محسن امیری

Introduction and Cognitive impairment is one of the most common problems in the elderly that a very wide range of old age disorders are allocated to it and paying attention to them can lead to well-being in old age. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of brain gym on cognitive abilities of the elderly. This research is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-post control group design. Statistical population of this research includes all inactive elderly people who live in Kermanshah. Sampling Method of this study is convenience sampling. For this purpose, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 elderly people with mean age 65.36 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15. The empirical group performed brain gym exercises, which have been exclusively designed to improve cognitive abilities, eight 30-minutes sessions. The Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (Nejati, 1392) was used to assess the participants' cognitive ability in the pre-test and post-test. ANCOVA analysis was used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the cognitive scores of the two experimental and control groups by controlling the pre-test score. The empirical group scores significantly improved in cognitive abilities (P<0/05). The findings of this study confirm the positive effect of brain gym exercises on cognitive abilities in the elderly. Brain gym has likely its effects through two mechanisms:first through the effects such as physical exercise effects, and second through the direct effect on the brain that causes neural reorganization and cognitive abilities.

 One of the common childhood disorders is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which can be caused by a lack of self-regulation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching self-regulatory strategies on elementary students’ attention deficit, social adjustment, and self-efficacy in Tehran City, Iran.

 This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. In this research, 100 students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were selected by cluster sampling from 9-11 years old male elementary schools of District 16, Tehran City, Iran, in the 2018-2019 academic year. They were studied using the Conners questionnaire, attention-deficit questionnaire, general self-efficacy questionnaire, social adjustment questionnaire, and Russell Barkley’s 8-session educational protocol. 

 he study’s results demonstrated the effect of self-regulatory strategic teaching on the reduction of attention deficit, increase in social adjustment, and self-efficacy of students in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.05).

 Cognitive skills and instructional programs in early life play an essential role in children’s learning and self-regulation improvement. Furthermore, they can reduce the occurrence rate of long-term behavioral problems.

One of the fundamental principles underlying the practice of fair trial and the rule of law is “judicial independence,” in the sense of the judge’s freedom from interference and undue influence in his judicial decision making. Operationalizing judicial independence is contingent upon guaranteeing the judiciary’s structural independence as well as the judge’s individual independence. In fact, owing to the significance of judicial affairs and judge’s determining decision, political authorities, trial parties and the public seek to exert influence on the judge’s decision. The present study sheds light on the theoretical and practical framework underlying the guarantee of the judiciary’s structural independence and judge’s individual independence in Canada’s legal system and then investigate in iran’s law. This investigation shows that iran’s legal system has made adequate provisions for guaranteeing structural independence but have failure in procedural independence with comparing Canada’s legal system.

Adaptive coping styles, influenced by personality traits, mindfulness, and hostility, are crucial for managing stress and promoting psychological well-being, requiring targeted interventions. This study aimed to predict adaptive and humorous coping styles based on borderline personality traits, mindfulness, and hostility.

A correlational descriptive method was used for this purpose. The statistical population consisted of psychology students of Tehran Azad University branches in the academic years of 2019-20. A total of 250 students (220 females and 30 males) were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Humor style questionnaire (HSQ; Martin et al, 2003), Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire-B form (STB; Rawlings et al, 2001), Five Fact Mindfulness (FFMQ; Baer et al, 2006) and aggression (Buss & Perry, 1992).

The results of multiple regression analysis using the simultaneous method showed that borderline personality traits and hostility did not have significant correlations with adaptive and humorous coping styles. Additionally, mindfulness did not have a significant relationship with the adaptive coping style but showed a positive relationship with the self-enhancing coping style.

Based on the research findings, due to the lack of significant relationships between borderline personality traits and hostility with both adaptive and humorous coping styles, and the non-significance of the relationship between mindfulness and the linking coping style, further research in this area requires replicability and implementation on other populations.

We assessed and ranked environmental risks in the mechanized urban waste collection and storage systems in Tehran municipality (Iran) to locate safe areas for the establishment of these systems.

