محسن مدیرشانه چی

The present research was performed to evaluate the Iran-US relationships in 2029 from the Iranian Professors’ point of view. Investigations were perfumed via future studies in two parts: The first part is based on library studies, and the second part is questionnaire-based field surveys, with the acquired data analyzed using MicMac and Scenario Wizard software tools. Based on the results of the analysis in the MicMac software, a total of 20 driver forces for the Iran-US relationships were identified. Considering the driver forces as descriptors of the Iran-US relationships, the most significant driver forces were found to be the government institutions context followed by the relationship-interfering countries, the role of the two countries’ leaders, future of the international system, think tanks, lobbies and pressure groups, nuclear capabilities and missile program of Iran, the role of geography, and historical records of the relationships between the two countries. Based on the outputs of the Scenario Wizard software, five scenarios were identified, including highly favorable, favorable, moderate, unfavorable, and highly unfavorable, with the development of the Iran-US relationships under the moderate scenario being highly probable.

In our country water scarcity has come to be changed water crisis depended on a number of different factors. The major aim of this study is responding to the question of extend of government policies role in creating water crisis. In order to answer this question and based on collected studies and information, a hypothesis has been proposed. The hypothesis of this study suggests that the weakness of community orientation and also deficiency about the process of water policy lead to intensify water crisis in the country. Hypothesis testing of the study is based on experimental evident by means of meta-analysis method. The results of studies indicate that late proplemology, various inferences and definitions about water crisis, interrelationship between making decision and implementation stage and deficiency of water policy evaluation; all of mentioned factors cause inadequacy of solutions. Therefore the presented solutions and decisions about water crisis has led to more using of water resources, increasing water demand and finally water crisis has been intensified in our country.

This study aimed at using Futures methods to identify the wild cards and driver forces of the Iran-US relations in 1408 horizon. The purpose to identify the wild cards is to prevent future surprise since wild cards are events with low probability of occurrence but high impacts. The purpose of identifying the Driver Forces of the Iran-US relations was identifying the key factors in this issue, which can cause diverse futures in the two countries.

The methodology used in the present study was descriptive-analytical and data collection in theoretical part was through bibliographic sources and, in analytical part, through questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS and Mic Mac.

According the findings of the present study, the military attack to Iran, the transformation in the two countries' definition of human rights, the role of Iran's geo-culture, the future role of the leadership structure in Iran, the role of pressure and extremist factions in Iran, and the impact of Iran's role in resolving the Syrian case were considered as probable wild cards.

Regarding the identified Driver Forces, they are categorized in eight topics: the role of intergovernmental bodies, countries disturbing the relations, the roles of leaders of the two countries, the future the international system, think tanks, lobbies and pressure groups, nuclear capability and Iran's missile program, the role of geography of the two countries, and the historical background of the two countries' relations.

One of the requirements to having access to roots and aspects of an issue is its historical process examination. But more important of its history is the way of understanding and imagining of that issue. The relations between Iran and USA in about two former centuries have had lots of ups and downs and the experts also have divided it into different periods. The main purpose of this article is attention to history of relations between two countries from the landscape of Iranian nation and government. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected from library. Based on findings from researches, the relations between two countries have divided into four historical periods. At the beginning of the relations until 1332, the connection between countries was positive and there was a kind of alignment of views between nation and government. In the second period that had continued until 1357 revolution, there was a conflict between the opinions of nation and government about the relation with USA. After this period that was entwined with Islamic revolution and occupation of USA's embassy, again was an alignment of views. This is the third period that had continued until 1376 and after that is the fourth historical period that has been continued until today. In this period, the nation started to abandon their hostility to USA and want to develop the relations with United States but the regime still resists to this desire and another age of confliction has been started.

The goal of this article is approaching to a touchable theoretical framework of modern state. The question is that by what kinds of approach the modern state could be studied and investigated. Besides, what are the bases and traits of modern state. In other words by which theoretical traits the modern state could be recognized better. The author, while giving a short introduction of macro views of modern state, knows the Organizational Approach as the most suitable view for defining the state; because it is free from the deficiencies of other approaches. The method used in this study is historical, descriptive, analytical and comparative. This study while referring to the historical development of modern state in the frame of absolutist state by laying on theoretical framework got from the ideas of Weber, Pierson and Morris, emphasis on the fact that modern state should be investigated as a political organization, so by defining its parts, the nature of modern state( basis, function, nature and traits) could be recognized, and the complexities and ambiguities on the way of defining the state could be reduced.

The 17th parliamentary election was one of the most important events of the history of contemporary Iran in the process of democracy. The particular significance of this election round lies mostly in the fact that it was the only round that coincided with the establishment of the National and Popular Government in Iran at Mossadegh’s term as the Prime Minister. The 17th term of legislature began on April 26, 1952. Elections in some regions were postponed due to political tensions and interventions of local influential groups. In this round, 79 out of 136 seats in the parliament were occupied by representatives. The parliamentary election of this round in Neyshabur led to fraud and political controversy, resulting in the deaths and injuries of several people. This article seeks to study the process of conducting this election round in Neyshabur and the related events based on written documents and sources, newspapers published in those days, as well as interviews with local informants.

