محمد تقی گیلک حکیم آبادی

in recent years, as the trend of globalization and integration of markets has accelerated, the relationship between markets, especially financial markets, has intensified, as the spillover of volatility in financial markets in times of crisis has become the concern of many investors. this issue is weighted, investors are more important for risk management and selection of optimal portfolio of assets, checking volatility, return of assets and volatility spillover. in this study, the severity of financial assets, especially Islamic stock markets and conventional stocks, before and after the Covid - 19 crisis was estimated by using oil price data, gold, Islamic stock and conventional stock and VRMA-BEKK-AGARCH model. the results show a relative increase in turbulence and shock spillover in the post Covid - 19 period compared to the previous period. the results also show mutual and mutual shock and turbulence spillover between all indicators in the post - corona sample period. although the return on debt during the whole period and the two sub periods has significantly less volatility than its conventional counterpart, the Islamic stock index (SUKUK) as well as conventional bonds has been affected by the volatility spillover in the Covid - 19 crisis and there has been no difference of debt in the spillover between the two markets in the period under review.

Twin deficit is the simultaneous occurrence of budget deficit and current account deficit, which has adverse effects on the performance of various sectors of the economy. On the other hand, filling the twin deficit gap by relying on public debt is harmful to the economy if it exceeds the limits. In this study, the relationship between the twin deficits hypothesis and the role of sukuk as a new financing solution in compared with public debt financing have been investigated in 14 sukuk issuance selected countries. The data was analyzed using the General Method of Moment (GMM). The studied sample includes countries with a high volume of sukuk issuance in the period of 2012-2021. The findings show that with the presence of public debt, the effect of the budget balance on the current account balance increased from 0/46% to 0/68%, and the size of the net coefficient estimated at 0/22% indicates the strengthening of the twin deficit relationship. On the other hand, with the existence of sukuk, the positive relationship between the budget balance and the current account balance decreases from 0/75% to 0/66%, which weakening the twin deficits by almost 0/10%. In fact, the results indicate that sukuk can improve the current account balance in the direct method and in the indirect method, through Ricardian considerations, by compensating changes in savings, it can lead to the reduction of the twin deficit relationship. In fact, efficient financial instruments may implement Ricardian properties in economies and reduce the effect of fiscal policies on the current account.

According to financial and monetary theories, the main role of banks in the economy is to create liquidity through cash deposits and provide them in the form of loans. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of shadow banking system on the volume of liquidity in Iran. For this purpose, Iranian quarterly data during the years 1397-1388 have been analyzed using structural vector autoregression and ordinary least squares. The results of  the SVAR model in the form of shadow banking shock and analysis of variance show that the shadow banking system affects the liquidity of the country in the period under review, so that the effect of shadow banking shock on supply Money and quasi-money reached their highest levels in the second year, about 29.70 and 28.40 percent, respectively, and then began to decline. Also, the results of the ordinary least squares method show that there is a positive relationship between shadow banking and money supply and quasi-money and the correlation coefficient of shadow banking with money supply and quasi-money is 0.502677 and 1.043699, respectively. Therefore, the activities of the shadow banking system increase the volume of liquidity by promoting the volume of money and quasi-money, which are the components of the volume of liquidity.

