مجید هوشنگی

Comparative literature is a contemporary science or research field that focuses on the comparison, examination, and analysis of literary works and, in its broader sense, the artistic works of different nations and cultures. It explores the similarities and differences among these works, as well as the literary and cultural influences and exchanges between nations. This discipline aims to see and recognize the "self" in the mirror of the "other." This issue has prompted literary critics to study literary works in relation to each other in order to achieve an evolutionary and comparative understanding of the signs within the texts. On the other hand, the "Koush-nama" narrates the tale of "Koush Pil-dandan," a dark and demonic hero in Iranian epics. A comparative analysis of this tale reveals the frequency of similarities between the narrative of Koush and that of Alexander the Great in non-Iranian mythological-historical accounts. This encourages critics to explore the layers and indicators of kinship between these two narratives and their main foundational themes. Therefore, this research has sought to discover the system of signification between the two texts using a descriptive-analytical method and comparative study. The findings of this research indicate that these two stories, due to their alignment and overlap in areas such as characterization, action, emotional states, and intertwining narratives, are undoubtedly part of a system of mutual influence. This influence from the narrative of Alexander to Koush is particularly significant, suggesting that in various aspects, the character of Koush can be seen as a transformed reflection of the non-Iranian figure of Alexander. Furthermore, this narrative can be interpreted as a selective metamorphosis derived from a collection of data found in popular literature and the written accounts of Alexander

Verbal violence refers to any speech in which the speaker antagonistically exploits specific words and phrases to control, humiliate, coerce, threaten, ridicule, and quip his/her audience. Also, it refers to promiscuity in the speaker’s discourse. Social critics’ verbal system largely has an aggressive structure. As a social critic, Hafiz reflected his critique in his divan. Thus, his work can be a fresh, intersecting, social arena to examine verbal violence in his critical and individual encounter with a dominant ideological system. The current study will initially survey various definitions of violence. Then, it will define violence in the contemporary world. Afterward, it will concentrate on the violence within Hafiz’s divan. It will demonstrate that violence in Hafiz’s poetry is divided into verbal and nonverbal violence. The former has two categories: implicit and explicit. Given the implicit violence, it is the product of the poet’s imagination.  Lastly, the current article will study ‘inversion’ in the divan. The study results highlight the different degrees and types of verbal violence in Hafiz’s poetry when one pays attention to the implications of violence and its subject and addressees. Furthermore, findings indicate that Hafiz directly or indirectly employs vulgar and sarcastic expressions and descriptions in his relation to others at individual and social levels. Indeed, Hafiz’s verbal violence can create in his addressees a sense of abandonment, frustration, sorrow, and humiliation. Given the modern definitions of violence, one can classify with literary works containing high frequency of violence

In today’s interdisciplinary studies, assessing the relationship between literature and other sciences is highly beneficial in literary criticism. The psychoanalytic criticism is one of the pioneers of this phenomenon. This approach in the contemporary era has entered a new phase with the formation of new psychoanalytic cores in terms of psychoanalytic theories of love initiated by Robert Sternberg, who defines his analysis system based on the type of action of individuals in romantic relationships. He has developed efficient model in identifying the form of love in each person in this context. The objective here is to adopt a descriptive-analytical method to assess the love poem Khosrow va Shirin and Leili va Majnoon by Nezami Ganjavi with a comparative approach from Sternberg’s view and explain why the titles Eshq Nameh (love) and Havas Nameh (lust) are applied to the narration of Leili va Majnoon and Khosrow va Shirin. The results indicate that from Sternberg's point of view, perfect and holy love is a threefold relationship of commitment at the highest level and intimacy and passion at the lowest levels. In a narrative based on the failure of love in the direction of "ideal and perfect love" and its victorious hero is involved in "sad and romantic love", the type of relationship is based on lust the Havas Nameh and if the type of mutual love is of the "ideal love" type orientation, due to the priority of the commitment component, love is formed in its true meaning, the Eshq Nameh. The results here indicate that the element of commitment in Ganjavi’s self-consciousness has an operational structure and function in love-based relationships in terms of Robert Sternberg’s theory and cognitive psychoanalysis in the contemporary period.

