محسن غلامی رزینی

Utilizing the capacity of public contribution and cooperation in preventing arms trafficking (as social prevention focuses on soft and people-centered actions) is the best type of prevention. In this regard, recognizing the manner and ways to engage public participation is of great importance. The present research aimed to “identify the factors affecting citizens’ participation in preventing arms smuggling in Kermanshah Province”. 

This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is a qualitative study based on thematic analysis. The contributing community consists of police commanders, university professors, Basij, the governor’s office, the governorate, and the Islamic Council of Kermanshah Province. The researcher reached theoretical saturation following conducting the talk with the sixteenth person. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. To calculate the reliability of the coding, the intra-rater agreement method was used. The analysis of the findings is also based on the thematic analysis method (basic, organized, and comprehensive coding). 

Based on the respondents’ opinions, the themes related to this research consist of 67 organizing themes and 5 overarching themes under the titles: “economic factors” with 20 indicators, “socio-cultural factors” with 18 indicators, “institutional factors” with 7 indicators, “legal and judicial factors” with 6 indicators, and “law enforcement factors” with 16 indicators.

Preventing arms trafficking requires the use of various mechanisms, including the capacity of citizens’ contribution. Focusing solely on one factor and ignoring others may render activities fruitless. Therefore, a working group should be formed in Kermanshah Province to socialize the phenomenon of preventing arms trafficking.

The smuggling of health-oriented goods is actually considered a threat to the country's economy due to non-payment of taxes and duties, lack of services to society, and non-participation in production and creation of legal employment. Also, the weakness of the institutions in charge of these goes is considered a serious threat to public health. Therefore, in general, the smuggling of health-oriented goods can endanger the security and health of citizens. The purpose of the current research is to explain and evaluate the challenges of dealing with the smuggling of health-oriented goods from the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In terms of its objectives, the current study is of an applied research type, which was conducted by a mixed-method approach (documents and surveys). The researcher has built a library as a tool for collecting data using a polling tool and a questionnaire. The statistical population includes border guard commanders of Kermanshah province up to the level of border checkpoints. The sample size was 385 individuals who were selected through Cochran's formula and the purposeful sampling method. Appropriate statistical tests (such as one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation) were used to test hypotheses and measure correlation between variables using SPSS software. The findings indicate that the lack of formulation of coherent laws related to the fight against health-oriented goods smuggling, the prohibition and restriction of the entry and export of certain goods, the inefficiency of the laws and regulations in the field of goods smuggling, the weakness of the laws and regulations of border exchanges; underdevelopment of border areas, poverty (absolute and relative), kinship relations on both sides of the border, unemployment; the weakness of domestic production, the lack of control over the monetary and financial circulation system, profitability (due to the relative difference in the prices of goods), the spread of the culture of the hidden economy; the intensification of the class gap, the change of values, the weakness in the cultural fight against smuggling, the increase in the feeling of relative deprivation and the weakness in informing the people of the society about the legal, social, economic and cultural challenges in dealing with the smuggling of health-oriented goods in the border areas of Kermanshah province. The results showed that the existence of values such as consumers' economic rights, consumers' right to food, health, and medicine; citizens' social rights in physical and mental health, legal investment, and business rights, and extensive physical and life risks caused by the consumption of unhealthy products indicate that it is necessary to take action to solve the legal, social, economic and cultural challenges in the field of dealing with the smuggling of health-oriented goods.

the eastern border areas of Iran, due to the presence of factors such as poverty and deprivation of border residents on both sides of the border, geographical and geopolitical location of the borders, security instability and political tensions in Afghanistan, etc., in addition to insecurity and potential threats, cause violent movements. It has become a terrorist group. The purpose of the current research is the pathology of dealing with terrorist groups in the borders of Sabeb province.

the current research is practical in terms of its purpose; And in terms of nature, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes all the commanders of border regiments and border posts of the Sub-Border Command, which was selected using the non-proportional multi-stage cluster sampling method in the number of 30 people. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire; For the validity of the questionnaire, face validity was used and Cronbach's alpha formula was used for its reliability, and the results show a good correlation (a>70%).