The purpose of this article is to redefine the concept of institution and introduce  the idea of transition duration in the process of institutional changes. One of the key features of  the  transition duration is the uncertainty it brings,  leading to the unpredictability in individual's behavior for each other. The concept of uncertainty and its implications were first  introduced in economic literature by John Maynard Keynes, who attributed its origin  to the “animal spirit” of man. In order to understand the reasons for the existence of the transition duration in institutional changes and its impact on policy-making, it is crucial to rethink the concept of uncertainty. However, in this research, the source of uncertainty is seen as intentional actions of human. In the 20th century, by accepting the Causal Closure of Classical Physics (CCCP), social science has evaded to study and discuss the first-person intentional actions and their effects on social phenomena. Practically, studying the effects of first-person intentional actions on economic and social phenomena requires departing from the CCCP. On the other hand, in recent years, the quantum decision-making  theory has emerged, which suggests that individual's behavior follows the laws of quantum physics. If human behavior follows the basic laws of quantum physics, then by applying idealistic interpretations of quantum theory, one can  redefine the individual's decision-making system in such a way to include the role of intentional actions and  the influence of the experimental background in  decision-making system. Therefore, this study  is purely theoretical in nature. The main presuppositions on which the arguments are based are: 1) Man is a social but utilitarian being who uses cost-benefit analysis in decision- making . 2) The model of  a person's decisions and their cost-benefit analysis has a quantum nature and does not follow the rules of classical physics.Applying the idealist  interpretation of the quantum theory, the present study intends to introduce a novel conceptual framework titled "The Quantum Holistic Phenomenological Approach" to analyze the nature of institutions and institutional changes based on its relationship with the first-person intentional actions, which stem from a quantum cost-benefit model. Based on this, first, a quantum model of the person's decision-making process has been introduced, in which the person's cognition is represented as a  the quantum wave function, and their intention as the cause of collapse, and their experience as  a  process of wave function collapse. This definition highlights two important features: Firstly, the impact of the individual's intentional actions and the experimental context on an individual’s decision-making process are taken into account. Secondly, a person's decisions are optimal from his(her) own point of view at that moment. But because of the dependence of the decision-making process on the intention of the individual and the experimental background, his(her) behavior has inherent uncertainty and is unpredictable for others. According to the nature of individual decision-making in the quantum model, which is accompanied by inherent uncertainty, institutions are the result of the intentional actions of individuals  sharing information with each other based on a cost-benefit model in a given empirical context. This is done to reduce the uncertainty of individual decisions for Others  and enable social coexistence. Also due to the dependency of the institutions on their practical base of formation, imitating the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the quantum realm, experiences are categorized into two groups consistent and inconsistent. The consistent experiences are those with no external effects, which do not change the people's mental states and their information-sharing approach with others. Acceptation of the path dependency on the institution and some of their stability in our proposed model is due to the absence of the external effects of the consistent experiences. The inconsistent experiences are those with external effects, yielding changes in the information-sharing schemes between people. New and innovative experiences are considered inconsistent experiences because there is no record of them in the mind to share with others. From the perspective of the our theoretical approach, the institutional changes are stemmed from the external effects of pervasive inconsistent experiences that change the pattern of sharing information between people and as a result lead to disruption of the former institutions.The most important findings and achievements of the introduced theoretical framework compared to the new institutionalism are; the assumption of bounded rationality is rejected so that the foundation of the ubiquitous character of uncertainty in the world is not the individual's imperfect perception of reality, but it is the other's failure, as the third person, to find out individual's optimal choices. Institutions are established according to the intended individual's calculation of the cost-benefit, who decides to share how much of the information in their mind with others and to reduce his/her individuality to lowering the intrinsic uncertainty of their optimal decisions for others, making social coexistence possible. The institutions' function depends on their practical base of formation and individual's intention, especially the political leaders. The reason of institutional changes is the external effects of pervasive inconsistent experiences. Due to the external effects of those experiences, the former institutions become soft and do not work properly. Formation of the new institutions following the novel situation requires that the transition duration passes by. Governments need to engage directly in the rent distribution to form and stabilize the new institutions to reduce the time needed for the transition duration.According to new institutionalists, the best  institutions for leaving societies out of the trap of underdevelopment are those that restrict  the intentional actions of political leaders in distributing rent. In fact this  argument  is based on the assumption that individuals have an imperfect understanding of external reality. In such a world, what can lead to the gradual correction of the error of people's choices in conditions of uncertainty is the learning caused by competition in conditions of scarcity. However, the proposed  " Quantum Holistic Phenomenological Approach"  in this study reject the assumption of  imperfect understanding of reality by individuals. Our theoretical approach suggests a new perspective on  institutional changes, which aligns with the findings of the last two decades of studies about rent distribution  on the development process of countries. In fact  due to the political, social and economic consequences of the transition duration,  intentional actions of political leaders in the distribution of  rent is inevitable. Unlike the new institutionalists, our proposed theoretical framework does not make a general judgment about the limits and boundaries of these intentional actions or the most efficient form of institutions.  The optimality of leaders' intentional actions in allocating resources depends on the political, social and economic conditions in which institutions are formed, as well as the ideology of political leaders and the structure of the natural endowments of that society. Therefore, the focus should be on discussing the quality of these intentional actions, rather than limiting them.

