محسن وفامهر

Until the Qajar Era, the historic city of Shushtar served as the administrative center of the Khuzestan plain. Water and the location of the river relative to the city influenced the city and the establishment of its core. This research employs a historical-interpretive method to investigate the historical impact of the natural elements of water and river, human-made urban elements, as well as agriculture and other water-related human activities concerning the spatial organization of this city. The research aims to explore these factors in several layers during the pre-Islamic era to represent the inner order and spatial organization of the city.The spatial organization of historic Shushtar was studied and interpreted by examining this historical era through studying historical documents, records, and evidence, as well as searching for events, occurrences, and conditions that influenced the emergence of this city in the pre-Islamic era. The interviews with experts were then utilized to verify the field observations and perceptions.This article concludes that water has played a significant role in forming the spatial organization of the city as an influential element in the prosperity of the region. The findings contradict previous archaeological findings, historical documents, and texts. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a more accurate picture of the city’s spatial organization during the pre-Islamic era by identifying stated contradictions. The research findings ultimately reveal that the natural elements of water and the Karun River were the main factors for settlement in the region. The initial point of the spatial organization formation of this city was the Shushtar city core, located at a strategic point compatible with the natural landscape and water elements. The religious values, economy, politics, needs, and life activities developed under the influence of said natural environment.

Mosques are considered among the highest forms of Islamic architecture and a manifestation of beauty in the interaction of Islamic art and architecture in different eras; therefore, mosques and religious buildings were continuously recognized as pillars of the reevaluation of artistic and architectural styles and innovations following Islam. From this perspective, the Timurid architectural style can be considered as one of the prominent and brilliant periods of unique harmony between Islamic art and architecture, and the Goharshad Mosque as the result and masterpiece of the fusion and adaptation of artistic elements of architectural structures and decorations and artistic arrangements of this period, which, in addition to embodying indigenous architecture based on the temporal-spatial requirements of that era, created a spiritual and mystical space that has remained unique and unparalleled as an artistic and architectural masterpiece from the Timurid era. Therefore, the aim of the research is a comparative understanding of the interaction and harmony of architectural elements on one hand, and decorations and artistic arrangements on the other hand, in the Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad. The results of the research show that Iranian architects of this work have been able to create a valuable work with aesthetic qualities worthy of attention and with a spiritual and mystical space by creating harmony and appropriate interaction between art and architecture in the building, relying on mystical thoughts and beliefs alongside using contemporary sciences and innovative methods in construction and decorations, which best represent their era.

Biophilic design is one of the important needs of the new century and a logical response to problems has emerged. Most of the theories are presented by Western researchers and in terms of their cultural differences with Iranian culture, the main purpose of this study is to apply the principles of biophilic attitude with the principles of architecture in hot and dry climates and to achieve effective components to create a biophilic environment in Hashtgerd is the new city of Iran. The present research is "descriptive-analytical" in terms of its practical purpose and method. Documentary methods (to explain the indicators) and survey (observation and questionnaire) were used to collect data. Due to the small amount of research, a questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS was used to analyze the data. The biophilic view was performed, the results indicate a direct correlation between the variables of biophilic design and viability, and based on the beta coefficient, the "biomorphic" criterion has the greatest impact on the achievement of viability, and the criteria of education and awareness, culture and society are second and They are third. At the end, a model (pyramidal design) was presented to achieve livability in the new city of Hashtgerd.

The origin of every architectural work is based on pillars; Form, function, geometry and content can be considered as the pillars of architecture, each of which plays a role in the creation of the work; They refer to the form as the shape, geometry and beauty of the building, the function as the efficiency and utilization of the space, the content as the identity and theoretical foundations of the work. Architecture has long sought to create spaces that, in addition to beauty, efficiency and strength, can communicate with its users make geometry and proportions have been tools that helped architects achieve this goal. The present research aims to analyze the geometrical principles in the interaction of architecture and structure and its intellectual roots and theoretical foundations, and analyze its manifestation in architecture. This research is analytical-descriptive. The method and tools used in the research are the library method and the examination of written documents. In expressing the results of this study, Cognition,understaning and spatial visualization of the static and current force in the load-bearing body of the bulding, with a comlete understanding of the propotions and dimentions of its full and empty parts,precisely determines the use of geometry in the design of covering the dimensions and propotions of different parts of the bulding and this is the structure user of geometry in architectural design.

