محمد امیر کریمی ترشیزی

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal (AHFM) on the performance, intestinal morphology, and meat oxidation of Arian broiler chickens from d 15 to 42. A total of 480 one-day-old chickens of two sexes (equal ratio) were randomly distributed among 24 pens (20 chicks per experimental unit). The four experimental diets contained different levels of feather meal (0, 2, 4, and 5 %), which were replicated six times. During the grower period, daily weight gain decreased and the feed conversion ratio increased at 4 and 5 % AHFM levels (P<0.05), also feed intake increased in birds fed on a 5 % AHFM diet (P<0.05). In the overall experimental period feeding 4 % AHFM decreased the body weight gain compared to control (P<0.05) and the feed intake was reduced in birds fed on 2 % AHFM (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio has not been influenced by the level of AHFM 15-42 d. Diets with AHFM decreased the jejunum villi height, while this reduction in the ileum was observed at 4 and 5 % AHFM, and goblet cell density increased at 5 % AHFM (P<0.05). With the increase in the level of AHFM, the concentration of malondialdehyde in fresh breast, and thigh meat decreased so that the group receiving five percent of AHFM had the lowest concentration of malondialdehyde (P<0.01). The level of 5 % AHFM reduced the litter moisture (P<0.05) and the levels of AHFM did not affect the concentration of the litter ammonia. None of the mortality, production efficiency index, and feed cost per kilogram of live weight were significantly affected by experimental treatments. As a general conclusion, the use of AHFM reduced the body weight and increased the feed conversion ratio of Arian broilers without affecting the mortality rate and production efficiency index, although meat oxidative stability improved.

Due to genetic selection, today's strains exhibit higher metabolic activity, resulting in increased heat production and reduced heat resistance. This can negatively impact their immune system and production performance (Havenstein et al. 1994).Thaxton et al. (1968) showed that high ambient temperature can have a negative effect on the immune responses of broiler chickens. In recent years, in order to improve the health of chicken meat consumers, the production of broiler chickens without the use of antibiotics has been proposed, and the ban on the use of antibiotics has been issued by the European Union in 1999 (Youssef et al., 2016). For this reason, today there is a tendency to use alternative sources. Algae and microalgae are of the natural substances whose beneficial effects have received much attention in recent years. Spirulina platensis (SP) is a filamentous blue-green microalgae (cyanobacteria) generally regarded as prebiotic and source of high quality protein, minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, pigments and phenolic acids. Many studies have shown that Spirulina has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity in various experimental animals (Hajati and Zaghari 2019).

A total of 360 one-day old male broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) were allocated to 6 treatments, 6 replicates and 10 birds each replicate in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included different levels of Spirulina platensis microalgae powder: 0 (Control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 percent Spirulina platensis powder, and one treatment included Vitamin E at the level of 150 g/ton feed. The basal diet was based on corn0soybean meal and all the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and used for 42 days in diets. During the experiment, the feed consumption and weight gain of the chickens were measured weekly and the feed conversion ratio was calculated for each week and period.On 42 d of experiment, 2 birds from each replicate were randomly selected, humoral immune response was evaluated and then killed after weighing, carcass components and internal organs were weighed and their weight was calculated as a percentage of live weight. In order to evaluate the humoral immune system, the antibody titer produced against SRBC was measured using the hemagglutination method. In the end of experiment, the microbial population of the cecum was counted. All the data were analyzed in the form of a completely random design by SAS software and with the GLM procedure, and the comparison of means was done with Tukey's test.

Results showed that the use of different levels of SP had no significant effect on the amount of feed intake during the whole period (P<0.05), but in finisher period, using %1 SP could improve body weight gain and feed efficiency of the broilers compared to control group (P<0.05). Breast yield of the chickens was affected by the level of dietary Spirulina, and it improved at the levels of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 percent SP usage compared to control and vitamin E groups (P<0.01). The relative weight of abdominal fat decreased in the birds fed with SP at the levels of 0.75 and 1.0 percent compared to control group (P<0.01). There was no difference among total count, ceca Lactobacillus and E. Coli in the chickens of different experimental groups (P>0.05). The response of humoral immune system was higher in all four levels of SP and also vitamin E compared to control treatment. Chickens which consumed Spirulina at the level of 1 percent had the highest level of antibody titer. Mustafa et al. (2021) by achieving a growth performance similar to the present research, stated that the effect of SP on the intestinal microbial population, such as the increase of Lactobacillus and the decrease of Escherichia coli, has improved the performance of the birds under heat stress conditions. According to the reports on the effects of heat stress on digestive enzymes (Sahin et al., 2002) and the efforts of previous researchers to overcome the adverse effects of heat stress on digestive enzymes by using phytogenic compounds (Khosravinia et al., 2016), the researchers of the present study believe that the improvement of the mucous tissue and intestinal immune system and perhaps the increase in the secretion of digestive enzymes are the most important factors for improving the performance of birds in heat stress conditions.

Under heat stress condition, using 1 percent Spirulina platensis microalgae in broiler chickens’ diet could improve both humoral immune system and growth performance.

The Japanese quail is a species known for its short production period and high productivity. Due to their small size and low feed requirements, they are considered a cost-effective option for egg production compared to other poultry species. Additionally, quail eggs are recognized for their superior nutritional value compared to regular chicken eggs. However, there is a need for effective methods to enhance productivity, especially in stressful situations. Previous research has indicated that the use of certain dietary supplements can address this issue and improve the productive traits of birds. Therefore, there is considerable scientific interest in studying the effects of natural compounds such as black seed and L-carnitine on the productive performance of laying Japanese quails, both under normal conditions and during heat stress. Investigating these factors can provide valuable insights into the development of strategies to effectively manage and optimize egg production in laying Japanese quails. This, in turn, would contribute to the sustainability and profitability of the poultry industry. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of black seed, L-carnitine, and vitamin E on the productive performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, and immune responses of Japanese laying quails.

