محسن باقری

Ewes show estrus signs during reproduction season the in the sheep production systems and generally, the average ewes litter size is one. Therefore, due to high cost of production, sheep production is not economic. Reproduction efficiency depends on factors such as period of the breeding season, ovulation rate, conception rate, pregnancy rate, litter size and lamb viability. The interaction effect of nutrition and environment influences all of these factors. Nutrition is one of the most important factors on the ruminant’s reproduction, which has an impact effect on the overall reproductive activity during their life. Nutrients like fat show their effect on the reproduction by changing the concentrations of plasma metabolites and hormones. Hence, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) supplements around mating on body weight (BW) change, hormones concentration, lamb sex and birth weight and reproductive performance of Lori-Bakhtiyari ewes. One hundred and five Lori-Bakhtiyari ewes were divided into three equal groups based on age (2-4 year) and body weight (54.58 ± 1.6 kg) and randomly allocated to experimental diets (n=35). Basal diet supplemented with 10% (DM basis) calcium salt of omega-6 FA, 10% calcium salt of omega-3 FA and 10% calcium salt of saturated FA (SFA). Ewes of each group fed respective experimental diet from 30 d pre- to 30 d post-mating. Serum concentrations of hormones (insulin, estradiol and progesterone) were measured. Reproductive performance including lambing rate, twining rate, the proportion of female lambs, the proportion of male lambs, lamb birth weight and weaning weight and litter size were recorded. The results showed that feeding fat supplements did not affect on BW change of ewes. Serum concentrations of insulin, estradiol and progesterone were not influenced by the experimental diets (P > 0.05). The proportion of female lambs was higher when ewes were fed diet containing omega-6 FA compared with the other dietary groups (P < 0.05). Lambing rate, twining rate, lamb birth weight and weaning weight were not affected by different fat supplements (P > 0.05). It was concluded that feeding a diet containing calcium salts of omega-6 FA around mating, can skew the sex ratio of lambs toward females. The interaction effect of dietary FA sources with other nutrients on the sex ratio of lambs could be investigated in future research. However, further research is required to confirm these findings.

With the emergence of new technologies and the integration of technology and gamification with teaching and learning, new strategies are presented for the effectiveness of teaching. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the alternative reality game (ARG) on the problem-solving skill of multi-grade class students.

This research was conducted using the quasi-experimental method and the pre-test-post-test design, along with the control group. The statistical population included the students of the multi-grade class of the second period of elementary school in Behshahr city of Mazandaran province in the academic year of 2022-2023, who were selected by the available sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, control and experimental. The students were trained for 8 sessions using an alternative reality game (ARG); While the teaching method in the control group was conventional. Data were collected through Heppner and Petersen's (1982) problem-solving questionnaires. In order to analyze the findings, descriptive statistical indices such as mean and standard deviation were used, and univariate covariance analysis was used for inferential analysis of the findings.

The results of the research showed that the application of the alternative reality game (ARG) has a significant effect on the problem solving skill of students in multi-grade class. (P<0.05).

Considering the impact of the alternative reality game on students' problem-solving skills, the planning and implementation of this game is recommended as an effective teaching strategy in multi-grade schools.

Given the increasing use of information and communication technologies, information bombardment, and the vulnerability of young audiences who are the main consumers of the aforementioned media, awareness of media literacy is an essential skill for selective exposure to the media and their critical analysis and evaluation. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between media literacy and information literacy and critical thinking among graduate students at Arak University. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was all graduate students at Arak University, of whom 174 were selected as samples through voluntary sampling. To collect data, the Azizi Media Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (2014), the Davarpanah and Siamak Student Information Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (2009), and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (Form B) (CCTST) by Peter Fashion and Noreen (1994) were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between media literacy and information literacy of students, as well as between media literacy and critical thinking. Considering the significant relationship between media literacy and information literacy and critical thinking in postgraduate students, it is recommended to hold training workshops on media literacy and related skills, including message criticism and interpretation.

The increase of Russia's presence in West Asia in recent years has affected regional and international order and security. The Russia's approach in this region towards other players influenced Russia-Iran interactions and Iran's interests at the regional and global levels. This paper aims to address this question: How Russia's regional policies in West Asia have affected Islamic Republic of Iran's national interests? The paper is based on the theory of balance of power. The paper’s findings show that the most important effects of Russia's soft and hard balancing act on Iran's national interests in the region are: Help countering Takfiri Salafi terrorism, increasing Iran's strategic depth, improving Iran's regional deterrence power, strengthening the Axis of Resistance, reducing the influence of America and the West in the region, and intensifying the strategic interactions of Russia-China and Iran and their confrontation with the liberal world order and unilateralism of America.