Psychoanalysis is generally applied in exploring and analyzing of the mind’s functionality and psychological problems among people. The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, had a significant role in promoting literary studies. Among the theories of psychoanalysis, the category of love is one of the issues that have attracted researchers in the field of anthropology, especially psychologists, as an explanatory and fundamental subject in human life. In 1986, Robert Sternberg presented his first theory about love in "A Triangular Theory of Love" theory, in 1994; he re-evaluated the love triangle theory and developed the "love story" or "love as a story" theory.
The central element in Nezami’s narratives is the issue of love and its governing relationships. Two of his works, Leili va Majnoon and Khosrow va Shirin, have aspects of relationships that, above all, can be proposed and assessed in a comparative reading as a proper subject for this type of psychoanalytical analysis. Love is the principal theme in Nezami narratives. In his two significant narratives, his focus is on the clear border between love and lust. The objective here is to assess these two areas concerning the cognitive psychoanalysis of the contemporary period by relying on the data of psychoanalytical knowledge.

Method and Materials:

This research compares the type of love in the two narratives Khosrow va Shirin and Leili va Majnoon through the descriptive-analytical method.

According to the textual implications, passion is evident in all the stories as the most prominent component in the course of the characters’ affection. This component is more apparent in Khosrow va Shirin, especially in the course of Khosrow's love, followed by more elements of intimacy and commitment. The results indicate that Khosrow's love for Shirin was initially the type of love that only consists of passion, and there is no mention of the other two components. By enriching intimacy, Khosrow is placed in romantic love. Khosrow's love for Shirin is foolish, where experiences absurd love when dealing with Maryam; accordingly, in Shirin's personality, more than any other component, is at the first level, followed by intimacy and passion. Because the passion in Shirin evolves quickly next to intimacy and commitment, it can be deduced that love in Shirin, according to Sternberg's views, is the ideal and perfect love, while, the most explicit component of Farhad is his commitment, which appears to be mixed with elements related to intimacy and passion, thus, Farhad's love can be classified as ideal love. The findings here reveal that the frequency of love in the Khosrow va Shirin narrative is romantic love, complete love, foolish love, and empty love, respectively.

The tragic side of the narratives appears when the characters in whom the three elements of love have reached perfection and have experienced ideal love, though love turns out to be a failed experience. At the same time, Khosrow's character, according to Sternberg’s analytical principles, is devoid of the element of commitment and, based on the narrative, is the winning hero of the story. Leili va Majnoon is identified based on commitment, which is a two-way and mutual issue. Although Leili agrees to a forced marriage with Ibn Salam, a traditional marriage, according to the propositions of the text discussed earlier, she committedly insists on the love of Majnoon. Other elements of love are manifested in her existence to the extent of perfection. Because love in Leili and Majnoon is at the ideal love level, the bound between love and lust in Nezami’s narratives is somewhat bolder.
Another determining factor is the element of commitment that is from the perspective of cognitive psychology; a relationship that lacks commitment is practically empty of its perfection and can be defined within the boundaries of lust. Nezami names a story of love as “lustful”. From a cognitive point of view, if the type of love between the two sides is of the ideal love, based on the existential centrality of commitment, love is in its complete form.

Commentary on mystical works holds a significant place in the history of mysticism and Sufism with Masnavi being a captivating subject that has been extensively discussed. Among these discussions, the depiction by Molla Hādi Sabzevāri, a late philosopher of the Islamic world, is particularly important and valuable due to its coverage of legal and philosophical issues. This research aimed to explore the relationship and correlation between the form and structure of this depiction and the intellectual approach that governs it. By understanding its macro pattern based on the key constituent elements, we could better appreciate its significance. To achieve this objective, the present study examined the structural framework that governed the depiction of verses and analyzed the interpretive features observed in Molla Hādi Sabzevāri's methodology, focusing on his descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this study revealed that Molla Hādi's method of unraveling secrets was primarily characterized as eclectic and comprehensive, taking into account both general and specialized audiences in different contexts. Furthermore, his methodological model was primarily influenced by Quranic interpretations in terms of its form. The textual evidence indicated that Sabzevāri surpassed the audience's expectations by providing theological and philosophical explanations of Maulavi's verses, demonstrating a greater inclination towards clarifying legal and philosophical viewpoints.

