محسن توکلی

In recent years, our country has witnessed the occurrence of natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes, and severe droughts in most parts. Ilam county has witnessed floods almost every year in the past, so in some years, severe floods have destroyed agricultural lands washed away fertile soils and caused irreparable damage to the agricultural lands of this county. This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting flood management in agricultural lands of Ilam county. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The statistical population of this study includes experts from Ilam province and county (152 people) and farmers of Ilam county (140 people) who were in the process and were exposed to flood damage. The statistical sample included 103 farmers and 108 experts through Cochran's formula. The collected data were analyzed using two software SPSS, and PLS software.  According to the results obtained from gabion construction, dam construction for flood control, improvement of the capacities of existing structures (dams, embankments, etc.), information dissemination about flood management, preparation and formulation of flood management programs by officials, training farmers on necessary actions after a flood, determining the land areas required for implementing flood control projects, and examining the vulnerability of agricultural lands due to floods are among the priorities for flood management among farmers. There is a significant relationship between technical-structural, educational- extension, and economic-social factors and flood management; therefore, flood management depends on technical-structural, socio-economic, and educational-extension factors, and necessary actions must be taken in all three areas to control floods. Of course, according to beta coefficients, the share of technical-structural factors is greater than that of other factors..

Gas heaters of pressure reduction stations in the gas company are one of the important sources of air pollutants, which emits large amounts of polluting gases daily through the chimney of these heaters, due to the existence of more than 2000 heaters in CGS stations, today at the level Gas companies have implemented many projects to optimize and reduce environmental pollutants. In the direction of optimization, a project was carried out regarding the modification of the structure of the heaters in Zanjan gas company, and this research project led to a reduction in consumption and as a result, a reduction in the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases. The new heater installed in the pressure reduction station of shahr Khorram darre and comparing the results with the measured values of the traditional heaters in the station and their compliance with the existing standards has been done. Experimental studies show a decrease in the value by 32% and a decrease of 22.3%. The percentage of emission as well as a decrease of 28.9% in the amount of gas produced and a decrease in the amount of 16.7% and subsequently a decrease of 20.3%.

Land use allocation is the issue of decision allocation of resources that assesses the suitability of each land unit for various land use options. Therefore, it is essential to identify the effective factors in allocating agricultural land. Since Mahidasht Plain is one of the most important agricultural fields in Kermanshah province, this study aims to identify and rank Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Allocation in Mahidasht Plain. This research has used descriptive-analytical methodology, and in terms of goal, it is development-applicative. The general research paradigm is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) type of sequential-exploratory design. Specimens studied in the present study, Agricultural Jihad Organization staff, Research Center, and farmers, were selected by Purposeful. With over 40 examples of samples, instant saturation was achieved, and the articles were simplified.The identified factors were categorized into 7 categories by MAXQDA software, including economic, human, social, political, natural, physical, and cultural factors. Also, the results of ranking and weighting of indicators using hierarchical analysis and Expert Choice software showed that the most important effective factors in allocating agricultural lands based on their weight are economic dimensions (0.254), political dimensions (0.184), human dimensions (0.156), and natural dimensions (0.142), respectively.The results of this study can support land use planning and policy-making and be provided to land users as a decision support system.

Groundwater quality can be evaluate by comparing measured quality parameters to prepared standards. This method although looks simple, but it doesn't show a comprehensive view of water quality condition in arid and semiarid areas. In current research after calculations of groundwater quality of Mehran plain using IRWQI, the ability of different geostatistical methods have been investigated for quality zoning.

Based on the importance of groundwater resources in Mehran plain, 17 piezometer wells were selected. Afterward, sampling and analysis have been done during February 2020. For calculating IRWQI index, all measured quality parameters were weighted based on the roles in groundwater pollution. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between data and IRWQI index. Then, for zoning groundwater quality different geostatistic methods including Inverse Distance Weighting, Global polynomial interpolation, Radial Basis Function, Local Polynomial Interpolation, Ordinary Kriging, Simple Kriging and Universal Kriging have been used.

The results show a significant correlation between water quality index and EC and SAR parameters at the level of 1 and 5%. Results show that, based on IRWQI, the quality of groundwater in the plain is very good by mean index of 100. In another hand, the relationship between groundwater quality parameters and IRWQI showed that EC and SAR have significant correlations. Also, based on the results, IDW has the minimum error by 10.10, 12.65 and 0.77 for MAE, RMSE and R2, respectively, comparing to other geostatistical methods and it has been selected as the best method for Mehran plain groundwater quality zoning.

Groundwater zoning map also indicated that the very good class with the area of 12429 hectare (%69) covered the maximum area of the plain and shows a very good quality of groundwater in whole plain.

The aging of societies, social changes, medical advances, and high in-person treatment costs have increased the demand for home healthcare services. Additionally, the development of communication technology has led to the advent of remote health systems which have benefits for caregivers and patients. In this study, we propose an integrated approach to decide on patient admission, the service types (in-person or remote), patient assignment to treatment sta, and routing and scheduling of caregivers. It is assumed that, if a patient is admit ted, all their requested visits must be provided. During the planning horizon, patients can receive multiple visits for various types of services. However, during a single day, each patient can be visited at most once during their time window. Each treatment sta starts (ends) the routes from (to) the healthcare center, and the telehealth service is carried out from the center. Each caregiver has a specific work schedules and skills. The objective is to maximize the patients' preferences and e- ciency of treatment stas as well as minimizing the patients' dissatisfaction in terms of visit day and treatment sta changes. A three-phased algorithm is developed: First, a relaxed model decides on the patient admission, the service types, and assigning patients to treatment stas. Second, an ant colony system (ACS) determines the routing and scheduling of the stas based on the output of the first phase. Finally, a local search is used to improve the best-known plan. To evaluate the proposed method, we use the obtained upper bound of the first phase. The computational time is considered to be at most 10 minutes. Numerical results on benchmark data show that, for all instances, the average gap between the best-found solutions and their corresponding upper bounds is less than 10%. Finally, a case study on the Macsa healthcare center is presented. According to the results, the proposed plans can improve patient satisfaction and the eciency of treatment stas by about 31%.

