محمد توکل

The main goal of this research is to know the environmental perception of activists active in this field, the reasons for this perception and the solutions to increase environmental awareness from their point of view. To conduct this research, a qualitative approach was used using the grounded theory method. The field of study includes all environmental activists in Tehran who are active in the field of environment. Sampling of the research was done by purposeful sampling using the two criteria of "diversity" and "reaching the theoretical saturation point" and interviews were conducted with 40 of these people. The results showed that the understanding and imagination of environmental activists are in two categories: particularist attitude (ecological transcendental attitude, boomerang effects) and generalist attitude (human-centered and comprehensively concerned attitude). Also, the factors and reasons of this type of understanding and imagination were categorized in three levels: micro level (according to conditions and interests), medium level (including childhood socialization, environmental conditions) and macro level (passive impressionability and active participation). The strategies presented in order to understand the perceptual and behavioral interactions of the members of active environmental groups were placed in two categories: short-term mechanism (authority and coercion) and long-term mechanism (including cultural development and educational development).

Industry and industrialization are prevalent subjects in sociology, evident in the majority of seminal and contemporary works. The current theoretical investigation employs a critical framework and relies on the thought experiment and axiomatization of reasoned statements methods to determine which direct and intermediary mechanisms are most influential in the relationship between industry (technology) and society at large, with a specific focus on social health.This paper posits that the establishment and growth of the industry and its associated technologies in the host communities will result in a multitude of both positive and negative alterations to diverse facets of the social health of the local populace. Thus, ten theoretical statements were examined to elucidate the research problem. Ultimately, several factors were identified as the repercussions and effects of the industrialization process on the social health of cities: unrestrained urbanization development, prioritization of economic gain over other considerations, escalation of immigration and internal migration, heightened heterogeneous population density, disregard for local and environmental needs, and increased urbanization without regard for environmental concerns.The present paper developed a synthetic model that contributes to a novel comprehension of the issue at hand. This model may serve as a valuable guide for future research endeavors.

The dispersion of study results reveals the need for research on the consequences of social support to achieve a relatively comprehensive picture of the findings and challenges. The purpose of study is classification of the variables related to the consequences of social support in Iranian society. The method used is systematic review. The statistical population included published scientific articles addressing issue of social support and its consequences. Related articles were searched in Iranian scientific databases. Based on the inclusion criterion, the most relevant articles with the objectives of the study (40 articles) were selected. To access the data of the articles, the data extraction worksheets were designed and adjusted in the form of twelve indicators and were completed based on the coding and annotations of each worksheet. After reviewing and comparing the worksheets for each article, the obtained data were collected and analyzed as well. A systematic review shows that the variable of social support as the variable studied in this study has been studied in relation to 18 variables; The variables identified as social support consequences in the reviewed studies are classified and summarized in four types of physical consequences, psychological consequences, social consequences and cultural-attitudinal consequences. Psychological, social, and cultural-attitudinal variables separately have the highest frequency in 12.5% of cases and physical variables in 2.5% of cases have the least importance among the authors of the researched researches. Mental health and quality of life were the most repeated among the consequences of social support in the reviewed articles.

The aim of this research was to identify the challenges faced by the PhD graduates, specifically in the areas of work and occupation, as well as the related problems of their education, research, possibilities, and expectations during and after university study. The theoretical approach in this research was Mertonian, and the statistical population consisted of those who graduated from 16 superior universities in Iran between 2014to2019. They were 16069 out of which 12434 were available through email and received our e-questionnaire. One of the important findings of this survey was that at the job market level the universities were the bigger consumer of PhD holders, employing them more than other sectors such as economic, industry and services. Moreover, female graduates in compare to male had fewer opportunities for employment (54% versus 79%). The respondents complained about salary and job privileges and expressed their inclination to immigrate to other countries (more than 70%).

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

“Tax system reform plan” is one of the basic parts of socio-economic development strategies in Iran. This reform is based on a comprehensive program for developing and deploying new Information Technology (IT) and improving the efficiency of the tax system. In this program, integrated tax software and databases are created and developed in order to tackle tax evasion and tax fraud. Despite the social agreement about the necessity of technological reform in tax system, changes are slow and no expected results have been achieved. Factors, such as delays in the implementation of this plan and ambiguity about its socio-economic effects, along with the conflicts of interest of the different groups involved in changes, have led to different perceptions among tax system actors and caused resistance to change. Understanding the actors’ perceptions, possible conflicts, and agreements facilitates the design and implementation of technological programs, as well as dealing with social resistances. This research focused on 3 groups of actors involved in technological changes of tax system: policy makers (top managers of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and tax administration) as the strategists of reform plans and tax officers and taxpayers, who were users of the new information system. In this article, the different actors’ perceptions about technological changes in the tax system were studied. In this regard, a sociological approach was deployed by using the concepts of structuration. In addition to Giddens’s dimensions of the duality of structure, “duality of technology” as the Structuration model of technology was considered by the authors. This conceptual framework allowed a deeper and more dialectical understanding of the interaction between technology, organizational structure, and actors. 