In interdisciplinary studies, the dialogue between philosophical topics and textual data in literature is of great importance, and in the meantime, the examination of Bakhtin's thought system in the field of philosophical anthropology and the theory of "otherness" is one of the important topics in this field. It emphasizes the need to stay away from the bipolar system and refuse to recognize "self" without interacting with "the other". On the other hand, literature and especially the novel, through the representation of the human world in the text, is a suitable platform for understanding this confrontation and dialogue in cultures and societies. Therefore, this research tries to do an intertextual analysis between the two narratives of "Malakout" by Bahram Sadeghi and " Miyan Hofrehaye Khali " of the Peiman Ismaili, focusing on the selection based on the common theme of the doctor's mission to the remote city, to investigate the institution of "self" and "Another" has dealt with two works with a different genre approach and will reach the conclusion that these two poles, in both of them, in addition to the process of change and transformation, are somewhat fluid in the narrative of "Malakout". In addition, this institution has a human and abstract aspect in the narrative of the Kingdom, but in the story " Miyan Hofrehaye Khali" it takes on more of an ethnic and cultural aspect.

The centrality of psychoanalytic criticism is the interaction between the field of art, especially literature, with psychoanalytic subjects, in this method, the subject of the text becomes a platform for recognizing the signs, roots and factors of psychosis in the three axes of the author, the text (structure and characters) and the audience; And in rare cases, it will become a method of overcoming crisis and a tool for psychotherapy. In this field, the category of anxiety and obsession is one of the important topics that have been discussed in psychology with different cognitive approaches, and it can be one of the practical topics in the text-oriented analysis of literary works. On the other hand, Golshiri's works have a high capacity for psychoanalytical analysis due to his knowledge of psychology and the conscious application of its techniques and important features in processing and strengthening personality. Therefore, this research has investigated the category of anxiety in the collection of stories " Namazkhaneye Kochake Man " with a descriptive-analytical method and has concluded that the root of anxiety in the characters of these stories is the fear of an accident. Unfortunate is in the future and the characters often turn to the basic response of avoiding the situation and basic defense mechanisms. Most of the characters are suffering from depression, anger and isolation in the face of anxiety, which will represent this crisis in various behavioral signs such as alcohol consumption, insomnia and restlessness, aggression and screaming. In general, anxiety and depression can be considered as the dominant aspect in this collection.

In the modern system of criticism and analysis of works, the meaning of the text depends on the discovery of the relationships between the subject and the pre-texts, the implicit and explicit memories of the work, as well as the metatextual components that give birth to it; intertextual analysis forms its theoretical basis and methodology. Among the theorists of this method, Roland Barthes allows the audience to get new and creative interpretations and meanings by the arrangement of the texts and the discovery of the overt and covert layers of the works in each other. On the other hand, between history and literature, in addition to commonalities and philosophical confrontations, there are hidden links and emerging meanings; one of the examples of which can be found in the systematic connection between Juvayni's historiography in Jahangushay and Ferdowsi's epic writing in Shahnameh. Therefore, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, this research tries to discover a new meaning in why Jahangushay history was created in relation to its dominant pre-text, Shahnameh. Considering the relationships between aspects and dimensions of the influence in the formation of some structural elements, the comparative explanation of the literary perspective, and the analysis of the identity and motivational categories of the texts in relation to each other, one can conclude that in his historiography, not only was Juvayni influenced by Ferdowsi's technique and method, but in a confrontational system, he has tried to recreate a text on the level of the Shahnameh and revive a national epic in prose form.