A total of 500 Japanese laying quails were included in this study. They were divided into two temperature conditions: normal temperature and high temperature (36 degrees Celsius for 6 hours per day). Additionally, there were five experimental treatments: control diet (without any additives), black seed (1.5% black seed diet), L-carnitine (250 ppm + control diet), 1.5% black seed + 250 ppm L-carnitine diet, and Vitamin E diet (200 ppm + control diet). This resulted in a 5x2 factorial experiment with a total of 10 treatments, 5 replications, and 10 quails per replication. The study consisted of three phases: an adaptation period to the experimental diets lasting two weeks, exposure to the designated temperature conditions for five weeks, and a three-week recovery period. During these phases, various parameters were measured and recorded, including productive performance, carcass characteristics, and blood biochemical and immune indicators (such as triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL concentrations, heterophil, and lymphocyte percentages) under both heat stress and recovery periods in Japanese laying quails. Data analysis was performed using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) method with the assistance of SAS software. Mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey's multiple range tests.

The results of this study revealed several important findings. During the initial two weeks of the experiment, the consumption of feed containing black seed + L-carnitine led to the highest feed intake, while diets containing black seed, black seed + L-carnitine, and vitamin E demonstrated the highest egg mass compared to the control group (P<0.05). During the heat stress period, high temperatures caused a decrease in feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and egg mass. However, the consumption of feed containing black seed + L-carnitine resulted in increased feed intake, and diets containing black seed, black seed + L-carnitine, and vitamin E showed increased egg production and mass compared to the control group. Furthermore, vitamin E exhibited a better conversion coefficient (P<0.05). During the recovery period, high temperatures led to a decrease in feed intake but an increase in bird body weight. The control group exhibited the lowest feed intake and body weight, whereas diets containing black seed, black seed + L-carnitine, and vitamin E demonstrated the highest egg production and egg mass compared to the control group. Birds fed diets with black seed and vitamin E exhibited a better conversion coefficient (P<0.05). Regarding carcass yield and relative liver weight, the effect of environmental temperature and experimental treatments during both heat stress and recovery periods was not significant. However, the consumption of black seed, L-carnitine, and vitamin E was found to increase carcass yield and relative heart weight. Additionally, high temperatures increased the relative liver weight (P<0.05). Moreover, birds fed control and black seed diets at normal and high temperatures exhibited higher blood cholesterol levels compared to other experimental treatments. In normal temperature conditions and diets containing vitamin E and L-carnitine, a higher percentage of lymphocytes was observed in the blood. In high temperature conditions and diets containing L-carnitine and vitamin E, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was also higher (P<0.05).

Finally, the findings of this study highlight the beneficial effects of incorporating black seed, L-carnitine, and vitamin E into the diet of Japanese laying quails, both under normal and high-temperature conditions. These dietary interventions have shown positive impacts on the performance of the quails. Consequently, these results can serve as valuable guidance for quail breeders and producers in selecting suitable feed regimens to manage heat stress in Japanese quail layers, thereby enhancing performance efficiency, carcass characteristics, and blood lipid and immune parameters.

In this research, the effect of zinc and selenium synthesized from nano-mineralized probiotics was investigated on yield characteristics, egg quality characteristics, antioxidant status, and immune response of laying hens. A number of 576 high-line laying hens at the peak of production (from 25 to 37 weeks of age in three four-week periods) were used as a completely randomized design with a 3x3 factorial experiment with eight replications and eight birds per replication. Experimental treatments are 1. The control diet (without selenium and zinc), 2. Control diet + selenium chelate, 3. Control diet + zinc chelate, 4. Control diet + zinc synthesized from probiotics, 5. Control diet + selenium synthesized from probiotics, 6. Control diet + zinc chelate + selenium chelate, 7. Diet Control + zinc chelate + selenium synthesized from probiotic, 8. Control diet + zinc synthesized from probiotic + selenium chelate, 9. Control diet + zinc synthesized from probiotic + selenium synthesized from probiotic. The results showed that using zinc and selenium synthesized from probiotics increased production percentage, average egg weight, and improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The serum concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride and malondialdehyde in chickens receiving probiotic zinc and selenium was the lowest. The serum HDL concentration and total antioxidant index were the highest compared to other treatments (P<0.05). In general conclusion, zinc and selenium synthesized from nano-mineralized probiotics have a better performance in laying hens.

Egg is one of the most valuable food items in the human diet. Several factors, such as diseases, bird age, diet, temperature, humidity, transportation, and storage time can affect the quality of eggs. The longer the storage time, the more CO2 penetrates the eggshell, particularly at room temperature, resulting in decreased internal quality. Eggs are a perishable product and must be stored in the refrigerator from production to consumption. Refrigeration increases production costs and ultimately leads to an increase in the final product price. Currently, there is a growing interest in developing effective methods to preserve the internal quality of eggs. The use of edible coatings after washing the eggs can help preserve the internal quality of the eggs during long-term storage. Edible coatings are an available technology that is currently used to control moisture, gas exchange, and oxidation processes for many products. The use of suitable active and antimicrobial edible films and coatings can potentially reduce the microbial load of egg surfaces, reduce undesirable changes, and increase their shelf life. Proteins are commonly used as film-forming materials. Proteins that have been previously investigated for egg coating development include whey protein isolate or concentrate, zein, and rice protein concentrate. Chicken feathers are a by-product of the poultry industry and are mostly disposed of without any processing, causing severe environmental pollution. To date, hydrolyzed feather protein has not been reported as an egg coating, so this study investigated the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating at two concentrations on the shelf life of chicken eggs under room temperature storage conditions.