This study examines how socioeconomic and demographic factors influence labor force participation (LFP) in Iran. Data from the Iranian Household Income and Expenditure Survey applied the pseudo-panel data method used. The logit model estimations show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between age and the probability of LFP, with higher chances of entering the labor market at younger than at middle or old ages. Marital status also affects LFP, with respectively never-married and divorced people more likely to participate in the labor market than married people. Being a student reduces the likelihood of LFP while having a larger household size and a higher level of education increases it. Being the head of the household increases the probability of LFP by 39%. Demographic trends in Iran, such as the high proportion of young adults (25-44 years old) who want to join the labor force, the large number of young people in higher education, and the rising rates of divorce and singlehood, suggest that the economic participation rate will increase shortly. Therefore, this important issue should be considered in the macro-policy.

Public debt is a prime source of government revenue to finance budget deficit. It is perceived as the accumulation of annual budget deficits, generally face twin deficit viz. With the emergence of Islamic banking and finance across the globe, Islamic economists sought to find transactions that fit and conform to the principles of Islamic religion.therefore, The present study aims to discuss the possibilities of introducing Sukuk as an alternative way of financing public expenditure by replacing other conventional modes of financing in the future and effect Sukuk on twin deficit hypothesis for selected countries using the dynamic panel a generalized methods of moments (GMM) approach during the annual period 2013-2021. In the absence of sukuk we find a significant positive effect of fiscal balances on the current account, supporting the twin deficit hypothesis and the results show that the size of the estimated coefficient on the budget balance is between 0.86 and 0.95. However, the existence of sukuk reduces the effect of budget balance on the current account balance (the coefficient is reduced to 0.1). In fact, the twin deficits relationship is reduced with the presence of sukuk. This innovation will increase a lot of strategic advantage and economic development of countries by utilizing sukuk as an alternative source of funding.

Pension systems in most developed countries are considered to be the largest non-banking financial institutions and can be an effective factor for economic growth and development in addition to ensuring social welfare, especially during old age. In Iran, the discussion of pension reforms for many years due to different reasons, major challenges caused by demographic changes, aging population, decrease in fertility rate, increase in life expectancy and fundamental changes in the labor market such as unemployment, decrease in the quality and quantity of jobs and the expansion of the informal economy are the major concerns of policy makers. This article analyzes and simulates Iran's social security system in the framework of general equilibrium by using the three-period overlapping generations model. The optimal consumption and saving behavior  and the level of people's utility are different during the lifetime under different pension systems. The simulation results show that the full savings system has a higher physical capital accumulation than the current payment pension system, which leads to higher national consumption and national production in the full savings system.

One of the most important criteria in measuring the effect of economic policy is how monetary and fiscal policy interact and the effect of this interaction on economic growth. An important point in studying the interaction between monetary and fiscal policies is the coordination between these policies in order to achieve the goals of economic growth. Accordingly, considering the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in different periods of the Iranian economy using the TVP-VAR method, which can evaluate the effects of economic policy changes on macro variables over time, this article studies the shock effect of monetary and fiscal policies and their impact on the two macroeconomic variables, namely inflation and GDP in the period 1379 to 1398. The results show that the effect of fiscal policy on GDP growth is larger than monetary policy. The analysis of the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies shows two important results. First, the increase in government debt has a greater effect on output growth and increased liquidity than the monetary policy shock due to its more stable and broader effect. Second, monetary policy can lead to more sustained inflation. The most important policy recommendation of this study is that considering the dominant role of fiscal policy in the Iranian economy in the period under review, it is necessary for monetary policymakers to pay sufficient attention to the central bank using a regular monetary policy framework to control inflation and the main goal that is controlling inflation and maintaining stable economic growth.

