محسن فوادالدینی

Simulation-based medical education is effective for developing and improving critical care-related clinical skills training and reducing patient safety threats. The present study aimed to describe the technological approach of building and evaluating a prototype of a Lung Box (LB) mechanical ventilation simulator.

In this practical study with an analytical approach, the device's body, constructed from 5 mm plexiglass sheets, occupies a respiratory circuit, an airflow obstruction system, a pressure gauge manometer, a spring-loaded manual system to apply limits on the bag inflation range, a tidal volume measurement system, a respiratory trigger simulator system, and a four-layer accordion-style plastic bag assembly that can be inflated and deflated with air. Additionally, there is a user manual storage box along with it.

The design and drawing of the device's map were performed with AutoCAD software, and the parts were assembled after laser cutting. The device was connected to the ICU ventilator, and the respiratory mode of continuous forced ventilation was selected. Prior to ventilation, the tidal volumes were selected to be 0.60, 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, and 0.40 ml, and respiratory rates were set as 18, 15, 12, and 9 bpm. The simulation of the respiratory trigger was performed with different values ​​of flow sensitivity (0.05-15 lit/min). There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in terms of the reproducibility of the values ​​of the selected variables for the test Lung (TL) with those chosen for LB.

In this technical study, a prototype educational mechanical ventilation simulator was developed and functionally tested using the concepts of fluid dynamics and respiratory physiology. Compared with conventional TL, this device is accurate and efficient enough.

Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) is a well-known medicinal plant with various therapeutic properties such as, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Pharmacological effects of this plant is attributed with its main phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid. This research aimed to study the relaxant effect of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) of rat.

The relaxant potential of cumulative concentrations of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis (50, 100, 200 µg/ml) was compared with normal saline (1 milliliter of normal saline) as a negative control and three cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.8, 0.4, 0.2 mM) as a positive control on the TSM of isolated rat. The relaxant effect of M. officinalis extract was examined on non-incubated and incubated TSM with propranolol (1 μM), atropine (1 μM), and chlorpheniramine (1 μM) as different antagonists of beta-2 adrenergic (β2-Adrenergic), muscarinic and H1 histamine receptors respectively.

The relaxant effect of M. officinalis extract with all theophylline concentrations on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle exhibited a significant increase compared to saline (P<0.001 in all instances) in non-incubated tissues.  The relaxant effect of medium and high dose of M. officinalis extracts (100 and 200 µg/ml) were similar to theophylline and were not significant difference. Conversely, the relaxant effect of M. officinalis exhibited a significant reduction in incubated tissues with chlorpheniramine and atropine compared to the non-incubated tissue.

The relaxant effect of aqueous-alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis on isolated tracheal tissue is possibly be mediated through the inhibition of muscarinic and H1 histamine receptors while having no significant impact on beta-2 adrenergic receptors.

 Curcumin has potential anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin against cardiac ischemia -reperfusion injury in rats fed a high-fat diet.

 In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), high-fat diet (H), curcumin 100 (HyperC100, 100 mg/kg) and curcumin 200 (HyperC200), with the last two groups receiving oral curcumin daily for 3 weeks.
The rats were fed a high-fat diet for 7 weeks to induce obesity. After anesthesia, hearts were removed and placed on the Langendorff perfusion system andbegan beating. After 20 minutes of stabilization, 35 minutes of ischemia and 60 minutes of nutrient fluid reflux were performed. During this interval, ventricular (LV) functional indices including LVSP, LVDP, LVEDP and +dp/dt were recorded. The relative size of the infarction was measured by using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.

 Hyperlipidemia caused dysfunction with changes in ventricular parameters, but curcumin could to improve some LV contractile parameters such as systolic pressure and increase diastolic pressure (P≤0.05). Curcumin could not significantly reduce the infarct size.

 Curcumin may have an cardio protection effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in normal and hyperlipidemic rats.