Aram is a new oilseed rape cultivar, extracted from the R308 (earlness line) and RGS003 (high-yield cultivar) cross population through pedigree method in three years. To reach high-yielding and compatible lines and cultivars, preliminary and advanced investigations were carried out in Gorgan and Sari (2014-2015) and Zabol, Gorgan, Sari and Borazjan (2016-2017). The line SRL-93-12 (Aram cultivar) with a yield of 2955 kgha-1 and 2774 kgha-1 was the first in the above-mentioned tests, respectively, and the SRL-93-12 line was also recognized as the most stable genotype based on the lowest Lins and Binns superiority index and highest seed yield. Extension research project results on farmers' farms in Behbahan, Moghan, and Gorgan regions showed that the new line with 594 kgha-1 higher yield than the check cultivar was in the first rank. According to the results as well as desirable agronomic traits such as good tolerance to dormancy and uniformity in maturity, this line was released with the name Aram.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of conceptual learning in Quran education based on the escape room game on the academic engagement of third-grade elementary school students. The research method was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all male third-grade elementary school students in Arak city during the academic year 2022-2023. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample. Accordingly, 48 students from the third-grade elementary school were selected, and then the selected sample was randomly assigned to experimental (24 students) and control (24 students) groups. Data were collected using the Reeve Academic Engagement Questionnaire (2013). The experimental group received training on the third-grade Quran education using the escape room computer game in 6 sessions, while the control group received conventional training. Descriptive statistical methods (measures of central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics (independent t-test and analysis of covariance) were used for data analysis. The findings indicated a significant difference in academic engagement between the experimental and control groups after adjusting pretest scores. Therefore, the results of this study suggest the positive role of using innovative  technologies in increasing students' academic engagement in Quran education, proposing the incorporation of gamified conceptual learning into the Quran curriculum in the elementary education department.

One of the most significant, uncommon, and enduring alliances in Middle Eastern politics and security over the last few decades has been that between Iran and Syria. This alliance, which was formed at the beginning of the 1980s and was one of the external effects of the Islamic Revolution's victory, was brought about by changes to other regional alliances and alignments. Despite numerous analyses, it did not collapse quickly; rather, it was strengthened and extended, not only to Syria and Iran but also to Lebanon, Palestine, and other areas of the region, ultimately leading to the formation of the Resistance Axis. This paper aims to address this question: What factors and components influenced the formation and strengthening of the Iranian-Syrian alliance in the 1980s? The paper's hypothesis is that the material and semantic contexts that created the model of friendship and cooperation, as well as close security interaction between Iran and Syria, formed and strengthened their alliance in the 1980s, countering common threats and securing common interests. Examining the issue with the use of regional security complex theory, the analytical-descriptive method, and library and internet sources shows that the most important security considerations (physical and semantic) and the components that shaped and strengthened the alliance between Iran and Syria have consisted of: the existence of common identity, ideological and strategic platforms and fields, and common interests and threats resulting from it at the regional level. As for the regional security complex theory, the analytical-descriptive method, and library and internet sources indicates that the most important security considerations (physical and semantic) and the components that shaped and strengthened the alliance between Iran and Syria have consisted of: the existence of common identity, ideological and strategic platforms and fields, and common interests and threats resulting from it at the regional level, Common perception of the Zionist regime's threat in the region, the existence of revisionist ideologies, and ideological commonalities in opposition to America and conflict with the Zionist regime, Iran and Syria's confrontation with security threat from Iraq and confronting its supremacy, Syria's support of Iran during Iraq's war, the role of ideological religious communities, the efforts of the two countries of Iran and Syria to gain religious legitimacy at the external levels, and to secure the interests of Iran and Syria in the form of unity in the Arab world.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of gamification on the academic motivation and academic performance of first-graders in virtual classes. Study design was quasi-experimental with pretest-post-test and a control group. The study population consisted of all first grade students in Khomein, Markazi Province, Iran, of whom 30 female students were selected by convenience sampling. Harter's academic motivation scale (1980) and academic performance researcher-made test were used to collect data. Reliability of the researcher-made test for academic performance was calculated as 0.722 using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20. The course was run for 10 sessions in Shad software. Covariance analysis was run for inferential analysis of the data. The results showed that gamification of virtual classes had a significant effect on the academic motivation and academic performance of students. It is therefore recommended to use the principles of gamification for the virtual teaching of elementary courses.