In this article, the less known aspect of Malek al Shoara Mohammad Taghi Bahar, contemporary great and famous Iranian poet, namely his political life in both theory and action, would be considered. His active membership and leadership in Democratic parties of constitutional era and 1940s decade parties, two lesser parties of Azadi (Freedom) belong to Ahmad Qavam (Qavam al Saltana) and Hassan Arsanjani, his representative as member of parliament in the third to sixth Iranian national assemblies, short long presence in the cabinet of Qavam as minister of culture, and other actions and activities in politics and political parties as well as his political and social thinking would be studied in the article. Although Bahar was an idealist poet, his political thought and activities were realistic and concentrated on realism and national interest. Political theory of Bahar and his focus on political realism and active support of national interest, in this analysis, has been deduced through his idea and articles in journals as well as his famous book named a brief history of political parties or decline of Qajar danasty.

Many political concepts as well as technology exported to various regions of the world from Europe after renaissance, industrial revolution and protestantism. Meanwhile western technology andconcepts of political philosophy came to Iran since nineteenth century. Republicanism was one of these concepts. This concept and idea as one of the most factors in Iranian contemporary political - social transformations since its introducing in Qajar era till Islamic revolution has diversely been interpreted. In this these various approachs would be studied.

In this article, after noting the significance of the Persian Gulf in the center of heartland, the historical presence of coastal civilizations, states, and foreign powers in the region will be analyzed. While disputes and tensions in this region led to wars, some unions formed around the Persian Gulf region. According to the main hypothesis of this article, Iran can play a major role in the Persian Gulf region as well as finding its historical hegemonic situation by adopting a peaceful approach.

Legalism as the main element of constitutional discourse is the most important factor in identification of this discourse in confrontation with despotism as the alternative discourse. In this article, after presentation a theoretical framework and related historical studies on the Qajar era, disputes between constitutionalism and despotism and final victory of Iranian constitutional movement have been considered through discourse analysis.

The present article first mentions four practical tools of foreign policy of each country, which include diplomacy as a conventional and well-known tool, economic or financial-trade power, military force, and finally cultural or communication power. Then, it gives a logical explanation and analysis of the structure of power as well as cultural influence of media tool in international relations. The analysis of elements and capacities of cultural exchange especially in religious, theological, cultural, literary and civilizational fields is of great importance nowadays. Therefore, logical description of the relation of afore-mentioned categories with politics and its extension into regions around Iran is a necessity. Strategies and priorities affecting the adoption of interaction policy will be also investigated. After that some questions about the nature and quality of this discourse is raised. The paradigm of answering these questions is a combination of descriptive, analytical and prescriptive approach. At the end of this article, means of national power development and expansion of regional influence and status is suggested in accordance with interaction discourse. Thus, adopting and scheming models for optimum strategy in each of the areas of cooperation in Iranian foreign policy requires rigid and serious study and immediate dedication and attention.

Mashhad, the center of Khorasan province, had a significant role in Iranians anti-authoritarian struggles which led to the Constitutional Revolution. Some of the authors by considering the riots and infightings in Mashhad, a few years before victory of revolution, have considered a pioneering and inspiration role for this city and its people. Despite efforts and infightings of Mashhad constitutionalists, after victory of the revolution, the space of the city became strangulated, so the constitutionalists failed to achieve their goals. Most of Mashhad constitutionalists were arrested, taken prisoner and sent into exile. In fact, the Constitution and constitutionalists became isolated and suppressed in the city. This research is going to find an answer for the reasons of the mentioned sphere of Mashhad. To answer the question, the paper hypothesis is focused in the role and interferences of Russia in the city.

The relation between ration and religion as one of the oldest theosophical discourses and intellectual challenges among philosophers, theosophists, scholars and Moslem jurisprudents (and even non-Moslems) is a subject constantly considered the most important intellectual and philosophical preoccupation in the field of ideological, ethical and socio-political existence. Historical, the emergence of various sects in the territory of Islamic civilizations has its roots, before anything else, in rational approaches to religion and in other words in their attitudes towards the relation between ration and religion, spiritual intellect, ration and ideology, ration and religion and the like. Based on which, the theosophical sects of the Shiite, Motazali and Ashaerah, with different rational interpretation and sometimes in conflict with Islamic religion emerged and presented interesting and attractive thoughts and viewpoints. Briefly studying the historical position of each of the mentioned theosophical sects, this article attempts to analyze the major differences among the theosophical sects in the subject.

Achaemenian's imperia (government) were established in 550 B.C, by the Median crash, by Cyrus the great. By the first battle that redounded to Median crash, Cyru's basic theory in internal and external diplomacy, it means, "tolerance and forbearance" was founded. Kings were nearly next to this policy. Campuses followed the territorial expansion policy and after the capture of Egypt followed his fathers soft policy. Darius transformed "tolerance and forbearance" to political doctrine and endeavored to the methods peaceful ways to reach his goals.Following the attacks Xerxes to Greece Delos confederacy led by Athens, was formed. First Artaxerxes followed the consistency and patience policy. Second Darius and Second Artaxerxes adopting the policy "divide and rule". Finally, with Macedonian attacks on Darius III, Achaemenid Empire sun life, fell.