The findings indicate that the "guidance and command" variable ranks first with an average of (4.79); the "Equipment and facilities" variable with an average of (4.66) second place; the "Education" variable with an average of (3.77) ranks third; And the variable of "supervision and inspection" with an average of (2.17) ranks fourth in the direction of effectively dealing with terrorist groups.

education factors; Equipment and facilities; guidance and command; and the monitoring considered in the vulnerability of the marine and border units of Sistan and Baluchistan province are effective in dealing with terrorist groups. Therefore, commanders and managers should be extremely careful in upgrading the level of these components in border units.

Although the spread of drug trafficking across borders and the prevalence of addiction in society have led the policymakers of the Islamic Republic of Iran to adopt their criminal policy in the face of this phenomenon. Inadequate criminalization and lack of appropriate executive measures by those in charge caused drug gangs to clash, testify, and injure border guards, sometimes threatening border security. Organized crime of drug trafficking is from the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran.Research

The present study is applied in terms of purpose; In terms of writing style, it is descriptive-analytical. The information was collected through a library study with reference to academic sources and Internet sites.

Drug trafficking in the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran is due to the reduction of the alignment of the legislative criminal policy with the executive policy (police actions) in the field of drug criminalization, failure to eliminate the criminals of drug trafficking and non-removal of restrictions at the borders. In recent decades, drug trafficking has been the cause of many border security threats.

The organization and globalization of narcotics trafficking at the borders led to a change in the legislative approach; . It is suggested that in order to confront drug trafficking across borders and reduce border threats, the legislative and executive policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran should be more coordinated.

Although committing terrorist crimes is not a new topic. But the threats posed by this ominous phenomenon to various societies today have created a strong determination in national and international criminal policy to a purposeful fight against this transnational organized crime. Because, as a result of the spread of new technologies and the process of globalization of crime, significant changes have taken place in the nature and extent of this type of crime in the world. At present, the threats posed by terrorist acts do not fit into the framework of a given land and have become a global problem. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the developments of Iran's criminal law policy against organized crime of terrorism with the approach of globalization of crime.

The present study is theoretical in nature, purposeful, applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical research in terms of writing style. Data collection has been done through library study by referring to academic and electronic scientific resources.

that Iran's criminal law policy does not have effective and coherent mechanisms to combat the phenomenon of terrorism and the legislature has acted poorly in criminalizing and allocating independent legal material to this crime. However, in the judiciary, moharebeh and corruption on earth are considered as examples of terrorist operations. However, this lack of coordination in criminal and judicial criminal policy is not very pleasing to the Iranian judicial justice system. Of course, following the emphasis of the UN Security Council on the criminalization of terrorism (1373), the legislature in 1394 with the passage of the Anti-Terrorism Financing Law, criminalized terrorist acts and such crimes. However, this type of criminalization is not enough, and criminalization of terrorism is necessary in Iranian legislative policy as an independent crime.

Background and Purpose:

However, in the 1960s, the spread of addiction and the pressure of Iranian society and international authorities led the legislature to adopt a strict legislative policy against drug trafficking. However, the legislature did not have a specific approach in its criminal policy and, whether intentionally or unintentionally, by pursuing criminalization and determining inappropriate punishment, it has practically pursued an inconsistent policy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of crime globalization on Iran's legislative criminal policy in the field of drug trafficking.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of writing style. The information was collected through a library study with reference to academic scientific sources and Internet sites.

The findings of the study indicate that the first drug criminalization began with the imposition of fines in 1289; Due to its inefficiency, in 1338, the death penalty was imposed for drug criminalization. Subsequently, the inconsistency of the legislative policy with the judicial policy and the police and security measures, led to the approval of the Anti-Narcotics Law on 3/8/1367. However, the ineffectiveness of the punishment provided in this law, especially (execution) with international and domestic conditions, led to amendments to it during 1997 and 2010. Finally, under the influence of the globalization of drug trafficking, the legislature added articles to the law on 7/12/2017 in order to soften and reduce the death penalty.

The results show that the legislator has not taken a purposeful approach in the field of narcotics during these years and has not achieved the legislative policy accepted by the international and domestic community due to the lack of attention to the issue of globalization of drug trafficking.

