introduction Prostitution means any sexual activities for money. Prostitutes may be male, female, or bisexual. The boundaries of sex work are vague. Sex work can be considered to range from erotic shows without a relationship with a client to unprotected and risky sex activities with many clients. Prostitutes all over the world are classified and categorized in different ways based on their different characteristics. This classification helps to better understand the status of prostitutes in societies. The classified description and knowledge provides the basis for explaining the phenomenon and then predicting its future developments and controlling. This research sought to answer the question of what the patterns of prostitution in Mashhad City were.  Materials & Methods                  This research was carried out with the aim of discovering, identifying, and accurately describing the patterns of prostitution in Mashhad. It was done with a qualitative method through Weber's ideal sample approach to typology and typification of prostitution. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with prostitutes to analyze their lives. Through the similarities and differences of some components, we tried to show the different types of prostitution. The studied population included all the prostitutes of Mashhad City. Based on the principles governing the sampling method in a qualitative research, a number of them were selected and interviewed in a purposeful way with the greatest difference. The interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 27 people were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in the welfare quarantine centers and health centers during 2020-2021. The interviews were conducted in a separate room without the presence of any officials or cameras and away from the crowd. Each interview took 2 to 4 hours. The interviews started with the participants’ narratives of their childhoods and families and continued until reaching the stage of becoming a prostitute. Several key questions were asked to identify the different types to satisfy the purpose of the study. The  participants’ ages were between 14 and 49 years. Most of them had a diploma or were at lower educational levels and only two of them had bachelor's and master's degrees. Almost half of them were addicted to drugs. Most of the participants were divorced, but nearly a quarter of them were single. Discussion of results & conclusionIn this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 27 female prostitutes. During the interview process, attention was paid to some aspects of prostitution, such as the existence of financial and personal securities, stability of relationships with clients, number of clients, having a sense of pleasure during sex, having an emotional relationship, using contraceptives, performing tests regularly, having a sense of job satisfaction, having the right to choose clients, beauty practices, and ability to choose the desired type of sex.Previous investigations performed in various studies have referred to prostitution as a general concept and no attention has been paid to the various models that exist in this profession. According to the knowledge gained in this field, identification of the typology of prostitutes can better clarify the phenomenon due to the existence of different influential factors ways of continuation in each pattern of prostitution. Finally, based on these variables, there were 9 models of displaced, hangout, street, concubine, aunt-dependent, independent, single, network, and sugar prostitutions. Hangout, street independent, and aunt-dependent prostitutions have been the common models previously identified in previous studies. However, today, we can see newer models of prostitution called homeless, concubine, single, and sugar prostitutions, which are not mentioned in domestic research.

Due to the legal or illegal recruitment of Afghan immigrant children in the country's educational system, there is still a dropout rate in these children. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the challenges of the Afghan immigrant children who have dropped out of school in Mashhad, in the form of a qualitative research. A narrative research method has been used to obtain the narrative of the lives of school dropouts. The statistical population of the study included Afghan immigrant children who had dropped out of school and lived in Mashhad. Data was collected through interviews with 20 children until reaching theoretical data saturation. Then, the narratives of each of the children were extracted and their narratives and processes were identified based on common patterns. To identify the challenges of the Afghan immigrant children out of school, the research findings showed that 1- Traditional and religious culture, whether in the acceptance of the religious role by the child or compulsorily by the family, causes the child to miss school; 2- The child's anxiety caused by the experience of war is the second factor that affects the process of her dropping out of school; 3- Labeling a child a delinquent by school officials makes a child proud, who considers delinquency a sign of masculinity. This is due to the subculture in which he grew up and caused him to drop out of school; 4. Due to the departure of the father from the cycle of head of the household due to addiction and disability, the children are studying or due to coercion or sacrifice, leave school and enter the labor market; 5. Among the child's relatives, the existence of unsuccessful educational patterns in Iran and successful non-educational patterns of immigrants migrating to European countries cause the child's family to consider his education useless. The child's educational motivation is lost, her desire to migrate is strengthened, and eventually the child leaves school; 6- A child who studied in Afghanistan and immigrated to Iran in the middle of the school year due to insecurity in Afghanistan is not accepted in the entrance exam of Iranian schools and degrades to lower levels of education because of the lack of educational compatibility between Iran and Afghanistan. In this way, the child's motivation to study is lost and causes him to stop studying.

The present research aimed to compare addiction relapse-related factors between the two groups of individuals with permanent withdrawal and relapse to drug use.

The method of the present research was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research included all individuals with successful and unsuccessful withdrawal experiences referring to the camps under the supervision of the Welfare Organization of the city of Mashhad. The research sample included 100 people with relapse (n=50) and permanent withdrawal (n=50) who were selected purposefully. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with good validity and reliability.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of variables, such as family support, family control, the stigma and social rejection experience, connection with drug-dependent friends, and the facilities and services of the treatment center in favor of the permanent withdrawal group. In addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the variables of easy access to drug and receiving rewards from drug use.

Considering that social factors play a key role in addiction relapse, it is necessary to have a sociological perspective on the fundamental role of social factors in addition to the services of treatment centers in order to make the programs and services provided by Welfare Organization centers more effective and to prevent relapse.