Tetanus is a neurological disease associated with increased muscle contraction and spasm in patients. The risk and progression of the disease are higher in elderly patients. Numerous elderly people in our country, especially in rural areas, lack tetanus vaccination in childhood. Due to the weakness of the immune system in the elderly, this study aimed to assess the tetanus immunity in the elderly over 60 years old in Birjand, Iran, 2018-2019. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the level of tetanus antibody was measured in serum samples of 186 individuals from the elderly population of Birjand in 2018-2019. The mean level of tetanus antibody was estimated at 0.355±0.63 IU/ml, showing that 132 (71%) cases lacked immunity against tetanus (95% CI: 0.23-0.36). In the present study, the level of tetanus antibody decreased significantly with aging (P=0.002), and a significant difference was observed between the job and the level of tetanus antibody (P=0.003). The mean level of tetanus antibody increased significantly in individuals with an increase in education level (P=0.018). However, the mean level of tetanus antibody showed no significant difference with the living place (P=0.232) and gender (P=0.872). In this study, more than 70% of the elderly lacked immunity against tetanus, indicating the need for more attention in providing more health services to the elderly.

Buprenorphine is an opioid drug that is prescribed as an opioid maintenance therapy for addiction during pregnancy and lactation, but its adverse effects on the fetus and infant have not been well studied. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of buprenorphine administration during pregnancy and lactation on the memory function of offspring animals.

30 female rats in gestation and lactation stages are allocated in the controls, gestation and lactation treat groups. After parturition, dams and their pups were kept in one cage during lactation without BUP administration. After parturition, other groups subcutaneously receiving one dose of vehicle as a control group, and lactation treat group (0.5 and 1 BUP) subcutaneously receiving BUP 0.5 and 1 mg/kg once a day and pups are weaned on postnatal (PN) day 28. Six offspring from each group were randomly selected to evaluate the memory function. The spatial memory function was checked using the Y-maze test.

In this study, there was no significant difference between the groups exposed to buprenorphine in the embryonic and breastfeeding period and the control group in the alternative percentage.

The present study showed that exposure to buprenorphine in the fetal and infant stage has no effect on the spatial memory function, but this study does not confirm the safety of this drug and further studies are needed to show the effect of buprenorphine on cognitive function.

Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method.

In the present study, 12 samples of semen (30%) were detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of UTI (P = 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P <0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen.

The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential.

Inducing hyperlipidemia in laboratory animals through diet is a good way to study metabolic disorders. This study was conducted to provide an effective and accessible diet for generating hyperlipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver models in rats.
In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were divided into 5 equal groups including 2 control groups receiving regular diet for 4 (C1) or 8 weeks (C2), and 3 experimental groups receiving high fat diet along with 0.2% (E1) or 0.1% thiouracil (E2) for 8 and 4 weeks (E3). Finally, the concentration of total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL, and triglyceride (TG) was measured and the fat accumulation in the liver tissue was measured quantitatively.
FINDINGS: All experimental groups had significantly higher TC, TG, LDL and lower HDL compared to control (p The high-fat diet introduced in this study can cause hyperlipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver rats within 4 weeks

Previous studies indicated that bovine colostrum (BC) has antioxidant activity, but the beneficial effects of BC on strenuous exercise oxidative damage is remaining unclear. Thus, this study examined the effects of BC on exercise-induced muscle damage in rats.
Forty-eight male Wistar rats randomly divided into 6 equal groups as: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (aerobic exercise), Group 3 (anaerobic exercise), Group 4 (supplements without exercise), Group 5 (supplements with aerobic exercise), Group 6 (supplements with anaerobic exercise). After pretreating of BC, the blood sample from each group was taken in order to measure the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine Kinase (CK). The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test and significant level was set at p The plasma levels of LDH (P=0.010) and CK (P=0.006) significantly increased in anaerobic exercise group in comparison with control group. There was no significant difference between aerobic exercise group with the control (P=0.86). The mice were supplemented with exercise and anaerobic exercise extreme (Group 6) was significantly lower CK And LDH levels compared to anaerobic exercise group without supplementation (group 3) had (P=0.001). The results revealed that BC pretreatment significantly prevented LDH and CK increasing induced by strenuous exercise oxidative damage in rats.
colostrum supplement due to its antioxidant properties can be considered as a sports supplement and recommended to reduce muscle damage.