In this study, a total of 120 fresh white-shelled eggs were obtained from Hy-Line W36 laying hens. The eggshells were washed to remove any surface contamination, then the eggs were numbered and randomly selected for each coating method. The samples were divided into three treatments of 40 eggs each treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatments included control (0%, without coating), a coating containing 10% (w/v) hydrolyzed feather, and a coating containing 20% hydrolyzed feather. Pure glycerol (Serva, Germany) was added to hydrolyzed feathers (2% w/v). The feather hydrolyzed protein was prepared at Tarbiat Modares University using alkaline hydrolyzed raw chicken feathers obtained from a commercial broiler slaughterhouse (Iran Borchin, Tehran). The chemical analysis of hydrolyzed feather protein was performed based on standard methods (dry matter, protein, ash, and fat), and the amino acid profile of the protein was also tested. Some nutritional or toxic important minerals were also measured. Egg weight, Haugh units, albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk color, albumen pH, yolk pH, and shell strength were measured during storage weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

According to the data of this study, the height of the egg white and Haugh units in the stored eggs were significantly affected by the experimental coatings (P<0.05). The height of the egg white and Haugh units were significantly higher in the treatment with 20% hydrolyzed protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The yellowness of the egg yolk was significantly affected by the experimental coatings in the third week (P<0.05). The highest egg quality score was observed in the first and third weeks in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating (P<0.05). The eggshell characteristics were not affected by the experimental coatings. The egg white and yolk percentages were not affected by the experimental coatings. The pH of the egg white in the first and third weeks decreased significantly in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The pH of the yolk was not affected by the experimental treatments. The pH in both the yolk and egg white increased over time. Eggs with coating had significantly less weight loss compared to uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The lowest weight loss was related to eggs with 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating, which had a significant difference with uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The weight loss after seven days of storage in uncoated eggs (2.12%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (1.16%). The weight loss after 14 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (4.21%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (2.35%). The weight loss after 21 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (6.8%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (3.35%). The weight loss after 28 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (8.27%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (4.80%). Based on the results of this study, it was found that the use of hydrolyzed feather protein coating can improve the internal quality of eggs during the storage period. For future research, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating on the quality characteristics of eggs during storage. Previous studies have been conducted on improving the internal quality of eggs during storage using protein coatings with different hydrolysis. Some of these studies have shown that protein coating with hydrolysis can significantly improve the quality characteristics of eggs. Additionally, some studies have been conducted on the effect of protein coating using different proteins such as rice protein, meat protein, whey protein isolated, or whey protein concentrate and zein.

There was no significant difference in weight loss between 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage in different weeks, but the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection against weight loss. Since weight loss is mainly due to eggshell water evaporation, it was observed that despite being thinner, the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection compared to the 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage. Therefore, the use of coverages during egg storage can increase shelf life while maintaining egg quality.

During the winter months in most parts of Iran, the external temperature often drops below 0 °C. Typically, these temperatures fall below the optimal conditions for chick growth, resulting in cold stress and potential diseases. This can subsequently impact meat quality negatively and reduce breeding efficiency. The environmental temperature beyond the upper and lower limit of the thermoneutral zone is supposed to produce heat or cold stress in animals (Meltzer, 1983). The adverse climatic condition produces physiological stress which has profound economic influence on the productive efficiency including health and disease resistant capacity (Phuong et al., 2016). Exposure of poultry birds to extreme temperature stressor modulates the immune responsiveness and hematic-biochemical parameters of birds (Hangalapura et al., 2004). Among all the environmental stressors, cold stress induces physiological responses which are of high priority and energy demanding for homeotherms. Cold temperature can increase ascites susceptibility by increasing both metabolic oxygen requirements and pulmonary hypertension (Stolz et al., 1992). The biggest obstacle in raising broilers at high altitudes and cold conditions is the ascites syndrome. This condition can be characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and elevated mortality that tends to peak between 4-6 weeks of age (James, 2005). The International Biochar Initiative (2017) defines biochar as, “Solid material obtained from thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygenlimited environment.” Biochar is an ash substance that is produced from the burning of biological material via pyrolysis. This process heats the biological material in an anaerobic environment causing it to decompose into an ash form. Growth promotion and therapeutic antibiotics have been used to compensate for the high levels of stress, including cold stress,that can be present in intensive animal production. Stress can lower resistance to many of the microorganisms present in the environment; however, stress in general has been reported to have variable effects on the immune system and can both enhance and suppress responses (Siegel, 1995); cold stress has been shown to both stimulate and suppress chickens’ immune response (Regnier and Kelley, 1981; Hangalapura et al., 2006). Probiotics contain live microorganisms and spores which when administered in adequate amount, confer health benefits to the host. Bacillus subtilis (B. Subtilis) and Bacillus licheniformis (B. Licheniformis) are the two most widely used strains of probiotic bacteria in animal diets. Oral administration of B. Subtilis and B. Licheniformis can have a myriad of beneficial effects, such as improved growth and meat characteristics, optimized composition of intestinal microbiota, prevention of some diarrheal diseases, and reduced stresses. For such benefits, B. Subtilis and B. Licheniformis have attracted considerable attention as a potentially beneficial dietary supplement for animal health.  For the many negative effects of antibiotic drugs used in chick production, we want to compare the positive effects of some additives on performance of cold-stressed broiler chickens.

In this experiment, in order to examine the effect of solid waste biochar, probiotic and zeolite on improvement of performance, blood indices and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens reared under cold stress, in a completely randomized design, 315 Ross-308 broiler chickens (as hatched) were allocated to 7 treatments, 5 replicates and 9 birds in each in cold and warm houses. Treatments are including: 1) positive control (basal diet in recommended temperature), 2) negative control (basal diet + cold stress), 3-7) negative control + %0.5, %0.75 and 1% solid waste biochar, 0.02% probiotic Ecobacto-P and 1% zeolite, respectively. In cold stress groups, house temperature decreased to 17° C from 7d until end of the experiment (42d).