In the noble verses of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the Imams, multiple references have been made to places of worship, education, and residence. On the other hand, religious texts have extensively discussed light and its concepts. Architecture has long been a manifestation of sublime human emotions and a platform for the realization of human excellence. It creates a perceptible space that leads individuals to contemplation. Therefore, this article focuses on the assessment of daylight in the combined pattern of mosque-school-residential buildings, in one of its exceptional case studies, the Mansouriye Traditional Seminary in Shiraz. Daylight was evaluated based on indicators of illuminance, daylight factor, and light penetration depth on the first day of 22 December from 8 AM to 5 PM. The data for each component was collected in the selected southeast direction of worship, educational, and residential spaces using measurement methods (lux meter device), numerical calculations (Olgy formula), and geometric calculations. The data was then analyzed using two quantitative comparative methods with the standard of LED and the Iranian Lighting Design Association, and a qualitative analysis method. The results indicate satisfactory utilization of daylight in the studied space within the functional time frame of Islamic-Iranian architecture. The illuminance intensity in the mosque does not meet the standard. However, this indicator ranges from 200 to 500 lux in the school and from 150 to 500 lux in the room, aligning with the specified standards. The daylight factor in the place of worship does not have the standard, while it ranges from 2 to 5 percent in the school and in the room until 11 AM remain within the standard.

Geometry and ornaments are one of the most important elements of mosque architecture. Mosque is also the most prominent portion in Muslim construction. Considering the physical and semantic dimensions of mosques, geometry and ornaments, in addition to the function of geometrical structuring and adorning the space, it cause the appearance of divine names and attributes in the mosque. The necessity and importance of this research originates from the fact that importance of meaning and virtue is not less than its construction and we should not be limited only to the external aspects of the mosque. Taking advantage of appropriate geometry and ornaments, the most important purpose of research is to improve the architectural design of the mosque naves.

 Contemporary landmark mosques, considered as immanent legacies, were selected as the case study and correlation, Delphi and case research methods and questionnaires, interviews, surveys, and statistical analysis software were used. Initially, through interviews and questionnaires from elites, then through questionnaires from experts and in three valuable contemporary mosques, the users of the mosque were surveyed and the data were analyzed through statistical software.

the appropriate utilization of geometry and ornaments, in addition to improving the architectural design, manifests the spiritual meaning and virtu in the mosque naves..

The purposeful use of geometry and ornamental decorations in mosques, with proper expression and the use of advanced materials and technologies, lead to the way to the improvement of the spirituality of mosques;

Mosque is the most significant body in Muslim architecture, and geometry and ornamentals are  through the most important elements of the mosque architecture. In addition to the geometric role and beauty of mosque configuration, considering the mundain and spiritual aspects of mosques, it also conveys the meanings of Allah's beauty and gelorious names and attributes in the form of a physical configuration. This type of attitude towards geometry and ornamental decorations is recognized as semantic and virtue-oriented architecture. therefore, the main issue is the relationship between the geometry and ornamental decoration of the mosques with the  quality improvement of the space of the nave of mosques.  This relationship creates the necessity and importance of the geometry and ornamental decorations in architectural design of mosques  at which the sprituality aspects must be considred in addition to the appearnce and mundain configuration. In this research, various methods such as document research libraray, Delphi, and  case studies were utilized as well as the interview tools, questionnaires, surveys, and statistical analysis software. In order to collect the research-required information, some surveys interviews and questionnaires were  conducted and distributed among the related experts within six historical and contemporary eminent mosques, and the data were analyzed using statistical softwares. Conclusively, in addition to improving the quality of the physical configuration, the results indicate that paying attention to geometry and ornamental decorations of mosques causes the increase in spritual manifestation of meaning and beauty in mosques.