Despite the passage of more than four decades since the Iraq-Iran war, due to the effects that this war has had on geopolitics and regional order, and specifically on Iran's political-security approach and regional policy and its influence in the West Asian region, it is worthy of paying attention. Therefore, the question that arises is that how did the Iran-Iraq war affect the relations between Iran and Syria and the expansion of the regional influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran? Investigating the issue using the defensive neorealism approach, descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary sources shows that this war made Iran's strategic loneliness and its unwanted isolation and lack of an ally in the region more obvious and the strategic proximity of Iran and Syria and The expansion of the scope of security cooperation between the two countries from Iraq to Lebanon and Palestine led to confrontation with the Zionist regime and it caused attention to regional influence and strategic deepening and countering security threats with the help of non-governmental allies in Iran's regional political-security approach. This ultimately led to an increase in political-ideological influence and strategic depth and regional deterrence power of Iran in West Asia.

Seasonal breeding mammals are sensitive to changes in day length. Thus, in small ruminants from temperate and subtropical latitudes, photoperiod is the main environmental factor that modulates their pattern of reproductive activity (Duarte et al., 2010). However, natural oscillations in the photoperiod or alterations by artificial photoperiod can lead to changes in milk production in ruminants with seasonal and non seasonal reproduction (Dahl et al., 2000). Exposure to artificially shortened photoperiods during the dry period increased their milk yields in the subsequent lactation (Auchtung et al., 2005; Mabjeesh et al., 2007). In the 12 wk of subsequent lactation, greater milk yields have been reported for does that received artificial short days during the dry period than those that received long days (Mabjeesh et al., 2007). Many livestock breeders in cold regions keep their animals in closed places in late autumn and during winter. In the closed position, the amount and intensity of light can be controlled. Short day length at the end of the pregnancy period is associated with increased milk production in lactating animals, but there is no information in this field for native goats in the country. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of reducing the length of the lighting period in late pregnancy on milk production and related hormones in black goats native to Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

The work was conducted in the Farsan city (50º and 35' minutes of longitude and 32º and 16' of latitude and 2020 meters above sea level) located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. 40 indigenous black goats were randomly assigned to one of the following two treatments. Treatment 1: control; Female goats that were exposed to natural day length during pregnancy (20 heads). Treatment 2: Female goats that were exposed to short day length (8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness) during the last 45 days of pregnancy (20 head). The female goats of two different treatments were reared in two separate locations of the same size with the same environmental and management conditions during the late pregnancy period (experimental period). The quantity and quality of feed was similar for both groups. After giving birth, all female goats were exposed to natural day length. Hand milking was done at one week intervals from one week to one month after birth. Blood samples were taken from jugular vein at the beginning of the experiment, 20 days before parturition, at the time of parturition, 15 and 30 days after parturition.

In the first week, milk production in the experimental treatment was 11% more than the control treatment, but in the second, third and fourth weeks, this superiority reached 13, 16 and 21%, respectively. On average, milk production in the experimental treatment was 15% more than the control treatment. In dairy goats, it was reported that milk production in the subsequent lactation period was 26% higher in goats that were exposed to short day length conditions in the last third of their pregnancy than goats that were exposed to long day conditions at the same time (Mabjeesh et al., 2007).The interaction between the treatment and the milk measurement time was not statistically significant. Milk production peaked in the third week in the control group and in the fourth week in the experimental treatment. Changing the duration of lighting at the end of pregnancy did not have a significant effect on any of the milk compounds on the seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eighth days of lactation. Normally, the composition of milk is not affected by photoperiod (Mabjeesh et al., 2007).The amount of prolactin hormone in the control treatment 20 days before delivery was higher than the amount of prolactin hormone in the experimental treatment at the same time (p<0.05). It has been found that short day length reduces the secretion of prolactin (Smith 1998). In both treatments, the amount of prolactin hormone increased from 45 days before delivery to 30 days after delivery. At the time of parturition, the amount of prolactin hormone in female goats of both treatments was similar. Within each treatment, the amount of prolactin hormone in female goats 15 days after giving birth was higher than its value at the time of giving birth, and the amount of prolactin hormone at the time of giving birth was higher than its value at 20 days before giving birth, and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). However, within each treatment, the difference in the amount of prolactin hormone in female goats between the 30th and 15th days after birth was not significant. The interaction effect of treatment and prolactin measurement time was statistically significant (p<0.05). Within each treatment, the amount of prolactin hormone in female goats 15 days after giving birth was higher than its amount at the time of giving birth, and the amount of prolactin hormone at the time of giving birth was higher than its value at 20 days before giving birth, and this difference were statistically significant (p<0.01). However, within each treatment, the difference in the amount of prolactin hormone in female goats between the 30th and 15th days after birth was not significant. The interaction effect of treatment and prolactin measurement time was statistically significant (p<0.05). The average melatonin hormone before and during delivery in treatment 2 was higher than the control treatment (p<0.01), but after delivery the difference between the two treatments was not significant. The amount of IGF 1 hormone in female goats of both treatments decreased from 45 days before calving to the time of calving and then increased.The amount of IGF-1 hormone in the experimental treatment was higher than the control treatment in 20 days before delivery (p<0.01) and at the time of delivery (p<0.05).