As compared to group reared in warm house, cold stress significantly decreased broiler chickens daily FI and BWG, serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations, thymus relative weight, lymphocyte percentage, breast and thigh meat pH, breast meat redness (b) and thigh meat yellowness (a) while increased total and ascitic mortality, red and white blood cell count, blood hemoglobin, heterophile percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, antibody titter against SRBC, breast and thigh meat whiteness and breast meat MDA concentration (P < 0.05).

In order to orthogonal contrast analysis between negative control group and additive groups, solid waste biochar, probiotic or zeolite couldn’t improve broiler chicken’s growth performance, breast and thigh meat quality parameters, blood metabolites concentration and cell count and did not ameliorate negative effects of cold stress.

More than half of foodborne illnesses are attributed to pathogenic bacteria, posing considerable health and economic dangers. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SESE) is a prevalent bacterial pathogen responsible for a higher number of hospitalizations and fatalities compared to other bacteria. Non-thermal plasma, an innovative decontamination technique, exhibits the potential to serve as an intervention strategy for food safety. The study aimed to explore the possibility of deactivating SESE through a brief industrial treatment utilizing non-thermal atmospheric cold plasma of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) devices. To assess the reduction of SESE, air was used as the process gas under different experimental circumstances, with Petridishes containing an initial concentration of 107 CFU/mL. Emission spectroscopy was employed to monitor the key factors of plasma deactivation, namely ultraviolet radiation and reactive species. The application of the DBD cold plasma device resulted in a decrease in SESE concentration by over 7 log CFU/mL following a 60-second treatment. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed that atmospheric cold plasma treatment caused significant physical damage to the cells.

Vermi humus refers to the final product of organic material decomposition by earthworms, which contains compounds such as humic substances (humic acids, fulvic acid, and humin). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vermi_humus supplement on performance, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of eggs, serum biochemical parameters, and microbial population in the small intestine of laying quails.

The experiment was conducted for eight weeks using 160 laying quails in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, four replications, and five female quails per cage. The experimental groups consisted of different levels of vermi humus (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.5, and 2%) and virginiamycin antibiotic (7.0%). During the experiment, all eggs in each cage were collected daily, counted, weighed, and recorded. Feed consumption for each cage was calculated on a weekly basis throughout the entire experimental period. The feed conversion ratio was calculated by dividing the daily feed intake by the average daily egg mass of each quail. Some qualitative egg traits were measured, including shell thickness, shell percentage, shell strength, yolk percentage, albumen height, IQU unit, and yolk oxidation. At the end of the experiment, five birds from each treatment group were randomly selected and slaughtered after weighing using the neck bone displacement method, and one gram of ileum contents was taken for microbiological population analysis.

According to the results, different levels of vermi humus did not have any effect on the performance of egg-laying quails. The effect of vermi humus supplement on the percentage of shell thickness, shell percentage, shell strength, and yolk percentage was not statistically significant. By increasing the level of vermi humus supplement, the height of the albumen and IQU unit decreased. Different levels of vermi humus supplements had no effect on the amount of calcium, total protein, cholesterol, glucose, and albumin in blood serum. The results indicated that the effect of different levels of vermi humus supplement on the microbial population of quail's small intestine was significant. With increasing levels of vermi-humus supplement, the degree of oxidation of fresh and stored quail egg yolks changed linearly and in the second degree.

Conclusion :

In general, the results showed that the consumption of vermi humus as a natural food substance improved the performance and egg weight, and enhanced the quality characteristics of Japanese quail eggs at levels of 0.5% and 1.5%. Furthermore, the consumption of vermi humus at a level of 0.5% led to an improvement in the antioxidant status of the yolk and a decrease in the population of undesirable microorganisms in the small intestine of quails.

This study aimed to compare the relative weight of visceral organs, different carcass cuts, the relative length of different intestinal segments, meat quality, hematocrit, and blood metabolites between Arian and Ross308 broiler strains. 

One-day-old mixed-sex broiler chickens from Ross308 and Arian strains were separately allocated to two treatment groups. The initial number of each broiler strain was 48, divided into 12 replicate cages with four chicks each. On days 32 and 42, one bird per replicate was randomly selected (12 broilers from each treatment group), weighed, and killed by cutting the jugular vein with a sharp knife. Then the relative weights of visceral organs and relative length of small intestine segments were determined for both strains. The carcass characteristics and the breast and thigh meat quality (including water-holding capacity, cooking loss, and lipid peroxidation) were assessed only in the birds killed on the 42nd day of age. Some plasma metabolites and hematocrit were also determined after blood collection into heparinized tubes at the end of the rearing period.

The results showed that the total feed intake of Arian broilers was higher than that of Ross 308 (P≤0.05), but no difference was observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) between the two strains. The rate of weight gain in the first two weeks was higher in the Arian strain (P≤0.05). However, this trend was reversed during the 5th week of the rearing period. The carcass and valuable cut yields at 42 days of age were higher in Ross308 broilers compared to Arian birds (P≤0.05). On both days of slaughter, the gizzard relative weight was higher in Arian broilers, while the bursa relative weight was lower in this strain compared to Ross308 (P≤0.05). The visceral fat relative weight showed a significant difference between the two strains only at 42 days of age, and it was higher in the Arian broilers (P≤0.05). There was no strain difference in relative weight of the gut and different segments of small intestine at both examined ages. However, the proportion of the jejunum to the total length of the small intestine in the Arian strain was significantly higher than that of the Ross 308 (P≤0.05). Mean plasma uric acid concentrations were significantly lower in Arian compared to Ross 308 (P≤0.05). However, the mean concentration of plasma total triglycerides and hematocrit values were higher in Arian broilers (P≤0.05). The amount of stimulated malondialdehyde in the breast and thigh meat showed higher values in the Arian broilers (P≤0.05), indicating the lower oxidation stability of the chicken meat of the Arian broilers compared to Ross308.