The role of commentators and expounders in understanding, structuring, interpreting, categorizing, and finally, dynamizing and applying the intellectual data of philosophers has a secondary and sometimes equal position with the thinkers themselves. Meanwhile, the French philosopher and thinker Gilles Deleuze, by readout and analyzing the thought system of Nietzsche and others, has succeeded in creating and giving birth to new theories in the field of thought. He developed the generality of conceptual personality from the adaptation of the narrative system of Plato, Descartes, Nietzsche, and other authors, and he believed that a figure such as Zoroaster was a conceptual figure constructed by Nietzsche by his components and characteristics. On the other hand, in analyzing the data and specs that Deleuze expresses in explaining the perceptual personality, Rumi's Shams can also be considered as having this capacity and capability, so in a comparative view, and analyze them in a usual common kinship. Therefore, this research cum an analytical-descriptive system using Deleuze's theoretical basis, analyzes these two personalities in the framework of conceptual personality theory, and eventually infers that both Rumi's Shams and Nietzsche's Zarathustra are from an intellectual source. In the personality framework, a concept created that both arise from the principle of imitation, mask, and transhistorical matter and have the characteristics of influence, relativity, and dynamism in this philosophical and narrative construction.

In the period of new criticism and with the formation of new methods of narratology, several patterns emerged in the field of narrative recognition and criticism. In the meantime, Greimas’s model, inspired by Propp’s narratology, and relying on the philosophical principle of contrast, tried to analyze narratives based on the six actants of subject/object (goal), helper/opponent, sender/receiver in a new text analysis system. On the other hand, Suhrawardi, in a pre-textual style, and relying on his philosophical data, used the language of narration and allegory to explain his thoughts in such a way that some of his narrations can be analyzed from the perspective of Greimas. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, this research has analyzed the structure of contrasts in Fi Halat al-Tufulliyah treatise. The results indicated that the structure of this narrative is in a layered and nested form, arisen from the thought characteristic and dominant patterns in Suhrawardi’s mind and the presence of actants in this narrative can perfectly be seen and in some micro-narratives it is in the fluidity of roles. On the other hand, despite the presence of all three action elements in the macro-narrative and micro-narratives, the dominant action element can be considered as a covenant that plays a role in the attractiveness of the narrative compared to that of other Suhrawardi’s treatises. Finally, the object/goal alignment in the macro-narrative and the other four micro-narratives would lead to the prominence of this goal i.e., “reaching peace” in his thought system.

The collection of books written and published in recent decades in the field of sociology in literature can indicate the tendency of researchers in both fields of literature and sociology to interdisciplinary research. And he considered it central to new and progressive attitudes. Therefore, when faced with these works, the audience is an observer to observe and discover the methods, ideas and new and leading data that will lead to different results in the field of literature and sociology. In the meantime, the book Ejtema’eyyat Dar Adabiyyat by Ali Mohammad Sajjadi, as one of the mid-term researches in this field, is more than influenced by analytical and methodical foundations, in the position of the author's control over the text, the reference point of some researches. It has been academic that this article tries to examine the basics of chaptering, sub-headings, logical method in presenting the content and logical structure in compiling the work. The results of this study will say that this work is due to the traditional look at a research with a new nature and the lack of benefit from the standard theory and consequently the scientific research method in collecting, categorizing, and drawing conclusions from the data. Basically, it cannot be a source of credit in such researches and above all, it has turned into an educational text with a documentary approach.

One of the major approaches to understanding the structure of narrative is its analysis based on Greimas’s system of binary oppositions. Greimas strived to achieve a comprehensive pattern in analysis of stories by dividing the actants into three binary oppositions and a tripartite division of events. This research aims to comparatively analyze the narrative structure in three Persian epistles of Suhrawardi by applying Greimas theoretical framework. The findings of the research point to the lack of formation of a complete narrative based on the actants in Greimas model. The reason is the dominance of knowledge-building, as the primary goal, over the narration form, as the secondary goal of Suhrawardi. As one of the consequences of this dominance, we can point to the spread of disjunctive progression across the epistles, which also arose from the dominance of discourse over structure. The research also reveals the formation of the same form of narration in terms of the system of actants and the type of layered narration. This style of processing the story indicates Suhrawardi’s understands of the concept of the nine planets and their connection with the soul. The similarity in the object/aim actant as a conceptual matter and the weakness in form indicators are other findings of this comparative study.