This descriptive-analytical study first identified and classified the effective factors in locating the mechanized systems of the studied district in seven criteria (socioeconomic, physical-spatial, hydrological-climatic, geological, and three passive defenses including dispersion, lifeline, and high-risk facilities). Risk factors were evaluated using the FMEA technique and prioritized using the TOPSIS method.

The FMEA results classified the identified passive defense and environmental risks into three levels (high, medium, low), with 69% of the risks at the low level, 17% at the medium level, and 14% at the high level. The TOPSIS ranking results identified "Distance to nearest fire station", "Distance to a fault" and "Distance to power substation" as the highest risk factors with the similarity to ideal solution (cli)values of 0.861, 0.774 and 0.771, respectively, as well as "Distance to gas pressure-reducing stations" (cli = 0.134) as the least important risk factor.

New urban waste collection and storage stations in the studied district should be established according to the population of the areas and at a suitable distance to the nearest fire stations. Further, locating and designing these systems in wide open spaces is highly essential.

Specific learning disabilities are a set of heterogeneous disorders that are severely manifested in the learning and application of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and math skills and can have neurological roots. One of the therapies used in this field is neurofeedback, but a review of the history of neurofeedback and learning disabilities shows that there are many contradictions about the effects of neurofeedback on brain waves in children with special learning disabilities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback on the modulation of brain waves and basic executive functions in children aged 8 to 12 years with special learning disabilities.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all boys and girls with dyslexia and dysgraphia introduced to centers for learning disabilities in Kermanshah. Sampling Method of this study is convenience sampling. For this purpose 20 students aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 people. The experimental group received neurofeedback intervention for 20 sessions of 40 minutes. In order to record the brain waves, a two-channel neurofeedback device was used and to measure the active memory, change the attention and inhibit the response, Wechsler memory software(Khodadadi, Amani, 2014), Wisconsin(Khodadadi et al, 2014) and Stroop cards(Khodadadi et al, 2014) were used. In order to analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were used.

the present protocol can suppress the ratio of theta waves to alpha(η2= 0.821) and improve the executive functions of attention change(classes(η2= 0.320), in place(η2= 0.544)), response inhibition(Concordant Time(η2= 0.434), Inconcordant Time(η2= 0.536)) and active memory(Auditory memory Span (η2= 0.515), Visual memory Span(η2= 0.536) in children with dyslexia and dyslexia.

Neurofeedback through the conditioning is likely to lead to the formation of new synaptic connections, ultimately modulating brain waves and improving basic executive functions.

Analysis of electoral behavior is one of the basic features of electoral sociology that the researcher can provide various models in electoral behavior by studying different elections. In the present study, the aim is to identify and determine the factors affecting the recruitment of young people to the election campaigns of the winning candidate, the presidential elections of the 11th and 12th terms. Accordingly, this research is a descriptive research based on the result and purpose of applied research and also in terms of method, and in terms of data collection from the survey branch. According to the sample size, 384 questionnaires were prepared and given to people who voted for Hassan Rouhani to collect information. Based on the analysis of the data collected using the results of statistical techniques, we concluded that special election programs have played a significant role in youth participation in the eleventh and twelfth presidential elections. ...