According to the results of the present study, Arian was not competitive with Ross 308 as a well-known commercial broiler strain in terms of the examined parameters. However, by gaining a better understanding of the weekly performance, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters of the Arian strain at different ages and in comparison with the Ross 308, the broiler farmers will be able to adopt the best management and nutritional strategy for raising these native broilers chickens.

Exposure of poultry birds to extreme temperature stressor modulates the immune responsiveness and haemato-biochemical parameters of birds. Cold temperature can increase ascites susceptibility by increasing both metabolic oxygen requirements and pulmonary hypertension. Biochar is an ash substance that is produced from the burning of biological material via pyrolysis. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of wet Litter Biochar on performance of cold-stressed broiler chickens.

In this experiment, the effect of wet litter biochar (WLB), probiotic and zeolite on performance, blood metabolites and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens reared under cold stress were investigated. In a completely randomized design 350 Ross-308 broiler chickens (one-day-old, mixed sexes) were allocated to seven treatments, five replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. Experimental treatments included: 1) positive control (basal diet in recommended temperature), 2) negative control (basal diet+ cold stress), 3) negative control+ %0.5 WLB, 4) negative control+ %0.75 WLB, 5) negative control+ 1% WLB, 6) negative control+ 0.02% probiotic Ecobacto-P, and 7) negative control+ 1% zeolite. In cold stress groups, house temperature decreased to 17° C from 7 d until end of the experiment (42 d).

As compared to group reared in recommended house, cold stress significantly decreased broiler chickens feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), carcass and abdominal fat percentages, serum triglyceride concentration, activity of aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes as well as villous width of jejunum and ileum while increased total and ascitic mortality, ileal and jejunal villous height and crypt depth to villous length ratio (P<0.05). Inclusion of 0.5 and 1% WLB and probiotic increased broiler chickens BWG, ileal and jejunal villous length and surface area, but decreased feed conversion ratio as compared to negative control group (P<0.05).

Generally, although addition of wet litter biochar and probiotic led to improvement in performance and small intestine morphometry of cold-stressed broiler chickens, but they did not completely catch-up negative effects of cold stress on broiler chickens.

Bacteria of the intestinal tract may have a profound impact on lipids' digestion and utilization. The proposed mechanism for reduced lipids digestibility is the de-conjugation of bile salts, via bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity. The activity of BSH is well recognized in some genera of lactic acid bacteria like Enterococci. Bacteriophages are recognized as bacteria-eating viruses, which are host specific in contrast to antibiotics. We find bacteriophages that lysis the laying hen's intestinal Enterococci. It is expected that oral administration of bacteriophage lessens the negative impact of Enterococci BSH activity on lipids digestion.

A total of 240 high-line W-36 laying hens aged 50 weeks were tested in six treatments with five replications and eight pieces in each replication for eight weeks in a completely randomized design. Treatments include, 1) control (basal diet without additives), 2) basal diet + antibiotic (virginiamycin), 3) basal diet + lipid-lowering drug (atorvastatin), 4) basal diet + bile salt powder, 5) basal diet + oral gavage of Enterococcus bacteria, and 6) basal diet + oral gavage of bacteriophage against Enterococcus.

The results showed that the group receiving the lipid-lowering drug (atorvastatin) had significantly the lowest percentage of egg production, the lowest egg mass, and the highest feed conversion rate (P<0.05). Enterococcus bacteria and atorvastatin had the same performance, although Enterococcus bacteria did not increase the feed conversion rate as much as the lipid- atorvastatin, it performed poorly compared to the bacteriophage. The use of phage in poultry improved performance. No significant effect among treatments was observed in albumin, glucose, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus. The level of cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, and globulin in the atorvastatin group was lower compared to the antibiotic and bile salt groups (P<0.05). Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher in the antibiotic, bacteriophage, and bile salt powder treatments than in the other treatments (P<0.05). The lowest concentration of uric acid was observed in the control group and the highest percentage of hematocrit was observed in the bacteriophage and control groups. The role of antibiotic and bile salt in the rest of the reports was the same as bacteriophage but regarding the increase of hematocrit in bacteriophage treatment, phages showed their superiority in this field (P<0.05). The total number of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, enterococcus, and coliforms in the bacteriophage group was less than in the bacteria group (P<0.05). However, the digestibility of crude protein was not significantly different between bacteriophage and bacteria groups (P<0.05). The total population of aerobic bacteria was lower in antibiotic and bacteriophage treatments. This study demonstrated the ability to use bacteriophage to reduce the population of specific bacteria. The population of lactic acid bacteria was higher than other treatments in bacteria treatment. Bacteriophage had been more effective to reduce the population of Enterococcus bacteria than other treatments. A close competition between antibiotics and bacteriophage was observed. Regarding the reduction of the E.coli bacteria population, it showed the appropriate ability of bacteriophage to replace the antibiotics. The digestibility of ether extract and dry matter in the bacteriophage was higher than in the bacteria group. The dry matter digestibility in antibiotic and bacteriophage is similar, but bile salt powder was not similar to bacteriophage in this case, and the dry matter in bile salt powder was the lowest (P<0.05).

Based on the results, oral bacteriophage could improve dry matter digestibility and reduce the Enterococcus bacteria population without a significant impact on production performance in laying hens.

Salmonellosis is one of the important diseases in the poultry industry, which also causes public health concerns.

We studied the effects of enrofloxacin and herbal medicines on growth performance, blood parameters, meat oxidation, and cecal microbial population in broilers challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST).