As a result, reducing the length of the lighting period at the end of pregnancy increases the milk production of native black goats in the subsequent lactation period.

One of the important issues in the field of analysis of the foreign and security policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the regional level and the external and transnational environment is the issue of the functioning of the regional policy in the field of the efficiency of the Islamic Republic of Iran's system at the level of foreign security. Therefore, the main question of the research is: How has the regional policy of Iran affected the efficiency of the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the level of the external environment of power and national security?Using the theory of neo-realism and the assumed descriptive-analytical method, the research indicates that the Islamic Republic has been able to deal with various regional and extra-regional threats in the field of foreign security by adopting a regional policy and using various power tools. The Islamic Republic of Iran has been able to use diplomacy tools to control the level of conflict between Iran and the United States and its western and regional allies, and other tools, including the capacity of state and non-state allies in the axis of resistance, to create a balance of power in its favor against regional and extra-regional actors in the West. Asia, to strengthen regional power, strategic influence and maintain and expand its network of allies in the region, and by creating security instability caused by the actions of the US and the Zionist regime in the region, as well as the expansionism of this regime, with the threat of regional terrorism and the threat of a possible military attack on Iran to confront.

The victory of the Islamic revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic regime  in led Iran to support the Islamic liberation movements and then allies with some them. The most important of which were Lebanon's Hezbollah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad in Palestine, but this was followed by Iran's unification with Syria. This paper intends to explore this question:  what has the Iranian resistance in the axis of resistance affected the ideological interests and priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The main discussion of the paper is that the axis of resistance has led to the provision of Islamic ideological and Islamic ideological interests and priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this regard, by using library and Internet resources and descriptive-analytical methods, the paper attempts to use theory of constructivism on alliance and coalition. The findings of the research indicate that Iran's most important interests and priorities in the alliance with its allies in the resistance axis are: Strengthening the independence and the dignity of the Islamic Republic of Iran, strengthening the Palestinian cause, upholding the rights of the Palestinians and uniting the Islamic world, strengthening the culture and identity of resistance at the level of the international system, Revision of Western arrangements and norms governing the international system and efforts to strengthen their status revolutionary Islamic order  and to cope with the supremacy of Saudi Arabia at the regional level.

autonomy is a concept that has been in the field of politics since ancient Greece, but Kant assigned a fundamental role to it in ethics. He believes that the moral subject, in addition to being subordinate to the absolute, as the moral law, is also its creator. After Kant, this concept found other definitions and positions such as personal autonomy and rational autonomy. In his book about autonomy, Dworkin gave a general formulation of moral autonomy, in which the axis is " owner to moral principles" with various meanings. In this article, the concept of autonomy and its components such as self- constitution, self-control, rationality, and independence have been explained from the perspective of philosophers, and then through these components, a reading of this concept in the Holy Quran has been followed. It can be said that autonomy is mentioned in some of its meanings in the Holy Qur'an and is considered one of the components of the moral agent.

The changes in the new world, due to social, cultural, and the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), have led to a modification in the objectives and educational approaches to align with the changes occurring in the learners' environment. One of the new approaches that has received attention in teaching and learning to acquire 21st-century skills is peer assessment. This study examined the impact of web-based peer assessment on the self-directed learning skills of educational sciences students at Arak University.