Aims: One of the major factors in sudden cardiac arrest is the initiation and continuation of deadly arrhythmias during ischemia. It is known that beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) has useful effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects in the skeletal muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of HMB on the ventricular arrhythmias due to the ischemia.
In the experimental study, 30 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into three groups including control, HMB320, and HMB700. As control group received normal saline, HMB320 and HMB700 groups orally received 320 and 700 mg/Kg HMB as gavage for 2 weeks, respectively. The rats, having been anesthetized, underwent 30-minute ischemia. Then, the numbers of premature ventricular contractions (PVC), the appearance duration of ventricular tachycardia (VT), and the ventricular fibrillation (VF) were assessed. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using Kruskal-Walis, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc, and Chi-square tests.
Findings: There was a significant reduction in the mean PVC number in HMB320 and HMB700 groups than control group (p=0.001). In addition, there was such a significant difference between the groups received the doses (p=0.008). There was a reduction in the mean appearance duration of VT in HMB320 and HMB700 groups than control group (p=0.001). There was a significant reduction in the mean appearance duration of VF in HMB700 group compared to control group, only (p=0.003).
Through arrhythmias reduction, 2-week preventive consumption of HMB might considerably reduce the severe side effects of ischemia.

The consumption of food supplements in order to eliminate oxidative damages induced by exercise are common among athletes. Previous studies have shown that bovine colostrum has antioxidant properties, but no study has ever been done to evaluate its effectiveness on Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. This Study was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation with bovine colostrum along with aerobic and anaerobic exercise on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in male Wistar rats.
Methods and materials: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups (control, colostrum supplement, aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, colostrum supplements and aerobic exercise, colostrum supplements and anaerobic exercise). Groups receiving colostrum daily for ten weeks dosing 300 mg / kg bovine colostrum powder were fed orally. Exercising groups worked out three times a week for a period of 10 weeks on a custom-made treadmill for rodents. Blood samples were taken before and 24 hours after the last exercise session on an empty stomach. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey at &alpha The plasma levels of oxidative stress index (MDA) in all groups except colostrum supplement and anaerobic exercise compared with the control group was significantly reduced (p The results showed that colostrum supplementation with ten weeks of aerobic exercise had better effect in the control of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity compared to anaerobic exercise.

Using the combination of exercise training and medicine, especially herbal medicine, is one of the therapeutic approaches in patients with diabetes. Purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of a 6-week aerobic training together with consuming of Pistacia atlantica extract on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in the heart tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). The six-week period exercise training program included aerobic training on a treadmill (five sessions per week, 40 minutes per session, with a speed of 20 m/minute and with a slope of 5 degrees). Pistacia atlantica extract was fed five days per week with a dose of 25 mg/kg. The rats were anesthetized 48 hours after the last training session, and their heart were isolated. Then, the levels of HSP70 and protein carbonyl in the heart tissue were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and chemical colorimetric method, respectively. The HSP70 level in the diabetic group under aerobic training together with receiving Pistacia atlantica extract was significantly lower than the control diabetic group (P = 0.003); but, there was no statistically significant difference in the level of protein carbonyl between the groups (P = 0.740). It seems that aerobic training with Pistacia atlantica extract consuming, is a better therapeutic approach than using them alone, as a complementary therapy for reducing cardiac side effects in patients with diabetes.

Pre-diabetes patients are at risk of developing type-two diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Aloe Vera extract on blood lipids in patients with pre-diabetes. The method of this study was a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. In this 72 subjects with pre-diabetes symptoms were participated in 2014. Patients in three groups consumed capsules twice a day: Aloe Vera 300 mg (AL300), 500 mg (AL500) and placebo (PL). Lipid profile were evaluated in baseline at four or eight weeks. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16. The levels of Total cholesterol and LDL-C, only in the group AL500 (P<0.001 and p=0.01), was significantly reduced with Wilcoxon and ANOVA within group tests, along with HDL-C level improvement just after eight weeks with Kruskal-Wallis test (P=0.004). Triglyceride level showed a significant decrease with ANOVA test (P<0.045) just after four weeks use of AL500. The use of Aloe Vera extract in pre-diabetic patients, have significantly reduced the level of lipids in eight weeks. It is suggested that, Aloe Vera can be added to the daily diet with a standard rate to prevent the increase of glucose in blood and fat.