A total of 240 one-day-old (male) Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups: negative and positive control, enrofloxacin, and three herbal medicines (A, B, and C) containing different proportions of cinnamon, thyme, licorice, and marjoram extracts with compounds of organic acids. The dosage of enrofloxacin and A, B, and C herbal medicines were 1, 1, 1, and 2 mL/L in drinking water, respectively, prescribed from days 16 to 21. On day 10, all groups except negative control were challenged with 1 mL suspension containing 1×107 CFU/mL ST. Performance traits were measured in intervals of 1-10, 11-24, 25-42, and 1-42 days. Blood parameters, meat oxidation, and cecal microbial population were measured on day 21.

Among the challenged groups, medicine C and enrofloxacin showed the lowest levels of Salmonella infection (P<0.05). Medicine B had a better effect on performance traits (P<0.05). Medicine A had the lowest amount of malondialdehyde in meat. Medicines A and B caused the lowest cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum (P<0.05).

The above-mentioned herbal medicines can be used as beneficial additives in poultry nutrition to improve growth performance, reduce the Salmonella population in the gastrointestinal tract, and cholesterol, triglycerides, and meat oxidation.

Spirulina platensis (SP) is a filamentous blue-green microalgae (cyanobacteria) generally regarded as prebiotic and source of high quality protein, minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, pigments and phenolic acids. Many studies have shown that Spirulina has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity in various experimental animals. Several studies have demonstrated the growth-promoting effects of spirulina platensis on broiler chickens. Jamil et al., (2015) showed that feeding 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 percent spirulina increased weight gain and linearly decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens. Similar results were reported by Shanmugapriya et al., (2015). They reported that feeding 1% of spirulina platensis to broiler chicks caused to improve growth performance. As well as growth performances, treatment with S. platensis was reported to increase the carcass percentage and ready-to-cook yields of broiler chicks in the studies of Raju et al. (2004), Kaoud (2012) and Holman & Malau-Aduli (2013). The cecum plays an important role in preventing colonization of pathogens and detoxifying harmful substances (Jorgensen et al., 1996), therefore may play an important role in improving nutrients absorption and better performance. A previous study in broiler chickens also concluded that intestinal microbial-including cecum is highly associated with the production performance of broiler chickens (Jeong and Kim, 2014). Park et al., (2018) indicated that broiler chickens fed a Spirulina supplemented diet led to higher cecal Lactobacillus concentration, but had no effect on the number of coliform bacteria. Some other studies suggest that microalgae have potential antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities. de Mule et al., (1996) observed that methanolic and aqueous extracts of Spirulina inhibited the growth of Candida albicans whereas Lactococcus lactis was promoted by the extract, with growth increasing from 7.5 to 14.7%.

Three hundred one-day- old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds each in a completely randomized design. Dried Spirulina Platensis (SP) powder provided from Pars Jolbak Co. in Shiraz, Iran and after chemical analysis was used in diets. All experimental diets were corn soybean based and formulated to reach ROSS 308 broiler chicken requirements. Dietary treatments were 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5,0.75 and 1 % Spirulina Platensis (SP). All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and were fed to birds during 6 weeks. The average daily feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) were measured for each group and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Daily mortality was weighed, recorded and used to correct the feed conversion ratio. Daily FI was determined from the difference between supplied and residual feed in each pen and was adjusted for mortality. At the end of the experiment, two birds per each replicate (similar to cage average weight) were selected. The birds were killed by cervical dislocation. Breast, thigh, pancreas, abdominal fat and liver were removed, weighed and expressed as a percentage of live weight at 42 d of age. At the end of experiment, cecal samples collected from each bird. One gram of cecal sample from viable counts of bacteria in the cecal samples were conducted by plating serial 10-fold dilutions onto Lactobacilli MRS agar plates and MacConkey agar plates to isolate Lactobacillus spp. and coliform bacteria, respectively. The lactobacilli agar plates were then incubated for 24-72 h at 37◦C under anaerobic conditions. After the incubation periods, colonies of the respective bacteria were counted and expressed as the logarithm of colony-forming units per gram (log10 CFU/g). All data analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure described by the SAS Institute (2009). Tukey test was used to determine the significant differences between the treatment means.

The results showed that feed intake of birds was not influenced by SP supplementation during the whole period, but weight gain of birds fed diets containing 1 % SP, was increased (P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio was decreased significantly (P<0.05) as compared as control birds. Similar to our results, Park et al., (2018) showed that up to 1% SP in broiler diets, did not affect the feed consumption of broiler chickens. They showed that increasing dietary SP from 0 to 1 %, caused to increase in weight gain during total period. Shanmugapriya et al., (2015) reported that feeding 1% of spirulina platensis to broiler chicks caused to improve growth performance.The mechanism of action of Spirulina has not been clearly established, but previous studies have reported that dietary supplementation of Spirulina has positive effects on growth performance in poultry. Carcass yield and breast relative weight in chickens fed more than 0.5 % SP were significantly increased (P<0.05), but abdominal fat, liver and thigh relative weight were not affected. Similar to our results, increase in carcass percentage and ready-to-cook yields of broiler chicks were reported in the studies of Raju et al. (2004), Kaoud (2012) and Holman & Malau-Aduli (2013). In present study, the chickens fed more than 0.5% SP had lower cecal E.Coli concentration and nonsignificant increase in Lactobacillus concentration. Similarly, Park et al., (2018) indicated that broiler chickens fed a Spirulina supplemented diet led to higher cecal Lactobacillus concentration. Regard to previous study which concluded that intestinal microbial-including cecum is highly associated with the production performance of broiler chickens (Jeong and Kim, 2014), therefore in our study, the better performance of chickens fed higher than 0.5% SP may be associated with decrease in cecal E.Coli Concentration.Conclusion It is concluded that dietary supplementation of broiler diets with 1% Spirulina platensis, could improve the growth performance, carcass yield and cecal microbial population of broiler chickens at 42 day of age.Keywords: Prebiotic, Feed Conversion ratio, Carcass yield, Escherichia coli, Algae