Due to the importance of rehabilitation among children with special learning disabilities, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brain Gym on suppression of theta/alpha ratio and working memory of students aged 8 to 12 years with dyslexia or dysgraphia. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The population of this study included all girls and boys with reading or writing disorders referring to special centers for learning disabilities in Kermanshah. The convenience sampling methods were used. For this purpose, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 students aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly allocated into two groups of 10 people. The experimental group were received brain Gym intervention for 20 sessions of 20 minutes over 10 weeks. In order to record the brain waves of the participants, a dual-channel neurofeedback device was used. Moreover, the Wechsler memory software was used to measure their active memory. To analyze the data, univariate one-way covariance analysis and multivariate one-way covariance analysis were used using SPSS software version 26. The results showed that the ratio of theta waves to alpha in the experimental group was significantly reduced and active memory span in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (P < .05). The findings of this study indicated that brain exercise can significantly suppress the ratio of theta waves to alpha and also improve working memory among children with special learning disabilities. The findings confirm the neurological evidence for the positive effect of the brain Gym intervention on the modulation of brain waves and working memory in children with dyslexia or dysgraphia.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Parent-Child Interaction (PCIT) Therapy of mothers on children with separation anxiety disorder, on reducing over protection, parenting anxiety and anxiety symptoms of their 3-6 years old children. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and control groups. To do so, 30 mothers of children with SAD (separation anxiety disorder) were selected using at-hand sampling and, then, they were replaced into two experimental and control groups after being matched. The research tools were included CSI-4 questionnaire (Sprafikin & Gadow, 1994), MCRE questionnaire (ROBERT, 1961), and State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, 1960). The parental behavior training was performed in ten 90-minute sessions in experimental group. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, gain score, and T-test. The results show the effectiveness of experimental treatment on reduced scores of anxiety in children of mothers in the experimental group compared with the control group. The results also showed decrease in over protection and anxiety in mothers in the experimental group. Generally speaking, the findings demonstrated that parent-child interaction education causes to reduce the separation anxiety disorder signs, parental anxiety symptoms, and over protection. Moreover, it constructs secure attachment between child and parents.

The green construction industry has been emerged with the urbanization development, the global populatation growth, and growing demand for more sustainable and eco-friendly structures and it has been expanded quickly regarding some benefits such as energy and resources saving, less greenhouse gas emissions, and optimizing the health of residents. The urban development and planning based on green buildings is more complexed compared with the one based on regular buildings, and as a result, it seems necessary to design the accurate and comprehensive planning for identifying risk factors for the success of green buildings projects. This study is presented with the objective of the identification and evaluation of the risk for green buildings based on a real case study in the city of Shiraz. To this end, based on the opinions of experts team including consulting engineers, designers, executors, contractors, and the literature review, 17 criteria are identified as the most important factors and they are classified in 5 groups including policies and standards, economic factors, environmental factors, management factors, and technical and quality factors. The relationship between risk criteria and sub-criteria is studied with DEMATEL procedure and the ranking of risk criteria is done by applying the analytic network process (ANP). The results show that government policies and complicated approval procedures, the project delay, the lack of specific insurance for green buildings and the lack of accurate estimation of investment returning are the most important risk factors of green buildings that urban designers must focus on them to increase the successes of the new emerging green construction industry.

The aim of the present study was to comparison of the effect of RSA (repeated sprint ability) and SSG (Small side games) on some of the physical fitness factors related to performance in futsal players.

twinty two male futsal players (average age of 18/04±2/04 years, weight 63/3±1/08 kg, height 176±0.05 cm, BMI 20/3±2/6) were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups of RSA (n=10) and SSG (n=12). Initially, subjects were tested for anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, and then physical fitness tests related to performance in futsal, including: 10, 15, and 20 m sprints for speed measurement, LRUN and VCUT tests for agility, Sargent vertical jump test, RSA and RAST tests were performed to measure anaerobic power, FIET test was used to measure aerobic power and LSPT test was used to measure skill performance in futsal. Experimental groups participated in a 4-week training course. The RSA group exercises consisted of 3 sets of 6 sprints of 40 meters with 20 seconds of inactive rest between each sprint and 4 minutes of inactive rest between each set. All sprints was changed by three 180 degree changes every 10 meters. The SSG group exercises consisted of 3 sets of futsal games on a reduced pitch (20 meters long and 12 meters wide) for 4 minutes and active rest for three minutes between each set and with the number of people (3 vs. 3). In order to analyze the data, a covariance analysis test was used and a significance level of p.

In the mean section of the record in anaerobic power variable measured by RSA test and in the maximum power, average power and minimum power in the anaerobic power variable measured by RSAT test, a significant difference between SSG and RSA groups in post-test the test was observed. The average RSA test record in the RSA group was significantly lower than in the SSG group. And the minimum, maximum, and average RAST test power in the RSA group was significantly higher than the SSG group.