Researches have showed that exercise trainings increase the brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the brain. In addition, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) increase protein content of BDNF and GDNF in vitro. However, there is insufficient information about the interactive effects of high intensity exercise training, H2O2, and TNFα on neurotrophins. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the effect of high intensity intermittent training on the content of BDNF, GDNF, H2O2 and TNFα in the brain of albino wistar rats. Sixteen albino wistar rats divided into control and high intensity intermittent training groups. High intensity intermittent training has carried out for 6 weeks with 95 to 100% of maximum oxygen consumption on treadmill. BDNF, GDNF and TNFα contents have measured by sandwich ELISA method and H2O2 concentration by colorimetric method by commercial kits. Data analyzed using Student’s t-test, and p≤0.05 considered as statistically significant. High intensity intermittent training resulted in 75 and 143 percent increased in H2O2 (p<0.0001) and TNFα (p<0.0001) levels, which accordance with 149 and 170 percent increase in BDNF (p<0.0001) and GDNF (p<0.0001) content in the brain, respectively. Overall, performance of training sessions as interval with maximum capacity resulting in increase of BDNF and GDNF content in brain of albino wistar rat and it seems H2O2 and TNFα influence on neurotrophins adaptation induced by high intensity intermittent training.

Alpha tumor necrosis factor and Hydrogen peroxide increase in neurotrophins expression in several brain structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of Hydrogen peroxide and neurotrophic tumor necrosis factor with brain-derived neurotrophic factor by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor after severe exercise. This experimental study was done on 16 adult Wistar albino rats 280g and 3months old. Animals were divided into two intense exercise and sedentary control groups. Animals ran for 6 weeks, 6 days a week, at the speed of 27m per minute and on treadmill for 60 minutes daily. Using kit, the content of BDNF, GDNF, and TNF-α were measured using sandwich ELISA and hydrogen peroxide levels was analyzed by colorimetric assay. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 and Independent-T test. Hydrogen peroxide levels in the brain, in intense exercise group increased significantly compared with control group (p= 0.006). TNF-α, GDNF and BDNF Levels in the brain in intense exercise group significantly increased compared with control group (p=0.001). Intense running on treadmill increase BDNF and GDNF content in brain of albino Wistar rats through increasing the H2O2 and TNF-α levels.

The effects of exercise training on GLUT4 protein expression have been examined in several studies whereas those of aerobic training along with the use of plant extracts on muscle GLUT4 protein expression are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training and Pistacia athlantica extract on GLUT4 protein expression and glycogen level in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. Forty-male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control، diabetic control، diabetic+aerobic training، diabetic+extract and diabetic+aerobic training+extract. The program included six weeks of aerobic training on the treadmill. Forty eight hours after last session of training and consumption the extract، the rats were anesthetized and gastrocnemius muscle was isolated for measurement of glycogen levels and GLUT4 protein expression. Data was analyzed by using one-way ANOVA test (P<0. 05). GLUT4 protein expression and glycogen levels in gastrocnemius muscle in diabetic+aerobic training+extract group were significantly higher than in the diabetic control group (P values 0. 001، 0. 02 respectively)، whereas these variables in the aerobic training and the Pistacia athlantica extract perse groups did not change compared to the diabetic control group. It seems that Pistacia athlantica extract along with specific exercises، compared to utilization of each of strategies perse، are more effective in increasing glucose transporter proteins and possibly improving insulin function.

Malnutrition is a prevalent health problem but an unknown one to which little attention has been paid. This can increase complications, morbidity and mortality of the disease. Therefore, early detection of malnutrition to provide nutritional support for patients is very crucial. The main objective of the present study was to determine the nutritional status of patients admitted to the hospitals affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS). This cross-sectional study on patients admitted to five hospitals affiliated to BUMS was done in 2011. Through stratified random sampling, 549 patients older than 20 years were selected from five hospitals and their nutrition status was determined by means of measuring their height, weight, and body mass index according to Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) on their admission. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS (V:16), using X2 at the significant level P <0.05. Mean age of the patients was 49 ±20 years. Among them, 52.8% were males. Prevalence of malnutrition was 58.8% from which 53 % were at high risk and 5.8 % at medium risk. Among the patients, 148 (57.1% female patients were at high risk of malnutrition; whereas, in the males the high risk was diagnosed in 143 (49.3%) which the difference was significant (men) (P=0.03). Prevalence of malnutrition in citizens was higher than villagers (P=0.001). It was also significantly higher in over 45 year olds compared to other age groups (P=0.04). Malnutrition is a common problem from which more than 53 % of the patients suffer. Therefore, an organized clinical nutritional service in the health centers are required.