Researchers employed a quasi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and included a control group in the study. The target population consisted of all educational sciences students in the academic year 2022-2023 at Arak University (178 students), from which 32 participants were selected through the convenience sampling method and assigned randomly into two groups: experimental and control. To gather data for the study, the researchers utilized the Self-directed Learning Readiness Questionnaire, which comprised 40 items and three subscales: self-management, desire for learning, and self-control. The questionnaire was administered before and after the course. During the 10 sessions, web-based peer assessment was integrated into the training process in the experimental group. In this way, courses, students, and the instructor were defined in the Learning Management System (LMS) of Arak University. After each teaching session, the teacher added an activity (peer assessment) in the system, in such a way that the students did homework related to the subject of the lesson. The teaching approach in both the experimental and control groups involved the teacher following a lesson plan and allowing the learners to ask questions during the teaching process. However, there was a difference in how the two groups were assessed. In the experimental group, peer assessment was utilized, where students reviewed and assessed their classmates' assignments. On the other hand, the control group followed a conventional evaluation method. In the classroom, the teacher delivered lessons and assigned homework to the students. The students needed to complete the assignments and submit them to the teacher for assessment. The teacher reviewed the student’s homework in each session and provided feedback. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics (i.e., mean and standard deviation), as well as inferential statistics (i.e., Analysis of Covariance), were employed to analyze the data.

The findings indicated that peer assessment training had a notable impact on self-directed learning skills and their sub-scales, including self-management, desire for learning, and self-control (p<0.5).

Based on the findings of this research, utilizing peer assessment can serve as an effective approach to enhance students' self-directed learning abilities, a crucial skill for learners in the 21st century. However, the successful implementation of peer assessment requires certain conditions that teachers should consider. These include having an appropriate e-learning platform, the instructor's formulation of assessment criteria, and providing proper guidance to learners acting as evaluators. It is important to note that the implementation of peer assessment comes with its own set of challenges, which should be thoroughly explored in studies examining its different aspects.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of gamification-based test on exam anxiety, interest and learning of mathematics lesson of the sixth grade of elementary school students.

The method used in the current research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, and was applied in term of puropos. The statistical population in the present study included all the male students of the sixth grade of elementary school in Asadabad in the academic year of 2021-2022. Among these, two classes of 17 students were selected through convinience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. During eight training sessions, after the end of each session and the teacher's training in the virtual classroom, the test was conducted normally for the control group, but for the experimental group, the test was conducted as gamification. In this way, questions were designed based on the content and topics that were taught in each session and uploaded to the Kahoot platform. After the end of each session, the teacher provided the link to the students, the students entered Kahoot and answered the questions. While answering the questions, they could see their status compared to other students. Students chose avatars and competed with others in an attractive and multimedia environment. Also, the teacher shared the leader board after the exam in the Shad software and the names of the best ones were recorded. In order to collect data, Abolghasmi et al.'s exam anxiety questionnaire, Nemati's math interest questionnaire and a researcher-made learning test were applied. In order to determine the validity of the form and content of the test, the opinions of 12 subject expert teachers were used. For content validity, CVR indices were used, and these values were checked in each question and they were greater than 0.7; so, the content validity of the test was also confirmed. The reliability of the math learning test in the study was obtained using the Kuder-Richardson method, 0.81, which indicated the appropriate reliability of this test. In order to collect data, Abolghasemi et al.'s test anxiety questionnaire, Nemati's math interest questionnaire, and the researcher's learning test were used. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance

The results of covariance analysis showed that the experimental intervention could not significantly reduce the exam anxiety, or increase interest in mathematics and the learning rate of experimental group students (P<0.05).

According to the results, it can be argued that there is stress and anxiety in the nature of tests and these variables are influenced by various cultural, family and environmental factors, and changing the test process using gamification had no significant effect on the variables of test anxiety, interest in mathematics and learn math. On the other hand, due to lack of internal systems related to gamification, the well-known international system of Kahoot was used, which may be one of the reasons for its lack of effectiveness due to its incompatibility with some cultural components. According to the results of the research, applying the principles of gamification in tests at the elementary level needs to examine different aspects and dimensions that future researches can pay attention to.

The changes in Israel's national security strategy in recent years have led to the fact that the rulers of this regime put the use of Salafi-Takfiri groups in their agenda to ensure their national security. Based on this, this article seeks to answer the question: What is the position of Salafi-Takfiri groups in Israel's security strategy? The hypothesis of the article is that "Israel has used currents like ISIS from two perspectives of a strategic-security tool and an intellectual-discourse tool to threaten the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its allies". This has led to the intellectual and strategic alignment and convergence of Israel and ISIS against Iran and its allies in the axis of resistance. Therefore, exploitation of Salafi-Takfiri groups in identity confrontations and proxy wars and terrorism, carrying out terrorist acts and creating insecurity and instability in Iran, weakening the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its allies in the axis of resistance and the region, confronting Iran's regional influence and strategic depth and creating a strategic depth for itself in the region, Iranophobia and representing the power of Iran and its allies as a regional threat and establishing close relations between Israel and the Arabs, weakening, disintegrating and balkanizing the countries surrounding Israel and creating conditions for the expansionism and superiority of this regime in the region are among the most important functions of Salafi-Takfiri groups such as ISIS in increasing the national security of the Zionist regime. This article has been written using the descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary sources.