Iran's economy has suffered many economic fluctuations for many years. Therefore, stabilization studies about the country's economy must have a significant contribution. One of the ways of economic stabilization is taxation. Among the types of taxes, automatic stabilization taxes are especially considered. This research aims to measure the effects of taxes and take a look at automatic stabilizer taxes especially. Economic data from 1372:1 to 1397:4 was used to conduct the paper. The SVAR model has also been used to estimate the research model. The results showed that the best automatic stabilizer tax is the Income tax.

In recent decades, the relationship between environmental quality, the development level of societies, and health has been of great importance in most countries, and thus environmental management and movement toward its preservation and promotion have changed into an international concern. Therefore, any strategy and tool that can help countries in this regard can be considered as a general strategy. The green tax is one of the most efficient and least costly policies for achieving a green economy and transition from the current situation. This policy tool has significant advantages that, if properly used, can achieve both environmental economic and social goals. Accordingly, this study focused on evaluating the effect of green tax on pollutant emission (air pollution) and health index (life expectancy) during 1966-2018 in Iran using three-stage least squares econometrics and a simultaneous equation system. The results of the model estimate indicated that the imposition of a green tax reduces air pollution emissions while simultaneously increasing the health index

The microfinance movement began in Bangladesh in the early 1970s in the face of the market failure phenomenon as well as the government's failure to provide credit to the poor and low-income people in the early 1970s. Microfinance, also known as microfinance or microfinance, is a means of providing credit, usually in the form of small unsecured loans, to non-traditional borrowers, such as the poor in rural or underdeveloped areas. A review of the literature on micro-financing goals as one of the tools and methods of economic development for the lower strata of society indicates that the four goals of economic development, poverty reduction, prevention of social unrest and profitability in the form of micro-businesses for microfinance are pursued. The experience of countries shows that microcredit is used in different ways to reduce poverty and therefore, it has different effects and consequences in the target society. Of course, in some countries, banks, as an economic enterprise that aims to maximize profits, do not do so for various reasons, such as the small amount of loans, which reduces their profits through the entry and identification of poor people. Second, paying a loan to this group of customers is associated with a lot of risk. Another issue related to banks not entering into micro-credit allocation is incomplete information that leads to maladaptive selection and ethical risks. According to the Barakat Foundation's approach to job creation and the unemployment rate of 12.7% in Yazd province in 1397, the Barakat Foundation's planning for job creation in some cities of the province, including Abarkooh, Mehriz and Bahabad, began in 1398. However, two years after the implementation of these job creation plans, examining their performance on social welfare selected from the Legatum Social Welfare Index can be effective in continuing the process.

The research method used is descriptive and survey in terms of user purpose. The data collection tool is a questionnaire made by a researcher. In this regard, the five main components of social welfare including investment environment, economic quality, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and individual safety were identified by experts and specialists based on Delphi and integrated methods and classified into 31 items. Then the validity of the questionnaire It was confirmed by elites and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to confirm the research model, the structural equation model was used and to analyze the data, 24 AMOS and 20 SPSS software were used. Using structural equations and first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the original model and the questions were tested.

First, social welfare components were calculated based on the average response scores and used for statistical ranking. Economic quality has been an indicator that most respondents have been satisfied with and health index is an indicator that respondents' satisfaction is in the last rank. Second, the general view of the respondents towards the items of social welfare component was examined statistically, in which the item "the degree of attention to the lack of monopoly formation in projects" in the investment environment, the item "the rate of increasing women's labor force participation" in quality Economic, the degree of opportunity to communicate with others in social capital, the amount of "prevention of high-risk factors such as suicide" in health, and the amount of "reduction of strictness and increase of women's physical health" are in the first place in individual freedom and safety. Third, the effect of each component was examined through t-test and the results indicate the positive effect of microcredit allocation in Barakat Foundation employment models on each of the components of social welfare index, namely investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom. And has been individual safety. Fourth, the validity of the questionnaire questions was examined and confirmed by the first-order confirmatory factor analysis technique. Fifth, when a large structure itself consists of several latent variables, second-order confirmatory factor analysis is used. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the social welfare variable show that its measurement model is appropriate and all numbers and parameters of the model are significant.