In comparing the effect between four weeks of RSA and SSG training, neither training improved sergeant jump, but both training models improved factors such as agility, speed, aerobic power, skill performance and anaerobic power (especially by RSA training). From these findings, it can be concluded that in comparison with RSA and SSG exercises in designing exercises for futsal players, it is better to use RSA exercises to improve anaerobic power.

Elections as one of the most important methods of selecting political elites in today's world are considered from different perspectives. The expansion of cyberspace and the complexity of election campaigns have caused the methods of directing the public vote to move away from the previous space of the political world and enter new areas. The 11th and 12th presidential elections in Iran were among the elections that there were media debates and even economic scandals surrounding it. Despite considering other variables affecting the presence and participation of youth in the presidential election, the purpose of this study is to study the factors affecting youth participation in the presidential election based on a study of factors affecting youth participation in the 11th and 12th presidential elections. This research is a descriptive research based on the result and purpose, applied research in terms of method, and in terms of data collection from the survey branch. According to the sample size, 384 questionnaires were prepared and given to people who voted for Hassan Rouhani to collect information. Analyzes based on the data collected using statistical techniques, it was concluded that the broadcast of special election programs on television on average has changed the opinion of voters to participate in the elections.

Considering the prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and its respective psychological problems for their parents and in particular their mothers, the present study investigated the effectiveness of training mindful parenting on improving internalizing behaviors of mothers (e.g. Depression and Anxiety) and externalizing behaviors (Rule Breaking Behavior, Aggressive Behavior) of their kids.  

A quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and control group was carried out on 30 mothers whose children were diagnosed with ADHD chosen through convenient sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Depending on the exit criteria for absence in more than one session, the group experienced a decline and the results were analyzed for 24 mothers. The research instruments were CSI-4 (1994), the child behavior check list (CBCL) for Parents (1991), and hospital anxiety and depression questionnaire (1983). Training mothers with mindfulness approach was accomplished in eight 3-hour sessions. At the end, both control and experimental groups completed the above-mentioned questionnaires as post-test. The collected data were analyzed using covariance, added scores, and independent samples t-test.

The results revealed the effectiveness of mindful parenting methods on decreasing mother’s anxiety and depression (P<0/05) and also the effectiveness of the method on decreasing children’s externalizing problem (P<0/05) in the experimental group in comparison with the control group.

Generally, findings showed that mindful parenting method will decrease the mother’s internalizing problems (Depression and Anxiety) and children’s externalizing problem (Rule Breaking Behavior, Aggressive Behavior).

The cave barb habitat is located in a Karst formation along the Sezar River. The springs on the walls of the Sezar River valley may provide a means for fish in surface waters to penetrate into the underground waters. These observations propose the probability for a migratory relationship between Garra gymnothorax in the Sezar River and the cave barbs (Garra typhlops and Garra lorestanensis). In addition, a variety of different body shapes including fusiform and slender body forms are observed among the cave fish. This phenotypical variation may be a sign of an unknown genetic diversity or could be attributed to the variable environmental conditions in different parts of the subterranean habitat. To clarify the situation, we used the sequences of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I and next generation sequencing method. The results showed that the fusiform and slender body shapes of G. typhlops and G. lorestanensis were not different with regard to their mtDNA and genomic compositions. Moreover, the analysis of the genomic their mtDNA and genomic compositions. Moreover, the analysis of the genomic showed that a limited level of gene flow (less than 3%) from G. gymnothorax probably existed in G. thyphlops. The low level of gene flow may be related to the lower fitness and adaptability of the surface dwelling fish to the subterranean life conditions.

Given the significance of balance in maintaining body posture and exercising complex sports skills, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of brain gym on static and dynamic balance of non-athlete female students. To this end, 24 non-athlete female students from University of Kharazmi voluntarily participated in this study, and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed brain gym exercises, which were specifically designed to improve their body balance, for 8 sessions of 30 minutes each. The control group underwent a series of flexibility and stretching exercises, deemed not to impact their balance. The number of sessions and the time devoted to each session was the same as the treatment the experimental group went through. In order to measure the static and dynamic balance of the participants in the pre- and post-test, the Stork and Star tests were administered. ANCOVA was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that controlling the pre-test scores, there was a statistically significant difference in the static and dynamic balance between the control and the experimental groups, suggesting that brain gym has a positive impact on static and dynamic balance. It then follows that due to the ease of implementation of brain gym exercises, coaches and physical education teachers can use brain gym in order to improve balance in their students.