The gas input to the gas pressure reduction stations has a pressure of about 400-1000 psi. Due to the positive Joule-Thomson coefficient for natural gas, pressure reduction causes temperature drop and the possibility of freezing of suspended water particles in the gas and blockage of gas transmission lines. Therefore, before reducing the pressure, the gas temperature is increased by gas heaters whose fuel is natural gas; increases In this type of exchangers, thousands of liters of intermediate fluid are used between the combustion chamber and the heated gas, which in turn causes heat energy loss from the exchanger body and excessive fuel consumption. In this article, a new design of a gas heater was presented to replace it with the existing heater in the gas pressure reduction station of khorramdare city gate station with the capacity of 30000 . After manufacturing; It was installed and tested in the station. The experimental results show a reduction in the specific energy of the heater by 20.45%. By replacing the new heater in all the pressure reduction stations, the amount of reduction in consumption per year is estimated to be about 58.7 million cubic meters. The amount of pollutants reduction is 22.7% and 23% is estimated.

Cultural ecosystem services, as one of the components of ecosystem services, are intangible human benefits from ecosystems that play a fundamental role in promoting human well-being. Rapid changes in land use with damage to ecological assets in the Ilam urban watershed have reduced the capacity of ecosystem services, including aesthetic quality. Therefore, the evaluation of the supply of aesthetic ecosystem service, which shows the biological diversity in urban areas and favorable conditions for life, is considered essential for inclusion in the improvement plans of Ilam city in line with appropriate management measures. In this vein, in the current research, an integrated approach to prepare an aesthetic map with the aim of showing the spatial distribution of the supply of aesthetic services in the Ilam urban watershed has been presented, the results of which can greatly influence planning and managerial decisions regarding future development towards urban sustainability by preserving natural ecosystems.

Spatial distribution of providing aesthetic ecosystem services in Ilam urban watershed using 12 visual and ecological criteria including: slope, Elevation, geomorphology, land use, habitat characteristics, visibility of various areas, visibility of roads, visibility of residential areas, visibility of the river, visibility of the park, type and density of vegetation were investigated. To prepare visibility layers, Viewshed function was used in TerrSet Idrisi software. Then, the input layers were integrated using fuzzy membership functions and using the weighted linear combination method in the ArcGIS 10.8 system. Among the multi-criteria decision-making methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to prioritize the criteria.

Based on the results of the hierarchical analysis process and according to the results of the experts Among the input criteria, visibility of the river, type of vegetation and visibility of diverse areas were assigned the most weight with values of 0.14, 0.127 and 0.116 respectively. On the other hand, the least importance and weight was observed in the measure of road visibility. Based on the final map of aesthetic quality, the best quality of this service is in the parts of the north, east, southeast and west of the Ilam urban watershed, where these places have the best visibility of the river, visibility of various areas, high to medium altitude and with dominant forest cover.

The results of this study showed, that areas with forest cover and areas with human uses have the highest and lowest capacity of this service in the study area, respectively, which denotes the importance of natural green uses compared to artificial uses and human-made is in providing aesthetic service. These results indicate that the capacity of the watershed ecosystem of Ilam city in providing aesthetic services varies in different places and is influenced by various factors, especially topographic changes and land use patterns. That is to say, prevent land use change is an important factor for maintaining ecosystem services. Because the land use Changes pattern affects the capacity of the ecosystem to produce goods and services. The results of this research also, by presenting the spatial distribution model of aesthetic service potential can be useful for decision makers, managers and urban planners in order to monitor and protect aesthetic values and it is important and useful to adopt urban landscape management strategies and plans in the landscape of the studied area.

In recent years, groundwater discharge is more than recharge, resulting in a drop-down in groundwater levels. Rangeland and forest are considered the main recharge areas of groundwater, while the most uses of these resources are done in agricultural areas. The main goal of this research is to use machine learning algorithms including random forest and Shannon's entropy function to model groundwater resources in a semi-arid rangeland in western Iran. Therefore, the layers of slope degree, slope aspect, elevation, distance from the fault, the shape of the slope, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, rainfall, lithology, and land use were prepared. After determining the weight of the parameters using Shannon's entropy function and then determining their classes, the final map of the areas with the potential of groundwater resources was modeled from the combination of the weight of the parameters and their classes. In addition, R 3.5.1 software and the randomForest package were used to run the random forest (RF) model. In this research, k-fold cross-validation was used to validate the models. Moreover, the statistical indices of MAE, RMSE, and R2 were used to evaluate the efficiency of the RF model and Shannon's entropy for finding the potential of underground water resources. The results showed that the RF model with accuracy (RMSE: 3.41, MAE: 2.85, R² = 0.825) has higher accuracy than Shannon's entropy model with accuracy (R² = 0.727, RMSE: 4.36, MAE: 3.34). The findings of the random forest model showed that most of the studied area has medium potential (26954.2 ha) and a very small area (205.61 ha) has no groundwater potential. On the other hand, the results of Shannon's entropy model showed that most of the studied area has medium potential (24633.05 ha) and a very small area (1502.1 ha) has no groundwater potential.