The present study investigated two different concentrations of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in diet and also a commercial probiotic (protexin) on broiler performance. This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates of 12 birds each for 42 days. Experimental treatments included; T1-diet without probiotic (control), T2-diet with Protexin as a commercial probiotic, T3- diet with L. rhamnosus at 107 cfu/g and T4-diet with L. rhamnosusat 109 cfu/g (4). No significant differences among experimental diets on weight gain, feed intake and protein efficiency ratio were observed (P>0.05). In total, L. rhamnosusat 109 cfu/g diet (T4) numerically improved feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments in the whole breeding period. A significant difference was observed in calcium content of tibia bone of chicks fed T4- diet compared to other groups (P<0.05), but no significant differences for phosphorous content among treatments were determined. A fortified diet with L. rhamnosus at 109 cfu/g (T4) significantly reduced the cholesterol content of the blood compared to the control and group supplemented with Protexin (P<0.05). Therefore, the use of L. rhamnosus at 109 cfu/g in the diet as a potential probiotic for broilers is recommended.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of alkaline treated feather meal and dried corn steep liquor on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of 720 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six experimental groups in a simple randomized experimental design (each experimental group had six replicates; 20 birds per each). Experimental groups contained: 1: Feed without dried corn steep liquor (DCSL) and alkaline treated feather meal (ATFM), 2: 4% DCSL and 3.29% ATFM, 3: 5.5% DCSL and 2.47% ATFM, 4: 7% DCSL and 1.65% ATFM, 5: 8.5% DCSL and 0.82% ATFM, 6: 10% DCSL. The results showed that experimental treatments could not affect feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P> 0.05). The average production cost per kilogram of live weight at 11-24 days did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). The highest average production cost per kilogram of live weight in the grower period (25-42 days) and the whole experimental period (11-42 days) was related to the control group (P<0.05). The use of different levels of alkaline treated feather meal and dried corn steep liquor had a significant effect on the percentage of crude fat and lipid oxidation of meat (P<0.05). According to the results, it can be concluded that partially substitution of soybean meal with alkaline treated feather meal and dried corn steep liquor can be done without any negative effects on performance and it reduces production costs.

The aim of the research was to investigate the antibacterial potential of local isolates of probiotic bacteria in the presence of herbal extracts including Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and thyme (thymus vulgaris). Lactobacillus casei(TA0021), L. plantarum(TA0028,TA0026), L.reuteri(TA0034), Enterococcus faecium(TA0033) and Pediococcus acidilactici(TA0049,TA00170) were used as probiotic bacteria, while standard strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteriditis were used as indicator organisms. The antibacterial activity of the mentioned probiotic isolates and the herbal extracts against the selected pathogens were examined by agar well diffusion method. The synergistic effect of the mix of probiotic bacteria and different herbal extracts(1:10,1:100 and 1:1000) were also studied. The viability and synergistic inhibitory effect of the selected probiotic bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of herbal extracts were determined after 24, 48 and 72 hours. In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), herbal extracts were serially diluted and their effect on fixed concentrations of the indicator organism was measured by microdilution assay. Similarly, the survival percentage of probiotic bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of the herbal extract was determined. MIC values were recorded as the lowest concentration of extract that was able to inhibit the growth of the pathogens. All experiments were performed in triplicate and results analyzed statistically(Using the SAS Software). According to the results the probiotic bacteria in the presence of different concentrations of the extracts was above 70%(P<0/05). Overall, the locally isolated probiotic bacteria with herbal extracts are strong antibacterial agents.

In order to evaluate the effect of alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal on performance and lipid oxidation of meat and egg of laying quails, 64 adult quails at 40 day of age were used. Forty eight female and 16 male quails were randomly used in three to one proportion in separate cages in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates of 4 birds in each. The experimental treatments consisted of control (containing soybean meal as major protein source), and treatments containing 3%, 6% and 9% alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal, respectively. During the experimental period, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, egg mass, feed intake and egg production percentage were measured. At the end of experimental period (82 days of age), two birds per cage were selected, slaughtered and the malondialdehyde content in fresh and stored meat and egg samples were determined. The results of this experiment showed that no significant difference was observed in feed conversion ratio, egg mass, feed intake and egg production percentage (P>0.05). The weight of egg in treatments containing 3 and 9 alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when compared with control and treatment containing 6% alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal in whole experimental period. The malondialdehyde content of meat and egg of laying quails was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in groups fed alkaline hydrolyzed feather meal when compared to control treatment. The results of this study showed that the use of alkaline

Aflatoxins are mainly developed during the storage of feedstuffs, and their destruction is difficult after the occurrence. The most practical strategy to combat aflatoxins is the use of mycotoxin binders.

Comparison of the efficiency of traditional and lab-synthesized polymeric mycotoxin binder with gastrointestinal microflora modulating feed additives in amelioration of aflatoxin effects in broiler chicken.

A total of 240 1-day old broilers (Ross 308, straight forward) were examined in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of 12 birds for 24 days of study duration. Treatments were: 1. The negative control, feed without aflatoxin or any feed additive, 2. The positive control, aflatoxins contaminated feed (500 µg/kg), 3. Aflatoxins + probiotic (Hypro Tect), 4. Aflatoxins + molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), and 5. Aflatoxins + commercial toxin-binder (Zarin-binder). The growth performance of birds was measured during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, some biochemical and immunological analyses were performed on blood samples. Some bone characteristics were studied on tibia samples.