The results of the study on the validity of the scale structure, using the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, showed a high correlation between the hidden variables. Also, based on t-test, the effect of microcredit on each of the components of social welfare such as investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and personal safety was confirmed.

The importance of employment from the economic, political and social dimensions, especially in rural areas, has caused policymakers to pay more attention to the provision of facilities and human capital in order to develop entrepreneurship in economic activities, with an emphasis on raising the income of the low- and middle-income classes, in paragraph one of the resistance economy policies. to be placed Based on this, the Barkat Foundation started microcredits necessary for the establishment of employment and its development in rural areas in order to increase welfare since 2017. The research method of the current study is descriptive-analytical, and in order to answer the question, has microcredit had an effect on social welfare in rural areas? has been compiled. In this regard, the five main components of social welfare, including investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and personal freedom and safety, were identified by experts and specialists based on the Delphi and consolidated methods and categorized into 30 items. Then the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by elites and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to verify the research model, the structural equation model was used. By using the structural equation model and with the help of first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the main model and the research questions were tested. The research results indicate that the fit of the model was good and acceptable. Also, based on the t-test, the effectiveness of microcredits on each of the components of social welfare was confirmed.

The economy of a country undergoes many fluctuations over time. Due to dependence on oil revenues, war, embargo and other economic and political tensions, Iran's economy has been fluctuating greatly and experiencing many periods of prosperity and recession in the last thirty years. One of the duties defined for governments in public finance is economic stabilization. Economic stabilization makes the path of economic growth smoother. The smoothing of the growth path also makes the economic environment more attractive for investment and production. Governments have different instrument for economic stabilization. These instruments affect the supply and demand system. One of the policies that affects the demand side of the economy is the financial policies. These policies are divided into two categories: discretionary and non-discretionary. Discretionary financial policies were criticized by economists such as Friedman. Critics state that discretionary policies do not have the appropriate speed to stabilize the economic fluctuations. Automatic stabilizers, however, are not discretionary policies and can respond appropriately to criticism. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the automatic stabilization of financial policies, especially tax policies, on Iran's business cycles.

The data collection of this research was done through library work. The data were collected from the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the National Statistics Center. The data were seasonal, ranging from the spring of 1993 to the autumn of 2018. The business cycle of Iran's economy was extracted using the Hodrick-Prescott filter. According to the studies conducted, the ʎ of the extraction filter was 677. The unit root was calculated using the KPSS test. All the variables at this level were stationary. By estimating a SVAR model, we tried to check the dynamic relationships among the variables. The tools that were used in structural vector autoregressive models were impulse response functions, forecast error variance decomposition and historical decomposition. The counterfactual analysis was based on historical decomposition.

The SVAR model was formulated with the impulse response functions for twenty periods. According to the results, the effect of the government expenditure shock on the business cycle is low, but it shows up positive. The effect of the indirect tax shock on the cycle of GDP is very small and negligible. The effect of the direct tax shock on the business cycle is estimated counter-cyclically and found to be of a low effect.The results of the variance decomposition show that, in the first period, more than 92% of the change in the business cycle is explained by itself, 5% by the government expenditure shock, 1% by the direct taxes shock, and very small amounts by the indirect taxes shock. After 20 periods, the contribution of the business cycle in explaining its own changes decreases by less than 5%. Most of this share is added to the share of the government expenditure shock, raising it to 9.27% to explain the changes in the business cycle. After twenty periods, direct and indirect taxes are only equal to 2 and 1%, respectively, and they serve as the cause of changes in the production cycle.Historical decomposition shows that in the period from 1993 to 2018, direct taxes had a small contribution to the business cycles of Iran's economy, but there were countercyclical effects on the business cycle different years. These effects can be seen during both boom and recession. Indirect taxes have had counter-cyclical effects only in a few years, which have only been anti-prosperity. Historical decomposition shows that government spending has been able to exert anti-cyclical effects in some cases, though negligible.