According to global data, flood is one of the most important natural disasters, which has the highest number of occurrences and a high volume of coverage. Therefore, it has extensive damage and consequences that cause destruction all over the world every year. Watershed management can be very important and effective in preventing floods and their damage. The analysis of watershed projects is one of the most fundamental measures that is carried out for the long- term planning in relation to executive plans and natural resources management. The loss of water and soil resources in watershed has been increasing in recent decades due to irrational exploitation of resources. This problem leads to a decrease in the useful life of dam reservoirs, a decrease in the production, and loss of the country’s capital, while intensifying the occurrence of floods and increasing sediment generation and deprecation of equipment and structures. The construction of watershed structures played an obvious and significant role in reducing erosion and consequently preventing these sediments from entering the reservoir, which is the supplier of the major part of the drinking water in Ilam city. In the current study, an assessment of the impacts of watershed management implementations of Gol-Gol, Ilam province watershed has been done using HEC-HMS.

Gol-Gol watershed is located in Ilam province, in Ilam and Malekshahi county as one of the sub-basins of Ilam dam. Gol-Gol watershed has geographic coordinates of 46°  to 46°  east longitude and 33°  to 46°  north latitude. Its area was estimated to be 24950 hectares. The maximum and minimum height of the Gol-Gol watershed is 2605 and 1076m above sea level, respectively. The average rainfall is 570.6 mm and the average temperature is 16.8 . In this study, first, all the data and related maps were collected and the HEC- HMS hydrological model was calibrated and validated using the observed rainfall and runoff data. In this stage, the data of 2004-2005 period were used for calibration and the data of 2006 were used for the validation. Also, the effectiveness of the hydrological model in simulating the flood hydrograph in the calibration and validation stages were evaluated using peak flows, average flows, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and correlation coefficient. Then, a daily event with a return period of 25 years and time steps of 10 minutes was selected to investigate the effects of watershed implementation, and their results were analyzed in this stage as two main scenarios (the presence of a watershed structure and the absence of a watershed structure).

The calibration results showed that the maximum observed flow rate is 90 m3/s, while the simulated flow rate is 89.7 m3/s. The correlation coefficient and dispersion of the data used in the calibration stage were 80% and the NSE was 79%, which show the acceptable results of the simulation. Then, the results were validated using the optimized parameter of the model during the one- year period of 2006. The maximum observed flow rate was 67.7 m3/s and the simulated value was 67.1 m3/s. The efficiency index of the model was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 77% and a cliff settlement factor of 76%. Based on the results of the calibration and validation of the model and the low percentage of difference between the observed and simulated flow rate in the used events, it was determined that HEC- HMS model has the necessary efficiency to simulate the Gol-Gol watershed basin. In addition, the evaluation of the effect of watershed structures on the flow rate results showed that in the first scenario (the presence of a watershed structure), the simulated peak flow was calculated as 137 m3/s, but the calculations showed the value of 114.2 m3/s for the second scenario (the absence of a watershed structure).

This study was performed with the aim of evaluating the effect of watershed management measures on runoff in the Gol-Gol watershed, using the HEC-HMS hydrological model. In order to check the effect of the proposed devices, the flood behavior was simulated for the existing events. The criteria of peak discharge and flood volumes were determined for evaluation and their values were calculated for two situations before and after watershed measures. The results of the statistical comparison showed that these measures have a significant effect on reducing runoff and discharge in the study area. The calibration results also showed that the curve number parameter is one of the most sensitive and effective parameters on runoff. Since the numerical value of this parameter depends on the hydrological group of the soil of the region, land use, hydrological status of the region and previous soil moisture status, these factors can be controlled by management measures. The evaluation phase of watershed structures and their efficacy on the flow resulting from a storm with a return period of 25 years showed a decrease of 22.8 m3/s of he maximum flow, which can finally be concluded that the creation and construction of watershed structures is the best solution to prevent floods in this area, which confirms the effect of structures on reducing floods.

Water provision service is one of the most valuable ecosystem services that is important as a key service for the healthfulness and management of water resources. In this study, using the Water Yield model of InVEST software, the water supply and demand in Ilam watershed was modeled. The data related to average annual precipitation, annual evaporation and transpiration, root limiting depth, water available for plants,  land use map, water consumption and estimation of water provision quantity, basin boundary, and subbasins of the watershed were the inputs of this model. The results of model application showed that in Ilam watershed, 45 million cubic meters of water provided annually, with the highest and lowest water provision volumes being in Arghavan (7 million cubic meters) and Chalimar (802 thousand cubic meters) subbasins, respectively. According to results, there are great differences in the water supply and demand in the subbasins of this watershed. Therefore, planner and policymakers should pay attention to this important issue in the layout of land uses and foresee sustainable use of rich forests in the high yield subbasins such as Arghavan subbasin. The results provided in this study, along with showing the importance of modeling surface water demand and its used in macro-policies of water allocation, can function as a guideline and help the managers and planners of Ilam city to adopt reasonable decisions in managing ecosystem and correctly using land in this area.