Supplementation of probiotics and toxin-binder in aflatoxin-contaminated feed improved the aflatoxin-induced reduction of feed intake and body weight gain in the first 10 days of the experiment (p < /em><0.05), compared to positive control group. Aflatoxin alone (the positive control) or with the feed additives did not affect feed conversion ratio. Aflatoxin reduced the levels of serum total protein, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc (p < /em><0.05). Use of probiotic, MIP and commercial toxin-binder, in aflatoxin-contaminated feeds, has alleviated the adverse effects of aflatoxin on serum albumin (p < /em><0.05). The tibia weight increased in probiotic and MIP fed broilers compared to the birds fed aflatoxin-contaminated feed without additives-the positive control (p < /em><0.05). The highest tibia breaking strength was observed in probiotic fed birds, which was different from that of the positive control group. The tibia length was decreased by the aflatoxin compared to the negative control birds (p < /em><0.05). Anti-SRBC titers were decreased in aflatoxin contaminated group without feed additive supplementation-positive control (p < /em><0.05).

The tested feed additives in present study exerted just partial protection against some aflatoxicosis effects. The extent of effectiveness of studied feed additives in amelioration of aflatoxicosis affects on performance, immunological, skeletal and serum biochemical parameters could be ranked as probiotics, MIP and toxin binder, respectively.

Effect of prebiotic and extract of three medicinal plants: Chamomile, Oregano, and Marjoram on the performance, intestinal histomorphology, and blood parameters of laying hens in the late phase of production, by using 60 TETRA-SL brown-egg laying with 80-week-olds, in a completely randomizes design containing five treatments and four replicates with three birds in each experimental unit for eight weeks were investigated. Prebiotic was added at 0.5 g/kg of diet, and medicinal plant extracts in a ratio of 1:1000 were added to the drinking water of birds. Quantitative indicators at the end of each week and quality indexes at the last week of the experiment were measured. At the end of the experiment, blood was taken from one bird in each experimental unit, and the birds were slaughtered to study the intestinal bacterial population and histomorphology. The effect of experimental treatments on the quantity and quality of produced eggs was not significant (P<0.05). Blood cholesterol and yolk cholesterol were lower in the chamomile extract-receiving birds than in the other experimental groups (P<0.05). The population of E. coli and coliforms in the intestine of marjoram extract-receiving birds was lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Prebiotic treatment increased the villus height in the duodenum and ileum, and the marjoram extract increased the villus height in the ileum (P<0.05). According to the result, the use of chamomile extract can reduce the yolk cholesterol level, and the use of prebiotic and marjoram extract improves the microbial flora and intestinal histomorphology in laying hens.

The purpose of this study was to determine the contents of chemical compositions, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME), true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), in corn samples, as well as to predict diferrent energy contents of corn samples given their chemical components. A total of 30 samples were colleted from Iranian poultry feed plants. Metabolizable energy criterias of each sample were obtained by percision feeding method with 4 replications. Based on laboratory assessments, average of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, starch and glucose were 90.02, 9.15, 3.28, 3.93, 1.45, 65.33 and 9.79 (% of DM), respectively. In farm experiments, the gross energy, AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were obtained as 4375, 3284, 3219, 3873, and 3781 )kcal/kg DM(, respectively. Using provided database, multiple regression equations were developed for predicting different values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn based on chemical composition in corn samples. These system of equations can be used practically for predicting energy of corn samples in poultry feed manufactures and poultry farms.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of probiotic on productive traits, blood parameters, serum lipoproteins, and blood immune response of broilers fed with pumpkin seed oil. A total of 480 one-day-old Arian commercial broilers in a 2×3 factorial experiment, with two plant oil sources (canola and pumpkin) and three additives (no additive, probiotic and antibiotic) in a completely randomized design with four replicates and 20 chicks per replicate, were randomly distributed among the experimental units. The results showed that probiotic application with plant oil sources had no negative effect on productive traits including relative weight of carcass, breast, thigh, abdominal fat, survival percentage, and feed conversion ratio. The percentage of blood hematocrit in the chicks receiving the additives was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The effect of oil source and additives on other blood parameters including total protein, glucose, and uric acid was not statistically significant. The use of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. convar. pepo var. styriaca) seed oil significantly reduced triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P<0.05). The effect of oil source on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was not statistically significant. The lowest levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, and VLDL were observed in chicks fed with pumpkin seed oil and virginamycin (P<0.05). The highest amount of triglyceride was observed in chicks fed with canola oil and antibiotics (P<0.05). The effect of oil source and additives on blood immune response and relative weight of lymphoid organs was not statistically significant. Generally, using pumpkin seed oil resulted in a partial improvement in serum lipoproteins. On the other hand, the efficiency of the additives depended on the type of oil (fatty acid profile) used in the diet.

To investigate of enrichment of breast and thigh meat using vegetable oil sources and effect on oxidative stability of meat during storage, the experiment using 1-old day chickens Arian commercial strain was conducted. Experimental diets were prepared with canola oil or pumpkin seed oil and their fatty acid profiles were determined. The chicks were fed one of two diets during the breeding period in four replicates per treatment . The results showed that thigh meat of broilers were fed with canola oil, significantly contained higher linolenic acid , oleic acid, and total unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) and those were fed with diets containing pumpkin seed oil contained significantly (p<0.01) higher linoleic acid, arachidonic acid (omega 6) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFAs). The amount of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the breast meat was not affected by the type of oil. But, oleic acid values (omega 9), ratio of USFAs / SFAs and ratio of PUSFAs / SFAs in canola oil-fed chickens and arachidonic acid (omega-6) in chickens pumpkin seed oil-fed were higher (p<0.01). The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in thighs and breasts were increased during storage at refrigerated temperature. Thigh meat MDA value of canola oil-fed broiler was significantly higher at the end of storage period (p<0.05). At freezing temperature, the oxidative stability of thigh and breast meat of broiler were fed pumpkin seed oil was significantly higher (p<0.05). Therefore, by manipulating the combination of dietary fatty acids with vegetable oil sources, can be altered the pattern of thigh and breast fatty acids profile. During the storage period, oxidation spoilage increases in meats enriched with PUSFAs, especially omega-3 fatty acids. Key words: Oxidation, Fatty acid profile, Omega 3, Oxidative stability, Vegetable oil, Enrichment