Practice-based education is a new approach to curriculum planning that emphasizes on the relationship between theory and practice to complete the learning process. The pragmatic pedagogy focuses on the social and occupational performance of graduates after college. Despite the importance of the subject, the bachelor of architecture in Iran has not been very successful in terms of practical training. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of pragmatic pedagogy components on curriculum development in the field of vocational training in Iran. This research is in the category of applied-developmental research with a sequential-exploratory approach. First, in the qualitative section, to identify the components of pragmatic pedagogy, the content analysis method with inductive strategy was used. Qualitative data analysis and coding were performed with NVIVO software. Next, in the quantitative part, a survey-exploratory method was used to measure the effectiveness of the components of pragmatic pedagogy on curriculum development of the bachelor of architecture. In the quantitative part of this research, the Kendall W test and multivariate regression analysis in SPSS software was used for data analysis. The data collection method in the qualitative section includes literature review and semi-structured individual interviews. In the quantitative section, data has been collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research includes university lecturers in architecture. 100 samples were selected based on the minimum sample size required in survey research by a simple random sampling method to complete the questionnaire. Regarding the interview, 35 were selected based on purposeful sampling. The results of the qualitative section show that the components of pragmatic pedagogy include 19 indicators, 4 objectives, and 5 elements. The regression equation between the objectives of pragmatic pedagogy with its constituent indicators shows that despite the positive effect of each of the indicators on their corresponding objectives, their impact is not the same; so corresponding to the 4 objectives of "applied education", "teacher-apprenticeship method", "experiential learning" and "observational learning" respectively; the indicators of "activities and educational strategies based on the realities of the architectural profession", "utilizing master craftsmen and teachers", "education of active and pragmatic graduates" and "the role of skilled masters and master craftsmen as role models" have the greatest effect on the improvement of the curriculum. In ranking the objectives of applied education and its related components from the perspective of architecture teachers, "applied education" with the element of  "usefulness", "teacher-apprenticeship method" with the element of "internship", "experiential learning" with the two elements of "objective experience and experiment" and "observational learning" with the "observation" element, have the greatest effect on improving the curriculum. If the objectives of the curriculum are adapted to the components of pragmatic pedagogy and their realization in the bachelor of architecture, the development of practice-based education in architecture schools will be provided. Finally, it will lead to the promotion of professional education for architecture students at the undergraduate level in Iran.

Recent earthquakes in Iran have caused considerable damage to building façades. This has resulted in economic, social, and building function losses. Moreover, this occurrence poses a threat to human life [1]. Given the progress made in the field of improving the seismic performance of structural systems and the trend of new design approaches toward damage control levels rather than life safety [1], the role of architectural components such as façades in maintaining building performance and reducing damages and casualties is more crucial than ever. The structural stability of facades must be considered as a top priority in their design in in earthquake-prone areas. However, their design is complex, and it is difficult to achieve earthquake resistance because too many variables affect their performance during seismic events [2]. This study aims to identify the design parameters that affect mid-rise building façade seismic stability. This study examined all English-language studies published in this field until 2023, utilizing a scoping review method to answer the following exploratory questions. What years had the most studies? Which countries conduct the most research? How many architecture schools have conducted studies? Most studied façade types? What research methods were used? What design parameters improve façade seismic performance? What factors are the most frequently cited in the literature?

This study followed Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review model. From March 2022 to February 2023, three bibliographic databases—Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest—and two search engines—Google and Google Scholar—retrieved English-language sources published until 2023. 'Façade or Cladding or Enclosure or 'Building skin' or Envelope' and 'Seismic design' or 'Lateral load' or 'Earthquake' yielded 526 sources. Thirty-five studies were eligible for analysis.

The majority of research—57.1 %—was published after 2015. Most studies were conducted in the United States (13), Australia, Italy, and New Zealand (each of them; 4 studies). Furthermore, 11.5% were completed in collaboration between universities in different countries. Studies in Iran accounted for 5.7% of the research. Participation from architecture schools was 17.2% of the total. There were 51% experimental setups, 26% numerical modeling, 20% combined methods, and 3% case studies. Most research has centered on curtain façades (57%), dry connection façades (60%) and glass and brick façades. The studies were divided into two groups based on the façade examined. Seven categories of variables were identified based on the data from each group. They are organized into three levels at the stage of façade design. The most frequent factors stated in the literature involved connections and their characteristics. The proportions of materials, connections, movement joints, and facade component dimensions, aspect ratio, and slenderness were shared in the seismic vulnerability of midrise building facades.