Better impact of the verses of the Holy Quran on the audience, requires a clear illustration of them, and this is done in the historical stories of the Qur'an using history and geography sciences. One of these stories is the instructive story of the people of Saba in Surah Saba. Saba (sheba) and the Sabaeans (shebaeans) have been studied in various researches, But so far no research has been done on the blessed cities and interconnected villages mentioned in Surah Saba verses 18 and 19. In various interpretations of the Holy Qur'an, explanations have been given as speculation or different narrations, but all of them lack a scientific basis. This research with the help of historical-geographical documents as well as rational principles, by scientifically examining the regions mentioned in these two verses, has provided a clear picture of the verses and has come to the conclusion that the regions in these two verses can not be very far from the mainland of Saba, and most likely, the Qur'an refers to the suburbs of present-day Ma'rib in Yemen.

This study investigated the The effect of eight weeks of resistance training and glutamine supplementation on some hematological factors and maximum strength of male athletes. For this purpose For this purpose 24 men at Mashhad were selected on a voluntary basis and according to research requirements through recall informed of the study, that were placed in three groups of eight persons including Control group and placebo group and glutamine group. Resistance training included: 8 moves, 3 sets, 8 to 10 repetitions, with 60% intensity, one maximum repetition and more than 75% incremental. Subjects consumed their supplement and medication 3 days a week. Statistical analysis of the data using the software SPSS version 21 was carried out by Repeated measures and Tukey test at the significant level P>0/05. The findings indicated a significant increase in neutrophil levels, blood lymphocyte and maximal power through resistance training and glutamine consumption, but Resistance training alone could not make significant changes in the factors. Therefore, it is recommended that the coaches, along with the setting of a resistance training program for athletes, also use glutamine supplementation to enhance the ability to exercise, by increasing some of the blood factors leading to the improvement and strengthening of the immune system.

In this research, the baseflow at the Gol Gol station, as a part of the Ilam dam watershed from 1991 to 2015, was separated from the entire river flow. For this purpose, WETSPRO methods, one-parameter and two-parameter numerical filters for continuous flow with porous and rocky aquifers, and using flow index and WHAT software with different filtration coefficients were used. To compare the methods and to select the most appropriate method, BFI index was used as an observational baseflow. Based on the results obtained, the baseflow occupies a major part of the total flow. The mean of the total flow rate was 1.945 m3/s and the mean of the baseflow index was 1.445 m3/s, which indicates the permeability of the watershed. RMSE, MAE, and Nash-Sutcliffe criteria were used to evaluate the efficiency of the methods. The results showed that the Lyne and Hollick method based on WHAT software had the best result and then followed by Eckhart for continuous flow with a porous aquifer with a significance level of 0.742, mean 1.250 m3/s, with a confidence level of more than 95%. Therefore, the Eckhart method can be considered suitable for continuous flow with a porous aquifer with a filter coefficient of 0.990 due to the proximity of the mean baseflow in it to the mean of the baseflow index.

The role of physical activity on mental and physical health is important in the promotion and development of elderly people. One of the motivational tools for physical activity is activity trackers that assess the physical-physiological function of the elderly and can motivate the exercise through feedback given to the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tracer along with physical activity on cardiovascular endurance and body composition of sedentary elderly.

Participants were 45 sedentary adults over 60 years of age who were accommodated in a nursing home. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Physical Activity Preparation Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and Practice Motivation Inventory (EMI-2) were used to select the subjects. Subjects were divided to three groups of 15 people (two experimental and one control group); experimental group one included 15 people who used the activity tracker and also did physical activity; and experimental group two included 15 people who only did physical activity; and the control group consisted of 15 people who did not use activity trackers or physical activity and followed daily life according to the normal schedule of the nursing home. All participants took the rockport test and the body composition test (body mass index) in the first, sixth and twelfth week. The exercise protocol lasted 12 weeks and three sessions per week, with a total of 36 sessions. For data analysis, ANOVA test was used for repeated measures, and for the comparison of the mean of the groups, the minimum post-hoc test was Fisher’s significant difference and a significant level of 0.05 was considered.

The findings of the study showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in cardiovascular endurance and did not show a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in body composition (P≤ 0.05).

The results of this study show that the use of tracker stimulates physical activity in sedentary elderly and improve their cardiovascular endurance but 12 weeks training is not sufficient for significant change in body composition variable. The results of the present study can be a guide for those who deal with the elderly to be able to design appropriate exercise programs for the elderly so that they can make the right decisions in planning and treating disorders related to the last decades of life. Researchers can achieve other results for the future by manipulating variables as well as the timing and type of practice and changing motivational tools.

The purpose of the present study is to compare public health and well-being of the participants in morning workout routines compared to nonactive people. Statistical population of the research consisted of the participants in morning workout stations as well as those who were not active in the city of Tehran. Using random sampling, 200 participants active in morning workout routines and 200 people who were not active were chosen as the sample of study. Standard questionnaire of public health (GHQ-28) was used to measure four microscales (physical health, anxiety and sleep disorder, social function, and depression). Validity of the questionnaire has already been assessed in more than 70 countries in the world (R=0.82 -0.92). For research hypothesis testing, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation coefficient test (p≤0.05) were used. The research results showed that physical health condition of those participating in morning workout routines (M=2.8±2.2) outperforms those who are nonactive (M=5.3±3.6) and they have less anxiety and sleep disorder (M=3.4±2.3) than those who are not active (M=8.6±3.7). Social function condition of those participating in morning workout routines ((M=3.3±2.9) was better than nonactive people (M=6.3±3); depression condition of those participating in morning workout routines (M=1.5±1.2) was also less than those who were nonactive (M=5.4±3.3) and all these results were meaningful at P≤0.01. There was a significant relation between public health and well-being of those participating in morning workout and the time duration of their exercise (r=0.64). Therefore, it can be said that the public health condition (all indices) of those who are active in morning workout routines is better than that of nonactive people and whatever the time duration of exercising increases, there is a more chance of people’s public health and well-being.