The increase in women's inter-provincial migration is one of the most important migration changes in recent decades, which originates from the different development of the provinces. The results of the fuzzy analysis of the 2011 census data showed that most of independent female immigrants who entered Tehran were from more developed provinces. Therefore, this research was conducted with the qualitative method of research narrative with the aim of investigating the processes of independent migration of women who came from the developed province of Yazd to Tehran. The findings of this study indicate the existence of three main process models, which were obtained from the analysis of the narratives of 19 independent immigrant women and the drawing of specific models for each one, and finally placing these extracted process models on a more abstract level. These process models, which are the result of the existence of similar patterns among the narratives of the interviewees, include: 1. The self-made desire model, which includes girls who had the necessary freedom but have a desire to experience an independent life away from family support. 2. The model of desire for socio-economic progress in educational and occupational fields. 3. The model of cultural heterogeneity, which includes girls who did not have the necessary freedom and migrated to escape the pressures of the family, relatives and society to conform to the existing culture. In general, the results showed that non-economic factors had a great impact on the independent migration of the investigated women.

Non-compliance with treatment guidelines is one of the causes of increased mortality in cancer patients. In Iran, few research have examined therapeutic behaviors in these patients. This research aims to understand the socio-economic factors that influence treatment adherence. The study was compiled using a qualitative method and narrative interviews, and it was analyzed using grounded theory and three-stage coding. The statistical sample of the study consists of 21 patients suffering from breast cancer, purposefully chosen using snowball sampling method. After in-depth interviews and multi-stage coding, 36 open-source codes were categorized into 13 core codes, and the selective code “commercialized restrictive structure” was obtained. The findings revealed that patients with an early diagnosis had complete adherence to treatment. Due to metastasis and the rapidity with which the disease progresses, late diagnosis exposes the patient to structural conditions that have a deterrent impact on adherence to treatment. The results showed that a set of socio-economic conditions, in conjunction with medical system conditions, influence the therapeutic behaviors of women suffering breast cancer.

In this article, by reading the news of Islamic occasions in the newspapers of the last hundred years in Tehran (with the focus on the Ettelaat Newspaper), the represented religious rituals are counted and divided into two categories: joyful and mournful. An attempt has been made by quantitative approach, the course of their developments in the last century, in terms of frequency and news value. On this basis, it has been stated that in the early decades (corresponding to the Pahlavi era), the religiosity presented in the newspaper had a heavier scale of happiness and was more centered on "festivals"; In terms of mourning, most of the rituals focus on the martyrdom and tragedy of the "Five Ahl al-Bayt" and have a low diversity. This gap between the joyful and mournful rituals in the middle years of the century (corresponding to the Revolution) is minimized by the growth of the representation of mourning rituals. In the second half of the century (corresponding to the era of the Islamic Republic) with the sharp increase in the frequency of appropriate news and the multiplicity of topics in general, mourning rituals have grown a lot, become more diverse and in the last decade completely dominated the religious atmosphere. In the last two decades of the century, however, good news is declining. This increase in the dimension of mourning manifests itself in the growth of the representation of the tragedy of "other innocents" (except five) and "innocent" persons. In short, it can be said that the religiosity represented in the newspapers of the century started with a happy and Eid-oriented mood, and at the end of the century, it became mournful and person-oriented.

Living in low-income confronts the residents with Territorial stigma and negative consequences, so the residents of these neighborhoods adopt strategies to cope with stigma. Therefore, this research aims to know the strategies of residents of the low-income areas of Mashhad with place-based stigma. Goffman's and place-based stigma theories were used for cognitive usefulness. This study used a qualitative method based on purposeful sampling and the semi-structured interview technique on the residents of 6 low-income areas of Mashhad. Also, data analysis was carried out with Brown and Clark's thematic analysis technique. The findings of 20 interviews with the residents of low-income areas showed that these people perceived place-based stigma in two ways: Felt stigma through various labels and experienced stigma through the experience of labels, communication disorders, and inferior actions. The experience and perception of stigma caused people to use strategies to cope with stigma; They adopt interaction strategies (social exclusion, social persuasion, impulsiveness, adaptation) and non-interaction strategies (passivity, transitivity) to cope with discredited stigma and to cope with the discreditable stigma, they adopt concealment and adaptation (appearance, Thoughts, speech, action) strategies. 

 Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iran. Delay in diagnosis is one of the causes of increased mortality in these patients. There are several obstacles to achieving an early diagnosis. This study seeks to identify the social determinants influencing breast cancer diagnosis.

This qualitative study was conducted at Reza Oncology Clinic in Mashhad in 2019-2020. The study sample included 21 patients with breast cancer selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were recorded, handwritten, and coded, subthemes were identified, and then the original themes were refined. By integrating the subthemes, they became the main themes.

Economic status, life crises, social support, stigma, family history of cancer, fateful beliefs, preventive behavior, disease recognition, role conflicts, gender inequalities, and access to medical opportunities were the social factors mentioned in the narratives.

This study has shown that social, cultural, and economic factors influence breast cancer diagnosis. Therefore, any effort to improve disease diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses biomedical, social, cultural, and economic factors simultaneously.

Drawing the concept of "crime" is the starting point of the path of criminal thought. In fact, the image of crime presents other fundamental concepts of criminology (such as criminality and etiology) and the system of criminal policy (such as justice, criminology, and prevention). According to the theory of social constructivism, crime can be considered a social phenomenon that is not outside the human mind and has an independent objective existence, so what is considered a crime will vary depending on who describes it. Was; Therefore, in interpersonal relationships, we are faced with constructing a social reality of crime.This article takes a mediocre view of social constructivism from the concept of crime and uses the theory of "social reality of crime", which believes that the application of criminal law and the definition of criminal behavior and the development of appropriate behavioral patterns and the construction of criminal perception, product It is the action of shareholders who try to secure their personal and group interests by influencing the criminalization process. The reality of the criminalization process in the field of state lands in Iran has been discussed and analyzed. The study of the formal discourse of criminal policy actors using descriptive-analytical research method and detailed discussions of the National Assembly and the Islamic Consultative Assembly has shown that at least in the field of land crime in the Iranian criminal justice system, constructivist theory on the criminal process and the mentality of its actors It clearly rules.