محمد امین زارع

Today, people are exposed to radiation in their living and working environment. Electronic equipment and devices are widely used in various fields with the development of electronic science and technology. An excessive use of electronic devices leads to unwanted and undesirable byproduct, which is a novel kind of pollution called electromagnetic interference (EMI).  Although traditional metals and their alloys can serve as good electromagnetic shielding materials, their heavy weight, high cost as well as poor corrosion resistance limit their application in this field. Therefore, electromagnetic shielding materials with lightweight are gradually attracting more and more attention to meet the trend of lightweight and highly integrated electronic equipment. Polymer material and their composites have been used as EMI shielding materials due to their characteristics like lightweight, good corrosion resistance, and superior electrical, thermal, mechanical and magnetic properties. These lightweight materials with good EMI shielding performance will find more potential applications in communications, electronics, aerospace, military, etc. In this article, the phenomenon of electromagnetic interference and its type of shielding by polymer materials and its composites and their shielding effectiveness have been reviewed.

Organizational fear has a negative impact on the employee performance at work, creates a silent culture, delays decision-making, and prevents innovation and development in the organization. The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive model of fear management in financial organizations.

To obtain the main purpose of the study, grounded theory method was used. Participants of the study were experts in public and private organizations in financial industry that are active in Tehran, from which 20 experts were selected as a statistical sample through a purposeful sampling method.

Based on the results, the central category was explained in three subcategories of communication, functional and motivational dimensions. Causal conditions were classified in the form of 2 categories of intra and extra-organizational factors, background conditions in the form of two categories of social and technological background, and intervening conditions in the form of two categories of economic conditions of society and psychological conditions triggering organizational fear. Actions-reactions were identified in the form of four categories of managing the roots of fear in employees, human resources management measures, behavioral reforms, and cultural measures. Finally, the consequences were explained in four categories of functional, behavioral, structural, and social damages.

Using this model, managers can take steps in the field of understanding the organizational fear of employees, and in order to prevent or treat it, they can also take measures to identify and define the factors that cause fear, and finally in order to deal with organizational fear, they can reform the structure and culture.

Objectiv (s):

 One of the ways to reduce costs in hospitals is to establish a day surgery ward.  This study aimed to analyze the cost of surgeries before and after the establishment of the day care department in a teaching hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran.

This descriptive study was conducted in 2020 using the data of the hospital's accounting system and the patients' clinical records during 2015-2019. To analyze the data and compare the costs the records of patients with selected surgeries such as  removal of deep screw or pin, closed metacarpal fracture treatment, treatment of nasal fracture, placement of external fixation device, removal of plaque or rod inside the canal, adjustment of external fixation system, maxillofacial fixation, treatment of open mandibular complex fracture were included (251 people for the inpatient wards and 243 people for the daily surgery ward).

The greatest economic savings per surgery were related to the treatment of complex mandibular fractures. The least economical savings were made for each operation of removing the plate or rod inside the canal, installing an external fixator. In total, the cost of eight selected surgeries in the day care department showed an average cost reduction of 26% compared to the men's general surgery department.

The establishment of the day care department seems cost effective. The day care unit reduces hospital costs, frees up hospital beds, and reduces the patient's physical and psychological complications.

Historically, many studies in the areas of behavior and emotion discovery in organizations have borrowed from the concept of fear, but from the perspective of the concept of organizational fear and models for managing it, a wide range of articles will not be found. Therefore, in this study, beyond the descriptions and categories of employee fear to go to a deeper understanding of the nature and types of factors affecting and affecting organizational fear. The purpose of this study was not only to advance theory and research, but also a practical goal, because a clear understanding of the factors and effects of organizational fear will be the first step towards its purposeful management.

In this study, the antecedents and consequences of organizational fear and moving towards the development of its management model were determined from the methods, and from the combined method of O. Sandlowski and Rousseau (2007).Findings and analysis:Finally, this research identified 3 general themes including 8 categories and 14 themes as antecedents and 2 general themes with 5 categories and 14 themes as the consequences of organizational fear using the meta-combined method and reviewing 24 related articles.

The results of this study showed that many individual, organizational, environmental and even macroeconomic and social factors have caused employee fear in organizations and this fear will lead to many organizational and individual problems. Therefore, moving towards developing an organizational fear management model will be a necessary step in the next steps.