N. kaiseri, from the southern Zagros Mountains in Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces, is characteristically different from the other two newts of the genus Neurergus (N. microspilotus and N. crocatus) occurring in Iran by a long and narrow band of yellow color with several round blotches of white color. Modeling the distribution patterns of species is a generally efficient tool to assess their ecological characteristics. In this study, we used maximum entropy, MaxEnt, a method as a tool to assess potential distribution for Neurergus kaiseri in regional scale. The MaxEnt model predicted potentially suitable habitats for N. kaiseri with high success rates (AUC Training data = 0.904 ± 0.057). According to the map constructed, four important variables had a high contribution to species presence: elevation (38%), Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (15.8%), Min Temperature of Coldest Month (10.3%) and Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (8.7) variables. According to our results in the present study, Lorestan newts prefer mountain area with low rainfall in southern Lorestan and northern Khuzestan provinces, although the species need fountains for survival and reproduction.

Habitat destruction is the most important factor determining species extinction; hence, the management of wildlife populations necessitates the management of habitats. Habitat suitability modeling is one of the best tools used for habitat management. There are several methods for habitat suitability modeling, with each of having  some different advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we used 15 modeling methods along with 9 environmental factors including Bio1, Bio2, distance to roads, distance to residential areas, distance to agricultural lands, distance to streams, the percentage of slope, geographic aspect, and NDVI to model the Persian squirrel’s habitat suitability in the forests of Luristan Province. The AUC of each model was computed and the models with an AUC higher than 0.9 were selected. Finally, the output maps resulted from the selected models were multiplied by their AUC and the average of them was considered as a combined model. In this study, Maximum Entropy, Boosted Regression Tree, Generalized Linear Model, and Random Forest were the only models with an AUC higher than 0.9. Based on the combined model, 66% of the forest areas in Luristan Province could be suitable for the Persian squirrel, of which 32.1%, 18.4%, and 15.5% have low, moderate, and high suitability, respectively. Among the 9 environmental factors used in this study, distance to roads, distance to agricultural lands and NDVI showed the highest contribution in the habitat suitability of  the Persian squirrel. This study indicated that the combination of high-accuracy models could  yield more reliable results, as compared to  their separate use.

Depression mood is a state of affliction and escape from activity or unconsciousness and reluctance, and can affect one's thoughts, feelings, health, and wellbeing. People with depression can feel discomfort, anxiety, emptiness, frustration, and helplessness, loss of life, embarrassment, or restlessness. They may lose their passion for performing activities that are once enjoyable for themselves, lose their appetite and focus, have difficulty remembering details and make decisions, deal with problems in their relationships, thinking to suicide, and intend or do it. Depression causes insomnia, excessive sleep, tiredness, and burning digestive problems, or reduced body energy in some cases. Emotional self–regulation or regulation of emotion is the ability to respond to the ongoing demands of experience with the range of emotions in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as well as the ability to delay spontaneous reactions as needed. It can also be defined as extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions. Emotion self–regulation belongs to the broader set of emotion–regulation processes, which includes the regulation of one's feelings and the regulation of other people's feelings. Low frustration tolerance (LFT), or "short–term hedonism" is a concept utilized to describe the inability to tolerate unpleasant feelings or stressful situations. It stems from the feeling that reality should be as wished that any frustration should be resolved quickly and easily. People with low frustration tolerance experience emotional disturbance when frustrations are not quickly resolved. Behaviors are then directed towards avoiding frustrating events, which, paradoxically, leads to increased frustration and even greater mental stress. This study aimed to explore the relationship of frustration tolerance, defect in cognitive regulation, and perceived stress with depression syndrome among central prison employees. 