According to empirical studies and the financial structure of the Iranian government, it was expected that the effects of stabilizing taxes on the production cycle would be insignificant. The tax ratio on GDP in Iran is about one third of the usual rate in the world. What matters was the way these taxes were effective; they affect the GDP in a pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical way. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate the role of taxes and the automatic stabilization of the government's financial policies in the economy of Iran. The results showed that, in terms of quantity, the government spending has a greater effect on stabilizing the economy (although this effect is small). However, in terms of counter recession effects, direct taxes can have a good stabilizing effect on the production cycle in the economy, although it is natural that the contribution of few tax revenues from the government's revenues in terms of quantity does not have a significant effect on the current economy of Iran. By increasing the share of tax revenues from the total revenues of the government, it is hoped that the counter recessionary effects of direct taxes will help stabilize (automatically) Iran's economy and reduce some of the economic fluctuations of the country's production. It is suggested that the government's financial policy should be made with special attention to direct taxes. By increasing the share of direct taxes, there will be fairer taxation as well as a relative improvement in fluctuations at the country's macroeconomic level.

The banking sector is an important sector in the economy; Because the financial needs of other sectors are met by the banking system. Thus, macroeconomic performance depends on the performance of the banking sector. The purpose of this paper is to test the symmetry of the effect of monetary policy on the performance of commercial banks (profitability with return on assets and net profit margins and efficiency with cost-to-income ratio) as well as GDP, volume of facilities granted by state and non-state banks in countries. (MENA) has been reviewed. For this purpose, the threshold vector autoregression method (TVAR) and quarterly data for 2013-2018 were used. Based on the results, the effects of positive and negative monetary and credit shocks on asset returns, net profit margin, cost-to-income ratio, GDP, volume of facilities granted by state and non-state banks in terms of direction and intensity The effectiveness of these two regimes is different. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of monetary policy and inflation on the above variables is asymmetric in both high and low production regimes.

One of the goals of government intervention in the economy, which is done by tax instruments, is to create economic stability. Now the question arises whether taxes have been used as a tool for economic stabilization? For this purpose, the effect of direct and indirect taxes on the fluctuations of Iran's economic cycles has been studied. To estimate the models of this research, Vector Auto Regression method by quarterly data from q1-1372 to q3-1397. The interesting results of this study are that, unlike empirical studies conducted in some other countries, direct taxes have not had a significant effect on reducing fluctuations in economic cycles. Also, the effect of indirect taxes on economic cycles is faster than direct taxes. The policy proposal of this research is to use more of the country's tax capacity to better perform the government's stabilizing task in the economy, especially the reform of tax bases.

The global financial crisis in 2007 showed that financial variables from different channels could exacerbate business cycle fluctuations. From the perspective of modeling in the economy, the models that assumed financial markets without friction lost their credibility. Accordingly, the correct response of the monetary authorities to the financial cycles has become one of the theoretical and political concerns. Therefore, the present study examines the effects of the central bankchr('39')s reaction to financial cycles during the period of 1369:1 to 1395:4 implementing several counterfactual simulations within the framework of the New Keynesian model. The results in different scenarios indicated that the more sensitive the central bank is to the financial cycle, the output will have less affects by financial shocks. However, inflation will respond to the shock of the financial sector with more fluctuations; therefore, it seems that monetary policy in Iran cannot reduce the effects of financial shock on macroeconomics solely through a change in the monetary base.

The alarm has sounded for the decline of some Western countries' economies because of the deepening budget deficit in particular, and their political dominance in general. In fact, this is what has been repeatedly suggested by the Supreme Leader as a sign of the decline of Western civilization. This study seeks to show the theoretical foundations of this citation from the perspective of economics and political philosophy. we have discussed Rawls' theory of justice as the most justified and tantamount philosophical foundation for liberal-democratic societies to do this. The Rawls's theory of justice can be considered without exaggeration to revival discussion of political philosophy in the twentieth century; a theory whose most important achievement is the design of a fundamental structure for society. This study first examines Rawls' theory of justice and draws the most justified face of liberal democracy in the form of a just fundamental structure with a library and descriptive method and with an analytical approach. The findings of the study indicate that the phenomenon of budget deficit is a factor that will eventually break the dominance of the liberal democratic system and eventually destroy these societies through the mechanism of capital reduction and hyperinflation.