Undoubtedly, the prevention of citizens' crimes is one of the many concerns and concerns of law enforcement officials. Therefore, the issue of crime prevention is always considered in the criminal policy of many societies, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. This sensitivity is due to the fact that an unfavorable lifestyle is one of the most effective factors in committing crime in society. Therefore, the present study investigates the relationship between borderline lifestyle and crime committed by citizens in border areas. 

Research Method:

In terms of purpose, the present study is an application that was conducted by field method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes all citizens of Baneh. 432 people were selected as the sample size through the Cochran's formula in a multi-stage cluster method. The validity of the research was calculated by experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The obtained data indicate that the value (sig = 0.00, F = 104.204) for lifestyle at a significant level of 0.00, because it is less than 0.05, so it is significant with 95% probability. Therefore, while confirming all the hypotheses, the findings show that the borderline lifestyle has a direct effect on reducing or increasing the crime of citizens of border areas.

The relatively high rate of crime depends on independent variables. Therefore, there is a direct and significant relationship between borderline lifestyle and border crime.

Insecurity, potential threats and lack of security can lead to dissatisfaction and insecurity of the citizens of Greater Tehran. By participating, NGOs can provide services and sustainable security by supporting vulnerable groups. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of Saman participation in promoting the security of Tehran metropolis was investigated.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and method is descriptive-analytical. The data were collected as a combination of documentary and survey (field) studies; The statistical population includes: experts in the field of security and law enforcement; And the citizens of Tehran is large, using the multi-stage cluster sampling method and Morgan table, 1618 people were determined as the sample size. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed using face validity and the reliability of the tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Also, the relationship between independent and dependent variables was investigated using multivariate regression analysis and regression test was used to evaluate the correlation between these two variables.

According to the findings of this study, more than 60% of the respondents believe that the participation of Samnahs has a positive effect on improving the security of Tehran metropolis. Multivariate regression analysis also showed that there is a significant relationship between the participation of Samans and Tehran security. Also, this analysis showed that the participation of semen has the greatest impact (with a beta coefficient of 0.561) on law enforcement security; And economic, political and socio-cultural security come next.

Semans with any kind of orientation can play a role in expanding the security of Greater Tehran with two roles: "grounding (role of grounding)" or "executive activities (role of agent)".

These days, the development of new technologies has had a positive effect on crime prevention. In such a way that today the impact of new technologies in crime prevention, especially firearms smuggling across geographical borders is doubly important. Given the importance of border protection, the use of these technologies to prevent crime can provide a platform for neutralizing related threats. Prevention of firearms smuggling is increasingly felt as one of the challenges and threats to the borders of Kermanshah province. For this purpose, in the present study, the effect of using drones in preventing the situation of firearms smuggling from the borders of Kermanshah province has been investigated. This research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive survey. Data collection tools were library resources and a researcher-made questionnaire. For the reliability of the questionnaire, face reliability was used and for its validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient formula was exerted, which shows the desired correlation (a> 70%). The statistical population includes border guards of Kermanshah province, 40 of whom have been selected as the sample size. The obtained data were then analyzed in SPSS software. According to the findings, the high accuracy and efficiency of drones, while minimizing human error and vulnerabilities, has an effective role in preventing, identifying and combating smuggling of firearms from the borders of Kermanshah province. The results also show that drones can have the highest performance in terms of control, surveillance and monitoring of the province's borders to prevent firearms smuggling.

In the criminal policy of France and the United Kingdom, in addition to the police, the arrest of perpetrators of crimes by citizens has a historical basis. In Iran, for the first time, in Note 1 of Article 45 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, adopted in 2013, despite three conditions (committing specific crimes, the obviousness of the crime and the absence of judicial officers), the right to take necessary measures to prevent the perpetrator and escape The crime scene has been handed over to the citizens. Therefore, in this study, considering the necessity of dealing with obvious crimes, using the benefits of comparative studies, the criminal law policy of Iran, France and the United Kingdom in the field of police and citizen intervention in visible crimes has been studied.Research

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection is a combination of documentary and survey studies (library).

The nature of the crime is evident in the common criminal law in France, the United Kingdom and Iran in order to maintain public order and community expediency. And there is the perspective of the police or the people, mentioning its examples, the simultaneous realization and proof of such crimes and the lack of need to prove it. " Also, the two general criteria for committing specific crimes and the principle of necessity are the most important conditions for arresting a citizen.