Mystical reading of methodological texts and Mythological Analysis of Mythical text are new methods of Criticism that in the dialogue between these two fields explores the commonalities, differences, and usual and multifaceted discourses. On the other hand, in the critique of mythology proposed by Joseph Campbell, a model of archetypal schema is presented in the same way as the mythological narratives of different ethnic groups, which by analyzing Mystical texts and Mythical texts, we can find the kinship of stages of the seeker of the path with the pattern of the hero's journey. Hence, this descriptive-analytical study examines the relationship between the mystical journey and the heroic journey in the myth of Manichaeism creation and the narrative of Hormozdbagh's journey to the land of darkness. The results of this study show that the mythos of Hormozdbagh's journey to the land of darkness follows the same pattern that had been proposed in the three stages of Invitation, Arrival, and Return, under the title of Campbell's hero's journey pattern, and it has a deep relation with the seeker’s journey in mystical texts. So, according to the mentioned model, this trip can be considered as a type of seeker journey.

In contemporary times, with the priority given to specialization in literary research, interdisciplinary studies have become a new trend with an independent identity and form in current literary criticism. Psychoanalysis is one such specialized field whose relationship with literature is one of the most important of these relationships. Among the new psychoanalytical theories, "Transactional Analysis", first developed by "Eric Berne", is an efficient method to describe human behavior as codified. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, is one of the most prominent classical narrative works in Persian literature, whose strength in employing narrative elements, dialogue, and characterization makes it a relevant subject for text-oriented analysis. Therefore, the present analytical descriptive research aims to analyze interactions of characters Za’al, Keikavos and Rostam based on the textual data. It is quite clear that if the "Mature" level of the characters' psyche had the guiding skill of the "Parent", the plot structure of Rostam and Sohrab's narrative would not follow the path of tragedy. In addition, the dominance of the "Parent" aspect in Keikavos and Rostam, and the absence of Za’al as an "Adult" is considered the core of the formation of this tragedy.

In contemporary literature, especially new poetry, the field of connotations and the transfer of meaning has expanded from vocabulary to extensive systems such as sounds, the type of writing of sentences and fragments, visual signs, etc. Among them, virtual applications of Punctuation are one of the proposed options in this field. In the meantime, the Ellipsis Dots has been and still is more popular among contemporary poets due to its high potential and semantic inclusion. Therefore, this research tries to extract possible and common meanings of poets in the practical field of three points with an analytical view and achieve a comprehensive analysis of it in the statistical category and by examining the collection of works of Shamlou, Ebtahaj, Mossadegh, Baraheni, Royaei and Gros Abdul Malikian, define eight common and special meanings in contemporary poetry; In the results of this research, each of them is more prominent in some of the works of poets and they have the ability to combine and combine with each other. On the other hand, each poet in his tendency to use one or more Ellipsis Dots, has reached the characteristic of his style, which is presented in the form of statistical data and its interpretation. Also, the type and course of use of this sign is directly related to the transition from modernism to postmodernism in contemporary poetry.

Linguistic fusion and interaction in two languages ​​is one of the cultural and natural features of communication between languages. The entry and exchange of cultures through factors such as war, religion, trade, migration, and research form a profound type of relationship between languages. This linguistic dialogue has become the basis of important influences, especially in terms of lexicography and grammar; That is, words and grammatical systems, and in a way, the words of both languages, penetrate into each other's context. This influence has changed in the current era with the entry of cyberspace and the global Internet into a new structure and form and has created a new type of linguistic discourse in the field of target language. This linguistic interaction between the virtual language and the standard language of society creates problems for learners in the field of language teaching and non-Persian language learning. Therefore, this research, with an analytical-descriptive method, seeks to answer the question of the role and position of this emerging space in language disorders and the formation of crisis at the level of education in what form and structure can be defined, categorized and presented. As a result, it tries to point out the important topics of this interference and the resulting threats, and with an analysis in three areas of lexical, phonetic and syntactic, deals with a specific segmentation in order to identify the dangers facing Persian language teaching. In virtual language, many words and written structures have been quickly constructed or distorted, which, despite the change in phonological and written form, as well as changes in the grammatical and syntactic system of the language, have introduced many new and new words into the language cycle. It involves semantic and practical transformation, in such a way that only the written form appears in a common form, and the meaning and the practical field will be completely different from each other.