There are numerous and conflicting views on the impact of corruption on economic growth. A number of humanities scholars have described corruption as a good phenomenon and called it the grease wheel of the economy, and they believe that financial corruption improves the weak economic institutions, and by that means , The growth rate of the economy will increase. On the other hand, some scholars have emphasized the undesirable nature of corruption and considered financial corruption as the economy's sand and argued that corruption is costly and costly, and the ineffectiveness of the administrative process and the transfer of resources to non-productive activities is eroding economic growth.This paper studies the impact of corruption on the growth of the Iranian economy from 1983 to 2014 by using the talent allocation approach and by applying the econometric method of equation system. The divergence in talent allocation has slowed the growth of the Iranian economy in of these years.

Dietary habits and nutritional behaviors of people are the food culture of every society. The aim of this study was to investigate factors, which affected food diversity in urban households of Iran.

The study was carried out in a cross-sectional and analytical form on 18,627 households. Data were extracted from the Bulletin of Urban Household Expenditure and Income in 2016 published by Iran Statistical Center. Berry Index was used to measure food diversity. The index included scores of zero to one and a greater score indicated a greater food diversification. The study model variables included personal (age, education, gender), social (literacy, geographical region, participation rate) and economic (income, cost) variables.

Increase of every literature person in household percentiles of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90 increased food diversity by 0.0001, 0.0003, 0.0001, 0.0008 and 0.0007, respectively (p < 0.01). The household per capita expenditure in all percentiles included a significant positive relationship with the food diversity. In median (t = 50%), a 1000-Rial increase in per capita food expenditure resulted in a 2.5-unit growth in food diversity (p < 0.01). Households who lived in south and desert regions included the highest (0.86) and the lowest (0.84) diversities in food regimes, respectively.

Food diversity behaviors in Iranian households mostly depend on their residence. Growth of household income in lower percentiles increases food diversification. Therefore, economic growth can lead to diversification of foods and hence prevention of non-communicable diseases.

One of the stylized facts of economics is the spread of the financial crisis to various sectors and the ensuing downturn. Thus, observing the financial sector and predicting its crises is an attractive topic among economists, policymakers and investors. For this purpose, financial condition indexes are used. In this regard, the present study develops a new index for the financial condition by using the principal component analysis (PCA) and combining eight financial variables. Then, using the constructed index and applying Markov Switching approach, the financial sector is divided into three situations of crisis, stability and boom over the period 1990:2 - 2017:1. Then, the probability of exposure to these situations in financial sector is calculated. The results show that the critical situation in the financial sector has a relatively low stability, so, with probability 0.93, the financial sector becomes stable in the next period. According to calculations, it is impossible to move from critical and volatile situation to boom. The boom in the financial sector has low stability as well. If the financial sector is in boom at period t, it will remain in the same position with probability 0.27 in the next period. With probability 0.59, the financial sector will experience stability, and with probability 0.14, it will be in crisis condition.

Controlling the business cycle and minimizing the inflation gap are considered as two major goals for monetary policy. Hence, the policymaker will be able to make more decisive decisions with an awareness of the dynamic relationship and causal relationship between these two variables. Accordingly, the present study uses a discrete and continuous wavelet transform to provide a new understanding of the relationship between these two variables in Iran's economy during the years 1990:2 – 2017:1. According to the results of the research, in the short-run (less than one year), the causal relationship has been bidirectional and procyclical. In the medium run (1 to 4 years), the causal relationship is countercyclical and from the inflation gap to the business cycle. In the long run (4 to 8 years), the business cycle is leading, and the two variables are in phase. Besides, the relationship between variables is highly unstable over time and depends on different scales. Therefore, inflation in Iran's economy is not merely a monetary phenomenon, and in the medium-term is affected by changes in the real sector. According to the results of the research, for the output and the inflation to be stable, it is recommended that the policymaker take both goals simultaneously.