The findings indicate that the scientific community has paid more attention to this issue in recent years than in the past. Iran's high seismicity and the need to consider certain parameters during the preliminary design phase to achieve a seismically resistant façade for mid-rise buildings highlight the need for collaboration between architects and engineers and between Iranian and leading international universities. Due to the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the façade design, it may be advantageous to employ multi-criteria decision-making techniques.

Undergraduate curricula in our country have been criticized for not paying enough attention to the field of practical activities and neglecting vocational training. The curriculum is considered to be a central pillar of the education process and a means to achieve the goals of higher education, Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve the curriculum based on action-based education as a new approach and the link between architecture education and the needs of society and the labor market. This research seeks to answer two questions: 1. What is the curriculum model in the undergraduate course based on the Klein and Akker model? 2. What is the conceptual model of the curriculum objectives from the perspective of pragmatic education under the proposed model? The present research is of qualitative type and meta-synthesis methods and content analysis has been used sequentially. Data analysis and coding were performed using Nvivo software. Documentary methods and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. First, with the meta-synthesis method, 18 curriculum patterns were examined and based on the Klein and Akker model, the characteristics of the proposed model was expressed; this pattern consists of nine elements centered on the objectives of the curriculum, so that the other elements are interconnected like a spider web. Then, data analysis was performed by analyzing the content of selected documents and interview forms. After analyzing the qualitative data, 2437 references were obtained, and summarizing and classifying the data, finally 83 open codes, 23 axial codes (19 sub-categories and 4 main categories), and 5 selective codes were presented. After discovering the causal relationships, the spiral conceptual model consisting of 4 objectives, 5 components, and 19 indicators of pragmatic education was presented. In this model, the component of observation as the core and the four components of objective experience, experimentation, internship, and usefulness at higher levels, respectively, constitute the components of pragmatic education. As utility as an inclusive component at the highest level of pragmatic education plays a role in curriculum revision and promotion of architectural education to train vocational.

The use of moqrans as a decorative symbol has long been intertwined with the architecture of this land in Iran, and the architect has decorated the roof of the building using various methods of using moqrans and decorated the sky with the use of moqrans. The use of regular geometry, which is the essence of Iranian architecture, is an important principle in the use of moqrans and its execution, and the proportions used in the implementation of moqrans express nothing but the use of the special principles of traditional architecture of this land. Throughout the history, like other decorative arts, moqransazi has evolved in terms of the number of uses and the addition of materials. With the beginning of the building of mosques and schools of religious sciences in new and unique forms, this decoration opened a precious place for itself, and gained great importance. The architecture of Khorasan, due to its ancient history, is a testimony to the architect's skill in using types of moqrans in the traditional buildings of this country. Muqrans in different periods and also the diversity of its use in this city have been discussed From the point of view of the amount of usage, the Safavid and Timurid periods have the most use of moqrans, and from the perspective of the variety of use, the hanging moqrans has the highest amount of use in different historical periods, and the front moqrans has been used to a considerable extent in the Qajar era.

Scientific-research journals have a prominent role in representing creativity and scientific findings in a specific field of science, which has not been comprehensive research in the field of architectural technology. Reviewing publications in terms of qualitative content and number of published articles can be an effective step in helping architectural researchers in this field.The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the general trend of articles published in the field of architectural technology in all scientific research journals in the country during the years 1398-58. In this study, which was conducted in the spring of 1999, 225 articles from 21 scientific research journals in the country were reviewed.The research method used in this research is qualitative and descriptive. First, by analyzing the qualitative content of the articles, a thematic classification was obtained and the issues of architectural technology were divided into eight subgroups, then, using statistical methods, the relationships between them were analyzed. In this study, ten parameters were considered for further investigation, which are:"Thematic contribution of articles", "Participation of institutions", "Publisher journals", "Scientific rank of authors", "Participation of scientific-specialized groups", "Sources and references used", "Year of publication", "Research method used "," Acceptance period "," Sources and references ".The results of this study show that the subject of "structure" has been the most discussed by researchers and the subject of "digital" has the least share.Among the authors, the number of senior students is significantly significant, which can be justified according to the orientation of architecture and technology at the senior level.The highest number of articles was during the years 1995-90, which shows the increasing attention to this issue among researchers in recent years and according to the needs of society on this issue, also the most used research method is descriptive-analytical.