The Iran and Iraq war had a significant impact on the level and nature of relationships between Iran and Syria, as well as on a larger level of political and security order equations in the Middle East, and led to the form of an alliance between the two governments. Based on this, the main question of this article is what was Syria's approach towards Iran during the Iran-Iraq war? Examining the problem using the analytical-descriptive method shows that during the war, Syria's approach was based on the alliance with Iran and creating a balanced regional power against Iraq, the United States and its Arab allies and Israel. Syria has taken several proceedings such as preventing the alignments of the Arab countries against Iran, providing military-political support to Iran, increasing Iran's maneuvering power at the regional level, specifically creating the possibility of Iran's presence and influence in Lebanon, participating in the economic war against Iraq, played a great role in supporting Iran and creating a balance of power in favor of this country and preventing Iraq's military superiority and regional hegemony, and in this way, it affected the formation and strengthening of the alliance between Iran and Syria.

The emergence and strengthening of Hezbollah in Lebanon at the beginning of the 1980s which was influenced by Iran's Islamic Revolution.   Iran's role in gaining power for this Shiite movement with a strategy of resistance from a small guerilla and militia group as a regional player have been the focus of analysts of Middle East issues. This paper aims to answer this question, what was the role of Iran in the context of the emergence of Hezbollah, the formation and strengthening of this movement?

The method of research is descriptive-analytical by using library and internet sources.

The paper’s findings indicate  that in the emergence and formation of Hezbollah, two components of identity, security and material survival have played an important role, and Iran's Islamic Revolution and it's actions  have been influenced in different ways in the emergence and strengthening of this anti-Israel Shiite movement at the beginning of the 1980s which has been manifested on the one hand in the form of the formation of the identity of Hezbollah and the creation of the identity of the anti-Zionist resistance in it, and on the other hand It has led to the intensification of the military mobilization of the Shiites, and the organization, cohesion and strengthening of the military power of these Shiites in line with the Islamic Revolution within the framework of the Hezbollah movement.

The formation of Hezbollah in Lebanon arose from the identity components resulting from the ideology of Shia political Islam and based on the realistic considerations of Iran in the Arab World, specifically Lebanon and the issue and ideal of Palestine and confronting Israel, and was influenced by the alliance between Iran and Syria.

One of the arguments that is put forward both for and against strong moral realism is the argument for the causal effects of moral properties; Whether moral properties have a causal effect on the external and physical world to prove their reality or not. The first who argue thist was Gilbert Harman, who considered moral properties to have no causal effects. Shafer-Landau has also obtained an ontological account of it and examined it. In this article, we examine the arguments of Harman and Landau and the drawbacks that have been made to them, and the result is that the arguments of those who consider moral properties to have no causal effects have significant drawbacks and are not defensible. Explanations can also be used to defend the causal effects of moral properties and to use them to the benefit of realism.

In a polywell reactor, it is critical to have a stable and energetic virtual cathode that is necessary to accelerate ions and create fusion interactions. Increasing the confinement time of virtual cathode electrons is of critical importance in the performance of polywell reactors. In this paper, COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to perform a three-dimensional numerical simulation in order to investigate the impacts of effective variables of a polywell on the virtual cathode. The findings indicated that the confinement time depends on the distance between the coils, coil radius, coil current, and the kinetic energy of the injected electrons. In addition, by using the simulation results, the dependence of the mentioned parameters on the confinement time is obtained, and then a mathematical model was developed.