Strategic management process including setting objectives, Identifying strengths and weaknesses (internal factors), identifying opportunities and threats (external factors), setting long-term goals and determining various strategies, calculating and evaluating performance. The aim of current study is to evaluate the efficiency of SWOT model in preparing strategic plan for integrated watershed management in Meymeh watershed, Ilam.

The current research has been done in three subwatersheds of Meymeh watershed. This watershed has been selected as pilot watershed study of Ilam province in line with the National Megaproject on Integrated Watershed Management which has 20584 ha area and located in Dehloran county, Ilam province. Data collection was done in different kinds of library and field information and after discussion to scientists and experts, weakness, strength, opportunities and threat of the catchment are identified. In this research, 22 strength and opportunities as advantages and 25 weakness and threats as limitations in the studied watershed are specified. All of this characteristics are used for data analysis and preparing strategies using SWOT model. For this analysis, 30 questionnaire are filled by academic, non-academic and local experts, then for weighting and scoring of factors, AHP method is applied for factor classification. Finally, Using SWOT strategic plan for integrated watershed management is suggested and for strategies priorities, QSPM planning matrix has been used.

Results show that between different strengths, "permanent rivers" with 0.364 score as the most important strength and "no applied agriculture and natural resources planting pattern" with 0.312 score as the most important weakness of the catchment have been identified. Also, between opportunities, "involve the local communities in natural resource projects" with 0.351 score as the most important opportunity and "The negative consequences of climate change due to the definite impact of the province's natural resources" with 0.507 score as the most important threat of the studied catchment have been recognized.

Investigations of IFE, EFE and weights of strategies indicated that in future planning, opportunities in the catchment should be taken in account.

Tourism industry is considered to be the largest and most diverse industry in the world. Dehloran desert region in Ilam province has unique natural and ecotourism attractions such as dunes and sandy areas and many tourist attractions, especially ecotourism. Still, the planners have not appropriately considered it. On the other hand, it is necessary to use employment-creating methods that are environment friendly and require minimal investment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the Weaknesses, Strengths, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) faced by tourists in the Abo-Ghovair desert in the Dehloran region and provide appropriate and efficient strategies. To study the ecotourism potential of the study area, the library and field information was used, and then data were analyzed using SPSS software. Then, using the SWOT analytical model, strategies are proposed in line with the situation in the region and the status quo. Finally, using the AHP model and expert opinions in the Expert Choice software environment, the most critical strategies selected as the identifying strategies among other strategies and determining the process of allocating sufficient funds for the development of advertising facilities, as well as identifying the attractions and abilities of the region through active media in the scale of the region, the province and the country. The SWOT model results showed that the final score of the internal factors (strength and weakness) is equal to 2.16. The final score of the external factors (opportunity and threat) is 2.31. According to the principles of strategic management, the strategic location of the study area was determined in the fourth area of the chart, in which defensive strategies (WT) were selected.

The tourism industry as the largest and most diverse industry in the world as a source of income and job creation at the national level can be an approach to economic development in the national territory. Among the different types of tourism, ecotourism and attracting tourists who travel to the region to see the natural scenery, are possible with the least investment compared to other types of tourism. Dehloran desert region in Ilam province, like other desert regions, despite having many capabilities in the field of ecotourism and unique diverse natural attractions, is still unfamiliar to tourists and has many problems and obstacles in attracting nature; Therefore, it seems necessary to recognize ecotourism attractions and planning in accordance with the conditions of the region in order to develop tourism and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the study area and provide the best solutions to eliminate weaknesses and threats and take advantage of strengths and opportunities.

In this descriptive-survey study, in Dehloran city in the southwest of Ilam province, two methods of field studies and documentary studies (library) have been used. Since the research results will be used in planning and implementation of programs in the executive department, it is recognized as a practical type. In this study, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical software used includes SPSS and the analytical methods used include SWOT and analytical hierarchical analysis (AHP). In this regard, according to the studies and surveys conducted on the internal and external environment of the area and benefiting from the opinion of experts and local people and experts and university professors related to the tourism industry, interviews were conducted and using documentary information, the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to ecotourism in the Dehloran desert region were collected, then a survey was conducted through a questionnaire of 40 experts related to ecotourism in Dehloran desert region, and each of them was weighed using Expert Choice software. Finally, by calculating and analyzing them, strategies were presented to eliminate or reduce weaknesses and threats and strengthen the existing strengths and opportunities related to ecotourism in this region, and then prioritization was done by AHP.

Based on this research, the diversity of unique geomorphological natural attractions were identified as the most important strengths of the region. Also, the lack of statistics and information related to tourism, information and low awareness of the people of the region with tourism culture and natural environment attractions and lack of appropriate advertising to identify the capabilities of the region to tourists were identified as the most important weaknesses of the region. In terms of opportunities, the possibility of employment conditions, the possibility of creating a suitable opportunity for local people to introduce agricultural products and handicrafts and a suitable opportunity to attract educational tours and scientific tourists by identifying potentials in the region and the possibility of holding local festivals and exhibitions as the most important opportunities, also the cooperation of a few influential institutions in the development of nature tourism such as radio and education system, the weakening of local and traditional culture in the region with the arrival of tourists and the lack of participation of local people and their resistance to tourist entry were identified as the most important threats.
Based on the results of the interview and the extraction of questionnaire information, the score obtained from the internal factors evaluation matrix is equal to 2.16; this number indicates that the weaknesses of the region are more than its strengths (2.5>16.2). Also, by examining the evaluation matrix of external factors and the score obtained (2.31), it is concluded that the threats facing the region are more than the opportunities of the region (2.5>2.31). Therefore, according to the principles of strategic management, the strategic position of the study area was determined in the fourth area of the chart, according to which, defensive strategies (WT) were selected.