A considerable part of human activity is devoted to work and profession, and engineering, especially architecture, is essential to the production of living and activities spaces. Wherever, we are in an environment designed by engineers, environmental designers and architects, and what we see and experience is the product and experience of their professional endeavors. These space products are designed to meet the needs of users. Needs that are shaped by the type of life and the level of desire that translate into the term “lifestyle”. Certainly, the term is not only interpretable in the process of producing ethical aspects, but it is itself the basis for behaviors and actions that can underlie ethical evaluation. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explain the professional ethics in architecture with regard to Islamic lifestyle.

The results of this study show that there are significant similarities between the aspects of Islamic lifestyle (moderation, avoidance of extravagance, piety and godliness, thinking, truthfulness and honesty, etc) and engineering ethics (creating welfare, safety and health of the community, independence, legality, discipline, courage, skills, knowledge, etc) are significant similarities between the two domains. In other words, every aspect of the engineering ethics interacts with several aspects of the Islamic lifestyle.

Considering the role and importance of qibla as the most important issue in Islamic mosques’architecture, study of this element and the way it affects the architecture of historic mosques can lead to solutions for representation of the direction of qibla in the future mosques’ architecture. In the present study, aiming to identify the factors and elements influencing the strengthening of the direction of Qibla in Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad, comprehensive information about Qibla and its role in mosque architecture and architecture of Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad collected using documentary method, reviewing library texts and field study. Then, considering three factors of kinetic hierarchy, spatial axes, and geometry affected by the direction of Qibla, architectural features and spatial qualities of components and constituent elements of this mosque studied descriptively and analytically. The results showed that the architecture of Goharshad Mosque, besides other common methods in its time, has several innovative features including: the more prominent and magnificent qibla porch (with a tall turquoise dome, thick and tall side garlands,, upside down narrow porch opening, and more decorations), specifying the location of the altar with spatial expansion between the porch and the dome, various types of decorations and the use of muqarnas and decorations Besides creating legibility in the space and facilitating the orientation of the qibla, pairing and symmetrical balance in the design of physical components and decorations around the main and secondary axes of the building, etc., have an effective role in creating a spiritual atmosphere in the mosque.

Today, the interaction of structure and architecture is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of many designers. In the traditional architecture of Iran, the process of interaction between structure and architecture was continuous and completely integrated. But due to the changes resulting from the age of industry and under the influence of technology, in recent centuries, this matter has been discussed among researchers. The aim of the current research is to recognize the interaction of architecture and structure inspired by the Seljuk period, so as to achieve a favorable interaction between architecture and structure.The research method was qualitative content analysis method and combined strategies and collection and analyzes were done through library studies. The results of the research indicate that that the relationship between structure and architecture in contemporary buildings is often of the type of structure as form And in the ideation and design of buildings, less attention is paid to the role of the structure as an active element in the organization of the space from the aesthetic and visual aspect and Its stability aspect is mainly considered. In the interaction between the structure and traditional architecture, the discussion is about the participation of the form in fulfilling the needs of the construction of the structure, Also, the use of symmetry in form design brings ease in design and construction. It is also an understanding of the behavior of the structure in the form that in all cases it is possible to witness the compliance of the form with the overall shape and format of the structure by using symmetry.

Despite the existence of potential human and executive forces in Iran, unfortunately, industrialization and the use of new technology and materials in residential buildings and the prevention of material wastage, with a very slow process and due to the importance of the construction sector in Iran's economic activities More effective measures need to be taken in this regard. For this purpose, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the indicators affecting the waste of materials in residential buildings in Tehran according to the existing theoretical foundations. This research is descriptive in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method of work and survey and documentary. In order to identify the effective factors, a sample from the community of experts and experts in this industry has been selected by simple random sampling method and The data were collected by distributing a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The results showed that proper design with a percentage of 74.73% has the greatest effect on the increase in construction waste. After that, the manufacturing industry with a percentage of 71.65% in the second rank, education with an impact percentage of 70.62% in the third rank, financial resources and economic justification with a percentage of 64.83% in the fourth rank and finally save and Warehouses with 63.33% have the least effect of increasing waste.