The present research method was correlational. The population of this study was 120 personnel of employee in central prison that were chosen by random sampling. The questionnaire of perceived stress scale (PSS) of Cohen, Goldberg depression scale (GDS), cognitive emotion regulation of Granfaski, and frustration tolerance questionnaire distributed, and the PSS is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Items were designed to how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale also includes several direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. Granfaski developed the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in 2001. Hassani updated this questionnaire based on Iran's condition. Alpha Cronbach of this questionnaire in this research was 0.78. Harington developed a frustration tolerance questionnaire in 2005; he made this questionnaire by using Ellis's theory; Babareisi updated this questionnaire based on Iran's condition. Goldberg depression questionnaire used to help determine the need to see a mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment of depression or to monitor mood. Aminpoor updated this questionnaire based on Iran's condition. For analyzing data, we use descriptive statistical (Pearson correlation) and inferential statistics (step by step regression). The data was analyzed by SPSS 21. 

There was a meaningful correlation between depression and perceived stress (r=0.37, p<0.001). In addition, results showed there was negative correlation between frustration tolerance (r=0.034, p<0.001) and cognitive regulation (r=0.28, p<0.001). The result of step by step regression showed that perceived stress and frustration tolerance could predict depression.

Regard to the correlation between frustration tolerances perceived stress and cognitive emotion regulation with depression, attention to these advised to all of the professions in this field.

The birth of a deaf child makes family especially mothers face a situation which requires their psychological to be paid more attention. Positive psychotherapy is a psychotherapy approach that is accompanied by the creation of positive abilities and emotions, and it attempts to increase the meaning of life in order to relieve mental harm and increase their happiness. The current  study was to investigate effectivness positive thinking on reducing irrational beliefs and inhancing happiness in mothers of deaf children in qazvin.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers of deaf children that 34 people was selected using the available sampling method from them and according to the criteria for entering (age of mother, sex, education, maternal hearing standard and age of the child and duality of the families) divided into two groups (experimental and control) grouped and matched. The research instruments were khodayarifard and ghobari bonab positive thinking(1391), Jones Irrational Belief Test(1969) and  Oxford Happiness Inventory(1989). Positive Interview Training in the form of ten sessions 90 Minutes held weekly in one session was conducted in the experimental group. At the end, the mentioned questionnaires were administered to both groups as a post-test. The data analysis method was multivariate covariance.

Based on the results positive thinking was not effective in reducing the irrational beliefs of the experimental group( p>0/05). As well as positive thinking did not increase the happiness of the mothers of the experimental group compared with the control group's mothers.  

In general, the findings also show that positive thinking did not reduce the irrational beliefs of mothers of deaf children and did not increase their happiness.

Faulty neck posture causes many musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulders. Considering the shared muscle attachments of the neck and the scapula, identifying the correlation between neck posture and scapular position can be effective in preventing shoulder pain. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between neck posture and static and dynamic scapular position. In this cross-sectional study, 38 female students from the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences without history of dysfunction in the shoulder and neck were selected and examined through nonprobability convenience sampling. Neck posture was examined by measuring the craniovertebral angle using diagnostic imaging techniques. The scapula – spine distance was measured using the ruler and the scapular winging was measured in hanging position of hand and during the flexion and scaption, and then the relationship between them and the craniovertebral angle was investigated.  Subjects with an average age of 24.71±3.02 participated in the study. There was a significant correlation between craniovertebral angle (51.09±5.73) and the scapular winging in flexion (r=0.38, p=0.01) and scaption (r=0.44, p=0.005). There was no significant relationship between the craniovertebral angle and the distance between the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) and the inferior angle of the scapula (6.29±0.96) and the distance between inferior angle and the corresponding vertebral levels (7.80±0.93). The results of this study showed that neck posture is correlated with scapular dyskinesis in a dynamic scapular position.