The results of this study show that Dehloran desert region, despite having unique natural and ecotourism attractions, has many capabilities and attractions of tourism, especially ecotourism, but as it should be, it has not been considered by planners and has weaknesses and threats. Therefore, paying attention to tourism industry, especially ecotourism in Dehloran desert region is considered as one of the important strategies for regional development, which with its positive effects such as money making, wealth creation, cultural interaction and job creation can be effective in removing some of the limitations of Dehloran desert region.

The victory of the Islamic Revolution is known as the most important development in the Middle East; because establishment of the Islamic Republic in place of a monarchy led to revival and expansion of Islamic values in such countries as Bahrain and Syria. The Islamic Revolution, as the center of the spread of religious values and the rise of popular uprisings after 2011, provoked regional rivals such as Saudi Arabia to confront Iran over concerns about the influence of the Islamic Revolutionchr('39')s discourse. This descriptive-analytical article seeks to answer the question: what is the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia towards Bahrain and Syria in order to counter the influence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran? In the framework of diffusion theory, the Islamic Revolution of Iran is considered as the center for expanding Islamic values and religious democracy, the existence of religious and historical commonalities with Bahrain and ideological influence in the Syrian system have been known as its aims of dissemination. In this regard, Saudi Arabia claims to be the leader of the Islamic world and tries to counter the influence of the Islamic Revolution by using tools and methods such as promoting Iranophobia, suppressing the Bahraini protesters and trying to overthrow Bashshar Assad.

The aim of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the occurrence of floods and to prepare a zoning map of flood potential in two sub-watersheds of Arghavan and Kalanar, sub-watersheds of Ilam watershed, using AHP method. For this purpose, slope, vegetation, geology, soil permeability, drainage density and watershed shape as effective parameters in flooding in the studied sub-watersheds were selected. After the experts familiar with the watershed completed the questionnaire, these parameters were weighted. Using the results of weighting, the flooding potential zoning map was then calculated. Based on the results, the slope and shape indices of the watersheds had the highest (0.293) and lowest weight (0.072) and effects on flooding, respectively. According to the flood zoning plan, zones with very high flooding class are 1.45% of the area in Arghavan watershed and 14.77% in the sub-watershed of Kalanar, and zones with very low flooding class are 2.86% in Arghavan watershed and 1.25% of the watershed area in Kolanar. According to the final flood potential zoning map, Kolanar sub-watershed has a higher flood potential due to its high slope, impermeable formations, low vegetation and relatively round shape, as well as high specific discharge (0.52 m3/s.km2) compared to Arghavan sub-watershed (0.29 m3/s.km2) and the Arghavan sub-watershed contains a larger volume of floods due to its larger surface area than the Kalanar sub-watershed. As a result, experts should pay more attention to the Kalanar sub-watershed, which has a higher flood potential.

In this study, to the investigation of land use change trend in Mahidasht plain watershed, first, land uses of land in the region were provided by satellite imagery and user map of past years, and then was calculated the percentage of changes in the level of each application. Satellite images taken from Landsat 8,7 and 5 satellites and for three time periods (1987, 2000, 2016), which were provided by international references. All map corrections were performed in ENVI 5.3 and ARC GIS 10.2 software. The results of this study showed that in the first period of the study (1987), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1558.63 Km2 and the smallest area was the Residential area with an area of 15.77 Km2. Also in the second period (1987-2000), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1465.74 Km2 and the smallest area belonged to residential land with an area of 19.44 Km2.Whereas in the third period (2000-2016), the largest area of land use was Irrigated lands with an area of 1054.60 Km2, and then the uncoated lands with an area of 1050.62 km2 and the smallest area related to Residential land with area 22.51 Km2. During the period from 2000 to 2016, the largest change was observed in Rain fed lands to Irrigated lands, and the area of uncoated lands and Residential lands also increased significantly.

Concern about climate change and its effects on various aspects of human life in general and agricultural production in particular is growing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to assess and predict of climate change induced temperature and precipitation of Kermanshah township.

The calibration and validation of the HadCM3 model was performed 1961-2001 of daily temperature and precipitation. The data on temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 1990 were used for calibration whereas data from 1991 to 2001 were used for model validation. SDSM version 4.2 as a downscaling model used to downscale general circulation models to station scales.  

 The least difference between observed data and simulation data during calibration and validation showed that the parameter was precisely modeled for most of the year. This study under A2 scenario, three time periods (2020, 2050, 2080) were simulated.  

According to our simulated model, precipitation showed a decreasing trend whereas temperature showed an increasing trend. The result of this study can also be used as an optimal model for land allocation in agriculture.