One of the problems of the construction system in the country, especially the office buildings, is the design and implementation methods in terms of using technology. The low useful life of these buildings, especially in the hot humid climate, which has strong radiation and high humidity, causes severe erosion of these buildings built with common materials. Building industrialization based on sustainable development criteria as an efficient way to control and increase the quality of their construction is one of the long-term plans of the policy makers of the country's construction sector. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate sustainability criteria in the industrialization of office buildings in the hot and humid climate of Abadan city. The importance and significant aspects of the economic, social and environmental components as the three main pillars of sustainability in the industrialization of office buildings in Abadan is raised as the main question of this research, which has been measured by experts of the engineering organization. The research method in the first part was by collecting the main indicators of sustainable development, the factors that were most important according to experts were selected and categorized and coded based on the criteria of sustainable development dimensions. The Likert scale of questions was distributed among the statistical community after confirming its validity and reliability by experts. The tests include single sample T (t-test), paired T and K-S test in "SPSS-16.0" software environment. The findings show that social goals and its components (product and worker safety and environmental quality) have the highest impact in the sustainability of the industrialization of office buildings, followed by economic goals and its components (construction speed and project life span). It shows that development and realization of building industrialization cannot be realized only from the economic and technical point of view.

Irregular and unregulated constructions have to a large extent destroyed national resources and wealth and caused the waste of materials; And this has caused the residential construction industry in Iran today to face a crisis of productivity management and choice of materials. This confusion is seen in all phases of project implementation (design, calculation, implementation and operation). And new materials in order to prevent the loss of materials in residential buildings in Iran. Residential buildings were interviewed and questionnaires and the obtained data were analyzed using Shannon technique. The questions of this article are based on its purpose What are the effective indicators to prevent the production of waste in residential buildings? How can the purpose of this research be explained and developed based on the indicators mentioned? The results show that the two indicators of "harmony in the dimensions of the building" and "thoughtful productivity of technology and new materials" have the greatest impact on preventing the production of construction waste.

In spite of the development of theories related to the early stages of the project life cycle (feasibility studies and initial planning), it is still unclear to what extent the project stakeholders have sufficient belief regarding the necessity and implementation of these initiation phases in practice. This research has been conducted with the aim of measuring the efficiency of implementation of feasibility study in construction projects (especially in Iran) and proposing a solution to improve its efficiency in the future. The data collection tool is questionnaire based and has been measured and analyzed using the relative importance index (RII) of the following items: Measuring the efficiency of existing feasibility methods, Developing and controlling its performance and Knowledge-based feasibility study. The results of this analysis revealed the factors such as (Sequence of tasks, bottom-up management and appropriate work breakdown structure) that are of particular importance for the development of the initial phase of projects. Also, the general findings indicate that this research can be used to clarify how to strengthen the link between related theories and the use of these theories in the implementation of projects in practice. In addition, this research can provide new insights for project managers and stakeholders towards the new knowledge-based management strategies and tools and also can implement the project team training system to improve the level of insight and understanding of project stakeholders from the early stages of the life cycle in the current practices of construction projects.

In the central yard of historic houses of Kashan, geometry and proportions are the most important factors in providing light to adjacent spaces. To measure the optical performance of these yards it is necessary to know its geometrical properties. The article by the method with expression of geometric and proportional principles and rules related to the central yard in the use of daylight spaces, proportional to its performance in the selected sample. Factors such as geometric shape, length, width, height and specific ratios R_1= ambient / height and R_2= width / length or (PAR), SAR = width / height, sky boundary and angle of view of the sky relative to the pop-up and its effect They are based on the optical performance of the yard. The results show that the dominant geometry of yards, rectangles and squares is with corners Proportional values R1, R2 exceed the suggested minimum for proper illumination of space; Also, the SAR and the viewing angle of the openings to the sky are proportional to the performance of the spaces and the need for their lighting. As a result, in Kashan homes, light is given higher priority than its climatic function, and adjacent central yards enjoy natural daylight and almost uniformity with adequate light penetration for most of the day. Yards are able to provide a daylight factor of more than 1.5-3 for adjacent spaces, which indicates the compliance of its geometry, proportions and spatial scale in order to provide adequate lighting for these houses.