Smuggling of goods and currency on the one hand threatens the economy and national security. Because, the perpetrators do not provide services to society and have no share in the production and creation of legal employment. On the other hand, the globalization of smuggling of goods and currency and its organized and transnational aspect is a serious threat to the international community. This caused the countries of the world to adopt an appropriate legislative criminal policy in dealing with this economic anomaly based on the approach of crime globalization, and the Iranian legislature also included the criminalization of this crime in its legislative policy. In the present study, the developments of Iran's legislative criminal policy in the field of criminalization of smuggling of goods and currency have been investigated.
Research The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of writing style. The required information was collected through library study and reference to academic and electronic resources. Data analysis was performed in a qualitative manner and based on rational reasoning and inference of codified rules and regulations.
Findings and Numerous legislative criminal policies have been carried out by the Iranian legislature from 1312 to 1392, each of which has criminalized the smuggling of goods and currency. Anti-Trafficking in Goods and Foreign Exchange Law (2013) Due to the globalization of the crime of smuggling of goods and foreign exchange, it has criminalized more measures than the previous laws and is penal. The impossibility of suspending and reducing the fine stipulated in this law can be considered as a proof of this legislative approach.

Maintaining dignity and high human values and emphasizing the right to a fair trial to ensure that the accused will not be punished illegally and unjustly will lead to the adoption of a rule prohibiting trial and retrial in international instruments, including the Convention on Civil Rights. It became political. According to Iran's accession to this Convention, according to Article 9 of the Civil Code, the provisions of the Convention are in accordance with the law and are binding. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of how this rule applies to jurisprudential sources, international criminal law and Iran?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of writing style. The information was collected through a library study by referring to academic and Internet scientific sources.

The results of the research indicate that this rule is emphasized as the basic rights of the defendants in international criminal law; it is also accepted in jurisprudential sources and from the perspective of Islamic teachings. There have been ups and downs in Iran's legal system. So that this rule was forgotten after the revolution. Until with the compilation of the QMA (approved in 2013), it was accepted only in the realm of non-Shari'a punishments. While accepting this rule is in no way inconsistent with Iran's jurisprudential standards and domestic law, in many cases it can even be a strong legal backing for Iran's political actions.

The notion of modern Islamic civilization has always been tied to the concept of social discipline; and most thinkers have confused civilization with civilization and urbanization. Social discipline does not mean the absence of chaos, but much of it is a sense of security and a lack of mental chaos. According to Hegel, if security is merely for security, it creates insecurity. Therefore, security must be purposeful. It is needless to say that, this issue is related to the regulatory components and executives who are essential to social discipline. Therefore, in order to establish social discipline and crime prevention, any civilization must focus on disciplinary components, while calling on strong forces to manage and execute  discipline in society. In this regard, in the Islamic Iranian civilization, Naja as a disciplinary force, while emphasizing the spiritual aspect of social discipline, maintaining public participation, protecting religion, adhering to the law, promoting knowledge and health of work environment, and adhering to values, is in charge of regulating and managing crime prevention in the community. For this purpose, the present study evaluates the impact of disciplinary elements in promoting modern Islamic civilization in crime prevention.

The method used for the pupose of this study is a combination of documentary and survey studies. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that used to answer questions t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient and Friedman coefficient to rank the components. The population consisted of 30 social discipline experts who were selected randomly using Morgan table and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The statistical analysis of the present study rejected the null hypothesis (H) with a significant level (sig = 0.000) which was smaller than the test level     (a = 0.01) and with 0.99 confidence of the effect of the components. It endorsed the new Islamic civilization in crime prevention.

The results of the present study show that there is a positive correlation between the components of discipline and promotion of modern Islamic civilization at the significant level of 0.01 and the two-way relationship is significant.

In view of the fact that NGOs have been organized and organized with the aim of providing better services to citizens, creating sustainable security, reducing social problems and protecting vulnerable groups of society, the present study examines the impact of Semnan participation in improving the traffic safety in Tehran. Forward-looking research is an applied field survey. The statistical population of this study consisted of two groups: 1- Experts and officials working in the railway and traffic safety and 2- The citizens of Tehran were large. 479 people were selected using simple and cluster random sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was calculated and verified using face validity and reliability of the tool using Cronbach's alpha. Findings and results of the present study show that most respondents (over 60%) agree that the participation of Semnans has a positive and significant impact on improving the safety of Tehran's large traffic (educating and informing citizens about driving laws, increasing the safety of citizens, increasing Quality of vehicles, improving the quality of streets and promoting traffic culture).