Goat milk production is very important in Iran. Artificially extending day length affected milk production in several domesticated species. In the dairy cow industry, the use of photoperiod management is usual because it is a safe, non-expensive, and effective method to increase milk production. Dairy cows with late gestation exposed to short days produce more milk than cows exposed to long days. But, long-day photoperiod during early lactation increases daily milk yield. In contrast to cows, small ruminants such as goats have seasonal reproductive cycles and therefore their response to photoperiod may differ. To date, no study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of the response of native goats of Iran to photoperiod. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the magnitude of the effect of artificially shortening and extending day length on milk yield in black native goats of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in Iran.
Six weeks before the start of giving birth in the flock, 80 does whose parturition dates were close to each other were selected from a local black goat flock and each one was randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments (n=20 for each treatment). Treatment 1: Does exposed to natural day length during pregnancy and lactation (control); Treatment 2: Does exposed to natural day during the pregnancy period and exposed to long day length at the beginning of the lactation period; Treatment 3: Does exposed to short day length at the end of the pregnancy period and exposed to natural day length during the lactation period; Treatment 4: Does exposed to short day length at the end of the pregnancy period and exposed to long days at the beginning of the lactation period. Milk production and levels of prolactin, melatonin, and IGF-1 hormones were measured. The does were milked manually once a week at 07:00 starting one week after parturition. Before milking the does, their kids were separated for 12 hours. Blood samples (five mL) were collected at the start of the experiment, 20 days before parturition, parturition, 15 and 30 days after parturition from each doe via jugular venipuncture into a sterile evacuated tube and immediately placed on ice. Plasma was harvested by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 20 min and stored at -20 °C until use.
In treatments 2, 3, and 4, the amount of milk obtained in each milking time increased until the third week of the lactation period, and then its increasing process slowed down. In the control treatment, the amount of milk obtained in each milking time increased until the third week, but the amount of milk obtained in the fourth week was less than that in the third week, although this difference was not statistically significant. The average milk obtained in four milking times for treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 was equal to 868.5, 959.25, 1005, and 1085 mL, respectively. Over the monitored lactation period, the averages of milk yield in the second, third, and fourth treatments were 10%, 15%, and 24% more than that in treatment 1 (control). According to the results of this research, it was reported that milk production in goats that were placed in short-day length conditions in the last third of their pregnancy period was 26% higher than in goats that were in long-day length conditions at the same time. In another study, a 20% increase in milk production was reported in Saanen goats that were exposed to a long light period after giving birth. The amount of prolactin hormone in treatments 1 and 2 in 20 days before delivery was higher than in treatments 3 and 4 (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between treatments 1 and 2 as well as between treatments 3 and 4. At the time of parturition, the amount of prolactin hormone in all treatments was similar. At 15 and 30 days after delivery, the amount of prolactin hormone was higher in treatments 2 and 4 than in treatments 1 and 3 (P<0.01). Before giving birth, the amount of melatonin in female goats of treatments 3 and 4 was higher than in treatments 1 and 2 (P<0.01). Fifteen days after birth, the amount of melatonin hormone in female goats of treatment 2 was lower than that of female goats of treatment 1 (control treatment) (P<0.05), and the difference between other treatments was not significant. The amount of melatonin in different treatments was similar 30 days after birth. In the 20 days before parturition, the difference between the female goats of treatments 3 and 4 with those treated with natural day length (treatments 1 and 2) was significant (P<0.01) in terms of IGF-1 hormone levels. At 30 days after birth, the difference between female goats of treatment 4 and other treatments was significant in terms of the amount of IGF-1 hormone (P<0.05). According to the results of the present research, it has been reported that the long lighting period increases the concentration of prolactin and IGF-1 hormones. Decreased secretion of melatonin hormone with the increasing length of photoperiod has been reported in cattle and other animals. Increasing the duration of the light period reduces the time when melatonin secretion is at its peak.
In general, the application of a short light period before parturition and a long light period after parturition increased the amount of milk produced by female goats.

Adjustment and behavioral problems are prevalent complications among students. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of stories in the Quran in adjustment and behavioral problems among primary school students.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all female students in the third grade of primary school in Khondab, Iran. The samples were selected using the cluster convenience sampling method, and they were then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Initially, the Adjustment Inventory for School Students and Rutter Children’s Behavior Questionnaire for Completion by Teachers were administered as a pretest. Subsequently, the experimental group participated in an 8-session program to listen to the stories of the Quran; however, the control group remained on the waiting list. After the completion of the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaires as a posttest.

The results of MANCOVA showed that the linear combination of dependent variables (adjustment and behavioral problems) were significantly different in the two groups, indicating the effectiveness of these stories in increasing the adjustment and improving the behavioral problems of students.

This program can be an effective treatment for promoting the health of students, thereby increasing their adjustment and decreasing their behavioral problems in the context of the country's formal education.