Mankind desires to connect with the natural world is an innate need. Nature and the transfer of its concepts in the design of living environments will increase the quality of life and improve the livability of the place. Traditional architecture of Iranian cities has long been significant and climate factor has been considered as a superior parameter in design. Given that most modern architectural ideas are Western, the issue here is how to adapt the principles of biophilia to the principles of architecture in hot and dry climates. The present research has been accomplished in terms of applied purpose and descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Documentary methods (to explain the indicators) and survey (observation and questionnaire) were used to collect data. Since the present study is a quantitative research, a questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS statistical software was applied to analyze data. Correlation tests were applied to examine the relationships between variables. A one-sample t-test was used to compare the statistical population with theoretical median and multivariate regression to investigate the effect of biophilic design components on bioavailability; moreover, the new city of Hashtgerd was selected as the study area. Findings indicate that there is a direct and significant correlation between biophilic design variables and computable bioavailability. On the other hand, based on a single-sample t-test, it was found that the viability status is lower than normal (average 3), consequently, the community is not in the desired condition. Based on the multivariate regression test, the equations of how the relationships between the variables were presented and based on the beta coefficient of prioritization of biophilic design variables on the viability of the site, it was announced that the "biomorphic" component has the greatest impact on location viability. There are also a number of components of Islamic architecture such as the use of light and space, spatial relationships and the shape and nature of natural space in biophilic design.

1. Investigating the viability of biophilic architecture with location. 2. Examining the degree of compatibility of biophilic architecture with Islamic architecture.

Research questions: 

1. To what extent is biophilic architecture viable and adaptable to place? 2. What are the similarities between biophilic architecture and Islamic architecture?

One of Kashanchr('39')s historical architectural achievements has been the use of skylights in historic houses. Research has shown that these skylightschr('39') quality and performance are related to factors such as their type, distance from other openings, size, and materials, cut-off Angle, area of illumination created, number, and amount of their efficiency. The article used these factors for evaluating the impact of these skylightschr('39') performance. The present study, based on library and field studies, analyzes the effect of skylightschr('39') performance on the architecture of the house of Boroujerdi as a selected example. The results show that skylightschr('39') performance has been influential on architectural proportions through the number, size, and area of the space illuminated by it. Also, the three-component structure of skylights determined the geometry and architectural form of related spaces, and formalization was a part of the design of skylights in Kashan, which was a solution to direct light into the building; Also; the distance of the skylights from each other shows that the scale and dimensions of the space have been formed in relation to them and the efficiency factor of 50% of the skylights shows the acceptable performance and correct choice of their materials in providing light.

Lack of housing and its low quality has always been one of the main problems in Iran. The growth of the countrychr('39')s population in recent decades, extensive displacements, and the improper adopted policies and management in this area have caused problems that demand serious attention. The present study aimed to identify and prioritize the housing problems by the Delphi method and Shannon technique.

This research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods based on a consecutive analytical and exploratory strategy conducted in 2019 with the opinion of 10 senior managers and officials and seven university professors aware of the field of housing in Mashhad. A combination of the Delphi method and Shannon entropy technique was used to analyze the data.

A model with four components of design, managerial, implementation, and economic and 32 indicators was developed that using the Shannon technique, the design component with a weight of 0.03133 placed in the first rank, the managerial component with a weight of 0.03127 was in the second rank, the economic component with a weight of 0.03126 was in the third rank, and the implementation component with a weight of 0.03108 was in the fourth rank.

The components of design and management deserve more serious attention than other components. Also, among the 32 indicators examined, "impossibility of owning housing and renting", "worn-out residential fabric", "lack of flexibility in the building", "lack of effective planning in mass production and industrial production", and "lack of attention to building sustainability approaches and using clean energy " are the most critical problems in the field of housing from experts, respectively.

The present article mentioned that our architecture knowledge of industrial complexes (in comparison to the other kind of buildings and complexes) is limited. Apart from the lack of architectural research on industrial complexes, another major challenge in this field is the reductionist nature of their architecture definitions proposed in prior researches. Therefore, the goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive concept of architecture in these complexes. The study is based on systems theory as a holistic approach as well as primary and secondary categories of Smith Capon (meaning, function, form, spirit, construction and context). The research method was reflecting on Persian and English words related to industrial complexes such as industry, production and so on. The collected data is analyzed by logical reasoning. The results confirmed that these categories, their interactions and their periphery, as three general structural features of systems, can create a comprehensive boundary between the architecture of industrial complexes and the architecture of other complexes.