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of mental kinestick imagery on athletic confidence. The population of this quasi-experimental study comprised the whole amateur basketball players. Available sampling was used as the instrument, such that 30 physical education students from Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah volunteered to participate in this study. They were classified into two groups of kinestick imagery and control, using matching scores method in Revised Hall and Martin’s (1997) questionnaire. Further, Willie and Knight’s (2002) scale of athletic confidence was used to measure participants’ athletic confidence in pre- and post-test. The experimental group did six sessions of thirty-minute kinestick imagery exercise and pay lay-up shot, while the control group only pay lay-up shot. With controlling the pre-test scores, The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups in post test of athletic confidence scores. The implication of this study is the impact that mental mental kinestick imagery has on improving athletic confidence in athletes.

Self-esteem is an important aspect consistent in all stages of life that plays a role in emotional, social and psychological compliance. And this issue is more important at the time of old age, particularly in mental health. So, The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of brain gym exercises on Self- esteem in elderly.The following papers are an empirical study and the study sample included all elderly people in the Elderly Nursing Homes in Sari city. The sampling method of this research it was the kind of available. For this purpose, 30 people in their elderly were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The empirical group performed brain gym exercises, which have been exclusively designed to improve Self- esteem, in 8 sessions of 30 minutes. In order to measure self-esteem of participants in the pre-test and post-test was used from Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Covariance test was used to analyze the data. Concludingly, it was demonstrated that by controlling the pretest scores, there is a significant difference between Self-esteem of the control and empirical group. The findings of this survey confirmed the effectiveness brain exercise on cognitive factors such as self-esteem in the elderly.

Objective Executive functions are processes that control, direct, and coordinate other cognitive processes. The findings of cognitive neuroscience indicate that frontal and temporal lobes have a longer maturity and support the development of executive functions. These abilities are essential for success in everyday activities and longitudinal studies indicate that executive functions are associated with academic achievement, social adaptation, career promotion, and independent performance in children. Executive functions deficits hamper academic achievement and create problematic behaviors. Various studies indicate that children and adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have a significant disadvantage with respect to the neuropsychological assessment of executive functions (such as planning, inhibition, verbal and spatial memory, and cognitive shifting). ADHD is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder and its symptoms include attention deficit, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The prevalence of this disorder is higher in boys than in girls. Children with ADHD experience life-long challenges and require support in order to succeed in life; therefore, different intervention approaches have been used to help these children. Recently, neurofeedback has received a lot of attention. It is a type of biofeedback that teaches individual self-regulation by recording electrical responses and providing feedback. The goal of neurofeedback education is to correct abnormal brain wave that improves child's behavioral and cognitive functions. In other words, neurofeedback affects activity of brain waves, so that the brain waves of desirable behaviors are generated or enhanced. Considering the problems that children with ADHD have in executive functions, the present study investigated the effectiveness of neurofeedback on improving executive functions in these children.
Materials & Methods This study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest and post-test. The study population included all children with ADHD in Khorramabad City, Iran. The sample included 10 children with ADHD who were selected by convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria comprised diagnosis of ADHD confirmed by the psychiatrist and psychologist, normal IQ, and no history of another neurological disease or developmental disorder. In the pretest, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) was completed for children. It is one of the most common tools for measuring the executive functions and reflects the teacher's view about student’s behavior in the area of executive functions. It screens the executive function problems and covers two areas: metacognition and self-regulation. It measures inhibition, flexibility, emotional control, initiating, working memory, planning–organizing, organization of materials and monitoring. Then, the subjects participated in neurofeedback sessions. Each subject received 10 neurofeedback sessions, twice a week. The beta/theta protocol was administered to all subjects. The purpose of this protocol was to increase beta waves and reduce theta waves. After completing the neurofeedback sessions, BRIEF was completed again in post-test. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis and inferential statistics was done by paired t test.
Results The scores of executive functions in the pretest are significantly different from those in the post-test (P<0.001). Also, the findings showed that self-regulation score in the pretest is significantly different from that in the post-test (P<0.001). In addition, metacognition score of the pretest shows a significant difference from that in the post-test (P<0.001).
Conclusion Neurofeedback can improve the executive functions in children with ADHD. It can help children with ADHD to change their brain waves, and makes them aware of their cognitive performance