Restorative justice has been around since the last three decades and in the last half of the twentieth century in the light of modern criminological developments with the idea of the judiciary and secretarial code approach to resolving conflicts and efficient public participation as a theory of criminal justice. Or complement the classic pattern of domestic and international criminal justice. The Iranian legislature has also been considering this restorative approach in legislating laws. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of restorative justice on Iranian criminal law and International documents.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of writing, it is a descriptive-analytical research. The information was collected through library study and access to domestic and foreign academic and electronic resources.

Findings and Results:

The results suggest that the UN Charter requires its members to resolve international disputes through peaceful means. the anticipation of the legal establishment of the postponement of punishment, first introduced by the French Penal Code on July 11, 1975, is a new step towards restoring criminal justice. the Iranian legislature also introduced aspects of the restorative approach to criminal law with the formation of the House of Justice and the Arbitration Council (before the revolution) and the formation of the Dispute Resolution Council (after the revolution). Recently, it has provided for articles 80, 81, 8283, 217 and 283 CC (2013); ) It has incorporated aspects of this movement into Iranian criminal law.

Although successful execution of extradition offenders guarantees judicial justice, this process requires international judicial cooperation. But in practice, issues and relations between countries are at stake. Thus, in the last two centuries, many countries have adopted many international conventions and conventions (such as the Palermo Convention) while enacting domestic laws. In 1939, Iran ratified many international laws by adopting the law on extradition of offenders. The present study deals with the comparative study of the principles and procedures of dealing with, extradition and formalities in Iran, Turkey and international law.

The purpose of this study is an applied descriptive-analytic one using existing internal and external sources, documents and laws.Findings and

The results show that the actions of the Iranian and Turkish governments in the field of extradition will be beneficial when adhering to domestic and international law, without unjustified excuses and realizing political issues and cooperation. Show. Of course, contrary to Iranian law and international law, the Turkish penal system in the field of extradition has not enacted a specific law and has merely mentioned a few general principles in Article 9 of the Penal Code.

Along with the current rules, the police have permission to carry and use weapons in necessary cases, but the law on the use of weapons adopted in 1994 has not been drafted based on geographical circumstances and mission type and specialized duties of the police, which in many cases causes The criminal and civil liability of the police officers. This study examines the terms and conditions of the use of weapons, the issues of silence, the ambiguities and challenges of using border guards from weapons in different shooting conditions, including the operational areas of the involved.

The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, applied and in terms of implementation. The research sources have established existing laws and valid documents in libraries and Internet resources that have been analyzed by studying them.

Findings and outcomes: Since the law-making approach to the issue of the transportation and use of weapons in law enforcement missions is uniform in all geographical conditions and conditions, the uncertainty about how the use of weapons by border guards in maritime areas and conditions, as well as The lack of clear legal material on shooting in border areas has created a duality for border guards in the use of weapons; therefore, in order to clarify the use of weapons in oceans and forbidden areas, materials in this Add to the law on the use of weapons

The duty and the dangerous missions of I.R.I Police urge the official environment to be safe and free from any challenges. Hence, the present study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between the I.R.I Police official environment and the performance of its staff. The statistical population of the study is all of the office staffs of I.R.I Police headquarters. The sampling was done using Morgan random sampling table leaving 150 people as thestatistical population. The data collection tool was a 40-item questionnaire which was analyzed by Likert scale. This study is of a correlational descriptive-survey type. Using the Pearson correlation test, the work holism, lack of motivation, job security, job stress, and authoritative management – which are some of the characteristics of office environment, have been investigated. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant correlation between workaholism and staff performance (r=.01). There is a negative and significant correlation between job stress and staff efficacy, meaning that by increasing job stress, the performance of the staff decreases. The results also indicated that by increasing the lack of motivation among staff members, their efficacy and functions decrease. On the other hand, there is a positive and significant relationship between authoritative management and staff performance and efficacy.