Sheep and goat meat is considered as one of the main sources of red meat in Iran. Lori-Bakhtiari sheep is one of the most important breeds among the native sheep breeds in Iran with a large population and acceptable meat quality and also adaptability to poor ranges. Weaning lambs is the removal of a milk-based diet, either provided by the ewe or milk replacement in a hand-rearing system, onto forage or grain-based diet. As with any management practice such as a change of diet or significant social change for the animal, the period may be stressful and careful management is essential. The time of weaning is very important in lambs since it affects feed consumption; growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs. Range sheep operations traditionally have allowed lambs to graze with their dams until late spring or early summer. This poses a problem when severe drought conditions and forage availability is limited. Early weaning can provide some very appealing benefits: More pasture will be available to maintain the retained ewe flock if lambs and cull ewes are removed earlier in the year; The ewe’s nutrient requirements are reduced after weaning, which will cause ewes on pasture to eat less and lose less weight; Lambs use supplemental feed more efficiently for growth than ewes use it for milk production; Placing lambs in a feedlot will reduce predator losses. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of weaning age and rearing type on the growth performance of Lori-Bakhtiari male and female lambs. 150 Lori-Bakhtiari ewes were synchronized during the mating season and then randomly mated with Lori Bakhtiari rams. A total of 110 ewes gave birth in the lambing season with a range of 10 days, of which 113 healthy lambs (59 male lambs and 54 female lambs) were selected and studied at two months of age. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Male lambs were divided into six treatments including early-weaned fattening lambs (10 heads), early-weaned non-fattening lambs (10 heads), traditional weaned fattening lambs (10 heads), traditional weaned non-fattening lambs (8 heads), late weaned fattening lambs (10 heads) and late weaned non-fattening lambs (11 heads), and Female lambs were studied in three treatments including early weaning (17 heads), traditional weaning (20 heads) and late weaning (17 heads). Weaning of lambs in early weaning, normal weaning, and late weaning was performed at the mean age of two months, three months, and four months, respectively. The fattening of male lambs continued until the age of six months. Other non-fattened weaned lambs (male and female) were raised with their dams up to six months of age without access to the mother's breast. Lambs had access to dry forage (in winter) and wet forage (in spring and summer) in addition to milk before weaning. At birth, the weight of all lambs was measured and the sex and type of birth (single and twin) of lambs were recorded. The weight of all lambs was measured and recorded at two months and then monthly up to six months. Daily weight gain in monthly periods and final weight gain in lambs of different treatments were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed by SAS software and MIXED procedure. At three months of age, early-weaned fattening lambs were heavier than the lambs of other treatments (P<0.05). At four months of age, early-weaned fattening lambs weighed more than traditional weaned fattening lambs and traditionally weaned fattening lambs weighed more than male lambs in other treatments (P<0.05). At this age, the weight of male lambs in traditionally weaned non-fattening, late-weaned fattening, and late weaned non-fattening treatments was not statistically significant. Also, in five-month-old male lambs, the weight of early-weaned fattening lambs was higher than the lambs of other treatments (P<0.05). The five-month weight difference of lambs was not significant in non-fattening treatments. At six months of age, early-weaned fattening lambs weighed more than traditional weaned fattening lambs, and traditionally weaned fattening lambs weighed more than male lambs in other treatments (P<0.05). In general, at six months of age, fattening lambs weighed more than non-fattening lambs (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the weights of lambs of non-fattening treatments at the age of six months.In male lambs, early-weaned fattening lambs from two to three months of age gained 293 g / day, which was significantly higher than the lambs of other treatments in the same period (P<0.01). The average daily weight gain in male lambs from three to four months of age was higher in early-weaned and traditional weaned fattening treatments than in other treatments (P<0.01). In males and from two to six months of age, the mean daily weight gain in early-weaned fattening, traditionally weaned fattening, and late weaned fattening treatments was 242, 226, and 212 g / day, respectively, and the difference between early-weaned fattening and late weaned fattening treatments was significant (P<0.01). During these four months, the average daily weight gain was equal in the non-fattening treatments. During the same period, the mean daily weight gain in fattening lambs was higher than the average daily weight gain in non-fattening lambs (P<0.01).There was no statistically significant difference between female lambs in different treatments for weight at the same age. Also, there were no significant differences in terms of average daily gain in the rearing period between female lambs in different treatments. Data obtained in this study indicated that weaning of male lambs at two months of age and fattening them until six months of age had positive effects on their growth and final weight and weaning of female lambs at two months of age hadn’t a negative effect on their weight gain until six months of age.