Different models have been proposed to describe and predict the hydrology of the watershed which are different in terms of objectives and spatial and temporal scales. In this study, the SWAT model was used to simulate the hydrologic response of the doiraj basin. The main inputs of the model, which include meteorological data, a basinchr('39')s elevational digital model map, a soil map and land use map, are entered into the model. The model was implemented according to the curve number method, then, using the SWAT_CUP model, the performance of the model increased with entering the observation data of the discharge from the basin and performing the calibration steps during the period from 1996 to 2008. And then the validation step from 2009 to 2012 confirmed the modelchr('39')s ability to simulate rainfall-runoff and its use for study purposes. Long-term mean soil moisture in 1996, 2008, and 2013 was 524.24, 337.59, and 468.77 mm, respectively. The study of the simulated water balance components showed that for 1996, despite heavy rainfall, the water balance was almost zero, indicating a loss of water in the basin in the basin, with major evapotranspiration losses. The water balance is positive for 2008 and 2013 because the sum of evapotranspiration, river flow, lateral flow, infiltration and surface runoff are lower than the sum of precipitation.

The complex relationship between soil and vegetation is difficult to be simulated by mathematic and statistical models. Since soil, vegetation, and atmosphere are interrelated, they cannot be separately compared. As an important basic factor with regard to soil, vegetation greatly affects ecosystems, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, the restoration and recreation of this complex phenomenon is much more difficult in arid and desert regions. On the hand, considering the fact that plants generally affect the soil both physically and chemically, it is necessary to know how these parameters interact, the knowledge of which could significantly help restore the vegetation. As a natural, resistant and desert-friendly plant, Capparis spinosa has been known as a multipurpose species in recent years. Because of its deep roots, this species is resistant to wing and its wide canopy can cover a wide range of the soil’s surface and stabilize sand hills. Therefore, it could be an appropriate choice for preserving soil and water, and anti-desertification programs. It could also help control dust storms in different regions. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the effects Capparis spinose on soil characteristics of the Eyne-Khosh desert area in Dehloran, southern Ilam province, offering it to the relevant officials and decision makers as an effective plant for anti-desertification programs. 

As a part of desert areas in southwest Iran, the study area is located in Dehloran city, Ilam province. To investigate the effects of Capparis spinosa on soil characteristics, this field study used satellite images, GIS, laboratory analysis, and the date obtained from a statistical software. To this end, first the species’ distribution map was prepared, using field observation and liner transect for calculation of coverage percentage in the growing season. Then, other characteristics including canopy percentage, soil preservation percentage, and other factors were measures, using sixty-nine species randomly selected for the study. As for investigating the effects of Capparis spinosa on soil’s physical and chemical characteristics, a soil profile was dug, and the intended samples were collected from two layers (surface and subsurface) of fifteen points including the surface soil of the existing bushes (near the stem) and control areas (bush-less), which were then moved to the laboratory (totally 30 samples) where chemical factors including N, K, P, OC, ESP, CEC, Ca, Mg, Caso4, Caco3, Cl, HCO3, pH, EC, and SAR were measured.

The study’s findings showed that the highest values of all chemical factors (N, C, P, K, Na, Ca, C/N) belonged to the bushes’ subsurface soil. On the other hand, there were statistical differences between land use (control areas, Nebka bushes, and natural bushes) and land depth for other seven parameters (OC, ESP, Ca, Na, EC, pH, SAR). There were 5% difference between EC and PH in terms of land use, and 5% difference between CA, OC, and CI in terms of land depth. For physical soil factors, actual soil moisture and saturated soil moisture show a strong relationship to depth and they are more in both depth, comparing to control part, although for the other parameters (clay, silt, sand, field capacity and wilting point) there were not statistical different. It was also found that the presence of the study bushes decreased salinity and increased alkalinity of the soil. Moreover, the highest number of variations of the organic matters of the control points’ deep layers occurred in subsurface layer of under-bushes, indicating that this species had increased the organic carbon of its sub-soil compare to the surrounding areas. The findings also showed an increase of OC, Na, Cl, and HCO3 in under-bushes soil. 

According to the study’s results, Capparis spinosa has significant effects on soil characteristics and may change soil texture, increase the soil’s organic matter, maintain the soil’s moisture, and in general, preserve the soil and control its erosion. It could also positively affect chemical parameters such as decreasing the salinity, increasing the alkalinity, and increasing OC, Na, Cl, HCO3, and nutrients of the soil. Therefore, this species could be an appropriate choice for anti-desertification programs in this region and similar areas.

Nowadays, water scarcity and desertification are serious problems in many parts of the world, which puts the development of vegetation and the growth of agricultural products at serious risk. Therefore, proper management and application of new methods to increase irrigation efficiency and thus improve the utilization of limited water resources is an inevitable necessity. One of these methods that have been considered recently is the use of various additives such as polymer and natural. This study aimed to investigate the effect of natural and artificial superabsorbents on the performance of Prosopis Juliflora in climatic and edaphic conditions of arid areas of Ilam province, especially in Mohsenab plain of Mehran city, and it is an issue that is less addressed in this region and in general in the field of arid and semi-arid regions. In this regard, the effects of natural additives (Humus and Sawdust) and artificial superabsorbent (Nanohursan polymer) on Prosopis juliflora have been compared by comparing the average of thirtheen vegetative and physiological indexes in a completely randomized block design. The results of this study showed that the effect of superabsorbents (treatments) on all morphological and physiological traits of the studied species except for vegetative traits, stability coefficient, and specific leaf area index was statistically significant at p < /em>< 0.05. Therefore, as a general conclusion, it can be said that the majority of growth characteristics of Prosopis juliflora have improved due to the use of the studied treatments, and therefore, the addition of natural and unnatural additives in this region and similar areas is recommended.