The use of medicinal herbs is taken as a healthy and effective alternative treatment for hyperglycemia and liver toxicity. Therefore, due to the positive effects of exercise training on diabetic patients, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of a 6 week period of aerobic training together with Pistacia atlantica extract taking on protein carbonyl (PC), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and glycogen levels in the liver tissues of diabetic rats. In this experimental research, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) healthy control, 2) diabetic control, 3) diabetic under aerobic training, 4) diabetics receiving Pistacia atlantica extract and 5) diabetics under aerobic training and receiving the extract.. The six week period exercise program included aerobic training on a treadmill (5 sessions per week, 40 minutes per each session, with a speed of 20m/min and 5% incline). Pistacia atlantica extract was fed 5 days per week (25mg/kg). The rats were anesthetized.48 hours after the last training session, and their livers were isolated. Then, the level of their PC, HSP70, and hepatic glycogen were assessed by means of ELISA and chemical colorometry. Mean level of PC in the diabetic group under aerobic training, diabetic group receiving pistacia extract, and the group under aerobic training together with receiving pistacia extract was significantly lower than that of the control diabetic group (P was 0.002,0.006 and 0.002, respectively); but, mean level of PC was not significantly different in the three case groups. Mean level of HSP70 and glycogen in the three groups was not significantly different either (P was 0.21 and 0.59, respectively). It was found that aerobic training and Pistacia atlantica extract consumption, either alone or together, led to a significant reduction in PC levels in the liver tissues of diabetic rats. Thus, Pistacia atlantica extract and aerobic training can be good remedies in reducing liver complications resulting from diabetes.

Today, journals are trying to improve their rankings both at local and international scales. Achievement of the journal relies heavily on our ability to publish articles in scientific journals with the highest quality. In this regard, high quality manuscript review plays an important role in supporting editors-in-chief an d executive s to choose the most relevant papers and also helping authors to improve their manuscript quality to the highest possible level. Peer review process is considered an integral part of scholarly communication helping to ensure validity, increase accuracy, and enhance content prior to publica­tion. A good peer review includes an assessment of many dimensions of manuscript, but the most important dimensions include the overall quality, scientific quality, novelty, and relevance to the journal. We discuss these topics in this letter to emphasize on the importance of a good review.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increased histamine level in the cardiac tissue has deleterious effects after ischemia-reperfusion occurrence. Regarding the existence of histamine type 2 receptors in the heart and their decisive role in inflammation، in the present study the cardioprotective effects of ranitidine in the factors effective gainst LV functions and the extent of the infarcted area were studied. Thirty-two male Balb/C mice were divided into 4 equal groups. The control group received saline; the others were administered 400 mg/kg ranitidine، ip. Group RE just on the test day; R14 and R28 groups for 14 and 28 consecutive days، respectively. Then، the hearts of the subjects were isolated and subjected to Langendorff-perfusion with induced global ischemia for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion of 60 minutes. Left ventricular systolic (LVSP)، and end diastolic pressures (LVEDP)، heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF) were measured، and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP= LVSP-LVEDP) and contractility (+dp/dt) calculated. Myocardial infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Ranitidine can significantly increase LVSP; and decrease infarct size especially in R28 compared to the control group (P<0. 01). It was found that ranitidine of 400 mg/kg dose، esp. during chronic phase can be cardioprotective against ischemia-reperfusion damage through improvement of cardiac performance.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common symptoms among women of productive age that is associated with several side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of applying massage and ice massage to SP6 (SPLEEN6) point on severity and length of primary dysmenorrhea. This single-blind controlled trial study was done on 79 girls living in Birjand University of Medical Sciences dormitories during two menstrual cycles. The tools used in this study were visual analogue pain scale (VAPS) and clock. Data analysis was done by means of SPSS software (V: 15) using statistical tests variance analysis and X2; together with non-parametric tests Wilcoxon, Kruskal-wallis, and Mann-whitney. The study showed that mean pain intensity significantly decreased in massage and ice massage groups after intervention and the difference was significant (P<0.001). Besides, mean change in pain intensity in the massage group (0.91±1.16) was more than ice massage group (0.59±0.57); the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05). Mean of pain duration decreased after intervention in massage and ice massage groups and this reduction was significant (P<0.001). However the mean change in pain duration in the massage and ice massage groups was not significantly different from each other. It was found that applying acupressure to SP6 point with or without ice causes significant reduction of duration and severity of dysmenorrhea in the intervention group compared to the control group.