Fiscal illusion is one of the effective factors on government’s budget status. Fiscal illusion refers to misinterpretation of financial parameters and overestimation and underestimation of expenditure and tax liabilities that leads to bias in budgetary decision at all levels of the government. Therefore, fiscal illusion in taxpayers confronts the politicians and the decision makers with a structure of motivations that prompts the adoption of public spending (expenditure) plans and increases the size of the government and its expenditure.The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of fiscal illusion on budgetary policy in selected developing countries between 2000 and 2014. For this purpose, we used dynamic panel data and a System Generalized Method of Moments GMM estimator. The results showed that fiscal illusion had a positive effect on budget deficit. So that the effect of fiscal illusion on budget deficit in the oil exporting countries it is higher than other countries; in the countries with high budget deficit is higher than in the countries with low budget deficit; in the countries with high fiscal illusion is higher than in the countries with low fiscal illusion, and in the high income countries is higher than other countries. Inflation has a positive effect and exchange rate as well as the degree of trade openness has negative effect on budget deficit.

The 2007 global financial crisis showed that financial cycles is one of the reasons for the fluctuations of macroeconomics and could create business cycles. If there is such a relationship, adopting an active policy response to smooth financial cycles seems necessary. The present study investigates the dynamics of the relationship between financial cycles with business cycles and the inflation gap in Iran's economy during 1990:1 – 2016:4. To accomplish this, first, a financial condition index for Iran's economy has been created. In addition, the causality test has been conducted in the frequency domain and available frequencies have been determined to predict economic growth whit the index. Then, in order to investigate the purpose of the research and analysis in the frequency domain and time-frequency domain, the new Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuous Wavelet Transform tools are used. The results show the relationship between financial cycle and the business cycle in the short run and long run is bilateral and extremely unstable. In the medium run, the business cycle is a leading variable, but the phase difference between the two variables in the 1990s is different from those of the 2000s. In the medium run, the financial cycles have kept inflation away from its long run trend. But in the long run and after 2007, this relationship has been reversed. According to the results of the research, it is recommended that monetary policy makers, in addition to smoothing output and inflation around their long run trends, should also consider this for the financial sector so that the two objectives above can be achieved with lower error in different frequencies.

Islamic banking in Iran as an important part of Islamic financial and economic system, aims to provide basic needs and increase public welfare. Therefore, Islamic banks subjected to special restrictions as compared to conventional banks. Efficiency is one of the important issues that supervisory departments and also customers which use the services of these financial institutions in addition to the bank managers are interested in. The purpose of this research is to study the efficiency of Melli bank branches in Ramsar and Tonekabon, using data envelopment analysis window (DEAW). The method of window data envelopment based on changing efficiency and is useful to study unit operation trend. Efficiency of Melli bank branches in Ramsar and Tonekabon was calculated by using DEAW during years 2007-2011.The findings show that the branches 17, 2, and 11 have the highest ranks, respectively.
On the contrary, branches 5, 16 and 6 have 17th, 16th, and 15th ranks, respectively. Results also show that operation trends of more than half of the branches of Melli bank in Ramsar and Tonekabon are not efficient.

The damaging effect of financial corruption has led to the identification and control strategies that are of interest to researchers. The paper attempts to make an impact on womens employment in public sector corruption to be investigated. For this purpose, using data from 45 selected countries including Iran in the period 2002 to 2013 the relative share of female employment in total employment impact of the public sector along with other influential variables including the rul of low, openness and GDP per capita on the dependent variable studied is corruotion.
The results of the estimated model using panel data econometrics reflects an increase in the relative share of female employment in total employment reduced public sector corruption. That means approved the research hypothesis. Therefor, it is suggested to tackle and control corruption in the public sector to increase womens contribution. The results show that the impact on GDP per capita and the rul of low and reduce corruption index is positive and significant corruption is involved. Also similar to other empirical studies of corruption increasing degree of openness.