In this study, the ENVI-met Headquarter model was used to design a biological windbreak to control wind erosion, and wind tunnel was used to determine the wind erosion threshold. In order to determine the wind erosion threshold, soil samples were transferred to laboratory and exposed to dry air and transferred to wind tunnel. Then, the wind erosion threshold velocity was measured by adjusting the wind flow velocity and using an anemometer. The data required for simulation with Envi-met model include geographical location of the region, soil texture, average minimum and maximum temperature, average minimum and maximum relative humidity, average maximum wind speed and wind direction. Based on the simulation results, both designed windbreak for the Prosopis juliflora and Haloxylon aphyllum species can create microclimate in region. The wind speed decreased to the wind erosion threshold in the Haloxylon aphyllum species windbreak and less than that in the Prosopis juliflora species windbreak. In general, in the Prosopis juliflora species windbreak temperature in the first and last row of the windbreak was 36.12 and 34.78˚C, respectively. Besides, the lowest relative humidity in the first row was 28.52% and reached to 33.11% in the distance of 8h to 10h behind the first row. On the contrary, inside the Haloxylon aphyllum species windbreak, the temperature in the first row was 34.67˚C and in the last row was up to about 35.21˚C. Moreover, the highest relative humidity in the first and last row was 33.28% and 31%, respectively. Therefore, the designed windbreak for the Prosopis juliflora species can protect the more distance behind the initial windbreak, reduce the wind speed to a longer extent from the initial windbreak, more effectively affect the microclimate of the area, and modify it. Thus, it is recommended as a suitable windbreak for the study area.

Wind erosion is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions which occurs mainly in the areas with rainfall less than 200 mm. Following the erosion of the wind, the area is deserted and degraded. The problem of erosion in the arid and semiarid regions is very important, since the compensation for the eroded soils is impossible and difficult due to the unfavorable conditions and the fragile ecosystem. Among the methods used to combat wind erosion, the construction of live and inert windbreaks is a good place to be considered as an appropriate option to prevent damage caused by wind erosion to biological and economic resources. The construction of windbreaks has many positive effects on environmental factors, including the advantages of the Windbreak on the temperature of the soil, air humidity and soil, snow accumulation, evaporation rate, carbon dioxide accumulation, etc. Therefore, considering that Dehloran city has a critical center of wind erosion and is also exposed to dust due to its proximity to Iraq, the current study aims to draw a biological windbreak and figure out its role on the microclimate of the study area investigated using the ENVI-met Headquarter model, which is one of the micro-climatic simulation models of urban climate.

After a detailed visit and the identification of the area, sampling was carried out at the depth of 0-3 cm in three replications. In this study, the threshold wind velocity for erosion was determined using a wind tunnel machine in Ilam University Lab. In order to determine the threshold wind velocity for Erosion, soil samples were exposed to the air in a dry tunnel after being transferred to the laboratory in a wind tunnel. Then, the threshold wind velocity for Erosion was measured with acceptable accuracy by adjusting the wind speed and using the Manometer. The ENVI-met Head quarter was also used to design a biological windbreak. This model calculates the weather conditions (temperature, wind, humidity) at different levels of the domain and the range of effects (buildings, types of vegetation, types of permeable and impenetrable surfaces). Therefore, the most commonly used and used seedlings in sand dunes SStabilization, two Prosopis juliflora and Haloxylon aphyllum species, which are most used in sandy stabilization and flooding projects in the study area, were selected for simulation. The preliminary data required for the implementation of the model is based on the geographical location of the study area, including latitude, longitude, soil texture, air temperature conditions, velocity, wind direction and relative humidity. After implementation of the model, the outputs of the model were prepared and analyzed using Leonardo software.

Based on the results of Table 3, mean Threshold Velocity for Wind Erosion in the study area is 4.84 m/s. According to the simulation results, both designed Windbreak for the Prosopis juliflora and Haloxylon aphyllum species could lead to the formation of microclimate in region, so that the wind speed has dropped around the wind erosion threshold in the Haloxylon aphyllum species Windbreak and less than that in the Prosopis juliflora species Windbreak. In the Prosopis juliflora Windbreak, the region temperature in the first row of the Windbreak is 36.12 ˚C and in the last row of the Windbreak is reduced to 34.78 ˚C. The relative humidity of the area in the first row of the Windbreak was 28.52%, and of the last row reached 32.55%. On the contrary, in the Haloxylon aphyllum Windbreak, the temperature of the region in the first row of the Windbreak was 34.67 ˚C, but in the last row of the Windbreak increased about 35.21 ˚C, although the relative humidity of the area in the first row of the Windbreak was 33.28% and decreased to 31% in the last row. However, at the end, it can be said that designed windbreak for the Prosopis juliflora species can protect more distance behind the initial windbreak, reduce the wind speed to a longer extent from the initial windbreak, more effectively affect the microclimate of the area, and modify it. Based on the results, it can be said that the changes in temperature and relative humidity in the Prosopis juliflora contrary is a Haloxylon aphyllum species. This difference seems to be due to how the wind velocity changes in the two windbreak, which is the speed change itself to the height of both windbreak, because the higher the wind speed, the lower the wind speed. Therefore, in a Prosopis juliflora windbreak, with a further reduction in wind speed and air turbulence in the vicinity of the surface of the soil and the creation of shadows, there is a region with relatively moderate, relatively low temperatures. As a result, with decreasing air temperature, the amount of evaporation decreases and consequently the amount of moisture increases.

Considering that all three factors of wind speed decrease, temperature decrease and humidity increase can reduce evaporation from the water surface. Therefore, in addition to reducing wind erosion in sand dunes and road sides, Prosopis juliflora species can be used as a suitable type for windbreak construction in order to reduce the evaporation from very limited water resources located in the windy region.