Inhibition of renin angiotensin system represents an important approach in the management of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of pretreatment with non-hypotensive dose of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ramiprilat and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, losartan on myocardial infarct size and arrhythmias in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Seventy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. One group received saline as control. Other groups were given 10 mg/kg/day of losartan for one (L-1W) or ten weeks (L-10W) as well as 50 μg/kg/day of ramiprilat for one (R-1W) or ten weeks (R-10W) using a feeding needle. The rats were subjected to 30 minutes occlusion and 120 minutes reperfusion of the left coronary artery. Infarct size was determined using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias were analyzed in accordance with the Lambeth conventions. Myocardial infarct size and the number of ventricular beats were significantly reduced in R-1W group, but the reduction was not significant in L-1W. After increasing the duration of pretreatment to 10 weeks in L-10W group, the infarct size, the number of ventricular beats and the episodes of ventricular tachycardia were significantly decreased. However in R-10W group the reduction of ventricular arrhythmias was not significant Based on the above mentioned results it could be concluded that losartan and ramiprilat, at a nonhypotensive dose, can reduce the induction of arrhythmias and infarct size following myocardial ischemia reperfusion. These drugs appear to act in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, we expected an increased cardiac effect by long-term administration of losartan. However prolonged treatment with ramiprilat reduced its protective effect.

Assessing physical growth is one of the important methods of determining the nutrition and health condition and growth follow-up helps to distinguishing growth disruptions and malnutrition in teenagers. Sectional study in 2004 on 889 students was done from of multi step cluster sampling. Height and weight were measured by standard measuring tools and epidemic of malnutrition was determined by Gomes and Waterlow criterion. Out of all of the junior high-school students (5909). 889 boys were selected. Epidemic of malnutrition on the basis of weight criterion for age is 81.1%, and mild, average and severe cases are 9.9%, 37.3%, 33.9%; and on the basis of height criterion for age is 69.1% and mild, average and severe cases are 5.6%, 22.3%, 41.2%. Relative frequency of lightweight and shortened has a meaningful relation with parent's education degree. Height & weight of Brigands teenagers are less than other parts of lran that could be as a result of economic, geographical and environmental factors. We can determine the real epidemic by having regional criteria of growth.

In every organization ,man power is the most important element. of excellence and progress and is the essential factor in the realization of its goals. Since job satisfaction plays a significant role in achieving organizational goals as well as individual and social health, thus the influencing factors must be examined by the public sector so they cold correct the weaknesses and reinforce the strengths through careful recognition of opportunities and threats . the present study was conducted toward the above-mentioned objective. 

The study is a descriptive - analytical research conducted on 324 randomly selected personnel of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was job description index. The data were analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOV A) and k2 by means ofSPSS software.

The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between gender and job satisfaction regarding promotion system and salary (P < ',' 0). There was also a significant relationship between the personnel with different educational backgrounds in five job types. Personnel vlith degrees higher than bachelor were more satisfied with their jobs and salaries. Theses People, however, showed less satisfaction with their supervisors, colleagues, and promotion system. A significant relationship was also observed between service rank and job satisfaction. The Most amount of dissatisfaction concerning payment was related to clinical and "health" care Personnel. 

In order to increase job satisfaction, modifications must be done in areas like the present evaluative methods, payment systems, personnel's attitudes toward their jobs, and manager - personnel relationships. Taking personnel's needs into account, and planning precise long-term schedules can also be effective in this regard.