Music and Sama are amongst the most discussed elements in the history of Islamic mysticism and sufism. Rumi’s standing on this subject was close to the intoxicated sufis. He favoured it، promoted it and believed it to be one of the main pillars of the mystic path and journey to Allah. In the cultural sphere of the 19th-century Europe، Nietzsche، influenced by the East، and having a unique way of looking at the concept of excellence and human movement towards evolution، in order to save the alienated human kind who due to the weakness of the church has forgotten the God، brings in music as a principle in human evolution and salvation، which is very close to the Rumi’s idea of music. The two thinkers share paradigms of thought in a) familiarity، identification and the origins of thought، b) the relation of music to the eternal song of the universe، c) music as a way to catharsis and soul purification، d) the relation between music and language، and e) the relation of music to passion and ecstasy and the Nietzschean idea of affirmation. All these lead us to the conclusion that the two thinkers had very close، and sometimes، matching ideas about the origin، existence، function، and effects of music، yielding to a substantive connection.

In this study, efforts have been made to analyze and study the narrative and structural integrity of Aql-e Sorkh treatise of the acclaimed Iranian philosopher and mystic, Shahab Ed-Din Sohrawardi, based on narrative norms and the theory of literary critic, Tzvetan Todorov. Upon the consideration of role models and the grammar of the text, it was concluded that Sohrawardi has made use of the unity of narrators and has expressed four series in a narration which matches the approach of Illuminism school of thought, and has taken advantage of the element of time to exit the linear repetition, while getting close to modern narrations.

An important subject in the field of linguistics is the impact of one thought system on the community of lingual symbols. The relationship between mind and language conventions has long been of interest to linguists. The importance of this relationship becomes more prominent in comparative approaches where, through comparative study and analysis of the main schemas of the ideas of several thinkers or artists, the researcher traces the consistent and common use of linguistic symbols.In the hermeneutic analysis of the works of Mowlana Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Rumi, the interpretation of symbols, analogy and codes governing his mind and language is a major research interest. One of the most important branches among these researches concerns the kinship of Mowlana’s language codes with other thinkers and artists.On the other hand, Nietzsche, as a transcendental thinker, tries to use a symbolic language in explaining his thinking system. Due to his familiarity with the culture and literature of the East and the essential sameness of some of his principles with Mowlana’s transcendental approaches about the existence, morality, art, etc., Nietzsche achieves a set of symbols common with Rumi, which forms a shared language between the two thinkers.

The frequency of interrogative verses in Naser Khosrow’s Divan is very high compared to other didactic poets، which can be understood from different point of views. This feature of Naser Khosrow’s style can be analyzed considering different extratextual aspects، the most important ones are: a) the effect of stylistic features of Koran on Naser Khosrow’s style b) the effect of Socratic Method on the educational enrichment of the poetry c) the rhetorical and aesthetical use of interrogative phrases to obtain artistic enrichment of the poetry d) the influence of Ismailite propaganda methods. This study tries to address these essential aspects of Naser Khosrow’s works based on the statistics extracted from his divan.

One of the specific aspects of Kierkegaard’s thought، as one of the founders of existentialist philosophy، is the paradigm of anxiety، which has a very special position in the concept of faith. He believed that it is the most important way to receive the product of faith، and even considered it in the same level of importance as the faith itself. On the other hand، in Islamic mysticism، including Risalah al-Qusyairiyah، a similar approach in the reading of the concept of khowf (fear) is observed. Placing emphasis on the concept of anxiety as an innate matter، Kierkegaard views it in three interdependent scopes which are: freedom، possibility and paradox. These can be called the motifs of anxiety، which bear structural similarities with Abu al-Qasim al-Qusyairi opinions in his Risalah al-Qusyairiyah if considered through a comparative reading. Al-Qusyairi too puts stress on the dependence and correlation between the concept of khowf in mystical system and the topics of possibility، freedom and eternity. This research tries to prove this hypothesis.