Matching the concepts of Structuration theory with the subject of this article, the actors’ discursive and practical awarenesses were considered as a manifestation of their perceptions. The actors’ discursive consciousness about the interactions between IS and the tax system structure was assumed as their explanation of the ideal state of this phenomenon. On the other hand, their practical consciousness was considered as their real experiences about it. According to Giddens, structure is the sum of “rules and resources organized as the properties of social systems”. In this article, the structures included rules, such as laws, policies, strategies, formal organizational structures, and internal and external organizational resources, including budget, technical equipment, human resources, and knowledge. In this study, a narrative research method was used to go beyond personal opinions and recognize collective views and mindsets. From among the narrative research types, “analysis of narrative” was chosen. The stories were collected as data and analyzed with paradigmatic processes. Paradigmatic analysis results in the descriptions of the themes that are held across the stories or in the taxonomies of types of stories, characters, or settings. Applying this method allowed the researchers to achieve a general model based on the common themes by combining individual experiences. In this study, two different tools were used to collect the actors’ stories. Due to the difficulty of accessing the policy makers and senior officials of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance and the tax system, their narratives were collected by referring to the texts of the interviews and the ministers’ official reports of economy and heads of the Tax Organization. Through judgmental sampling of the texts, 11 interviews and reports were selected and analyzed. The stories of the tax officers (18 persons were interviewed) and tax payers (24 persons were interviewed) were collected through in-depth interviews.

The narratives of each group of actors reflected their priorities and expectations of technological changes, as well as their experiences in this regard. The results revealed the actors' perceptions about the consequences of technological changes in the tax system, the rules and resources that affected it, and how technology interacted with those rules and resources. In addition, the conflicts and agreements related to the actors’ perceptions were identified. According to the analysis results of the narratives, the tax policy-makers believed that the reform plans had improved the rules and regulations of the tax system and enhanced its performance. They emphasized on the role of IS in facilitating the collection of taxpayers' financial information (as the most important factor in tax audits), implementing new risk-based tax audit methods, and deploying BI as a tool. In contrast, the tax officers and taxpayers believed that the reforms had not met the expectations due to the lack of training programs and cultural challenges. They believed that deploying IT had complicated work processes and increased conflicts between the tax officers and taxpayers.

This article, first reviews the changes occurred and are occurring as the result of the introduction and extension of the internet into the new written media worldwide and also in Iran. After that we concentrate on the effects of this process on newspaper industry in Iran, in particular. Then we look into the new circumstances which newspapers encountered with, and that how newspapers managed the situation. The study consists of investigation on 1)the changing relation between news production, news consumption and advertisement; 2)opening up the newspapers content packages;3)changes regarding the periodically managed newspapers and the question of standardized newspaper contents; and 4) the continuation of the authority of the printed media as the reference in the newspaper industry. The article shows that despite the structural problems which newspapers face, and the quick internet penetration into the newspaper industry, the printed newspaper has been able to keep its authority in the new news industry. The study, based on user traffic and newspaper circulation statistics, shows that the online news industry with opening up the newspaper content packages absorbed newspapers advertisement revenues and forced them to enter a new era of tough circumstances. Structural problems and lack of legal transparency for using new media technologies along with their dependence on government subsidies and the excessive politicization doubled the difficulties. This situation undermined independent journalism and its influence on social life. This may push the political actions to more informal and even underground sphere.

The dispersion of the study results reveals the need for a systematic review of research on mental health determinants in order to achieve a relatively comprehensive picture of the findings and challenges of the study. The purpose of this study is to identify and classify the variables related to mental health in Iranian society. The main question of the study is that in domestic research in 2006-2010, the subject of mental health has been considered by social science researchers in relation to what variables? Systematic review of 30 selected research articles shows that mental health is affected by 36 variables in four types of social, cultural, contextual and psychological, the product of social and cultural conditions. Social variables have the highest frequency in 36.6% of cases and psychological variables in 23.4% of cases have the least importance among the authors of the reviewed studies. This result indicates the importance of social conditions and confirms the global scientific findings regarding the greater share of social determinants - than individual and psychological determinants - in health and disease, and in particular health and mental illness. Cultural and contextual variables each separately in 30% of studies have attracted the attention of researchers. Lack of executive solution in studies, refusal of domestic researchers to use qualitative and interpretive methods, and disregard for the type of relationship between political structure and components with mental health are among the most central aspects neglected in the reviewed research.

These days, startup companies have been promoted based on ideas and discourses that criticize state-owned and pseudo-state-owned companies and institutions, describing them as non-competitive structures. These structures seem to have little economic efficiency and incapable of providing their customers with high-quality products at reasonable prices. On the other hand, most policymakers and economists argue that technology-based environments have a great capacity to meet the demands of a wide range of tastes, due to their wide, centrifugal structure. This is despite the fact that internet-based businesses, especially startups, can respond to these increasing demands, thus contributing to economic growth. This study will argue that startups have helped to promote the neoliberal discourse by reshaping privatization and deregulation policies, especially in the monetary sphere and the development of financial markets. This discourse has been implemented in quite diverse forms in different countries over the past few decades; but despite its uneven geographical development, it has a general tendency to contribute to social inequality and to expose most individuals and social classes to recurring financial crises. Thus, the present study employs various forms of critique of neoliberalism so as to understand the relevance of the topic in relation to the present society as a whole. The findings suggest that the capitalist mechanisms responsible for preserving the universal status quo are put into practice with more intensity in startups, giving rise to more complicated social and financial risks.

Taking care of the body is one of the achievements that has become a fashion and lifestyle today; But what matters is how the body is shaped by taking some of the supplements on the market. The prevalence of some hormonal drugs among athletes is due to the tendency to have a different body. The present article seeks to be able to identify and analyze the mechanisms and relationships that expose the body to the market by demonstrating how to reproduce such an issue. To achieve the goal, the concept of bio-power in Foucault and post-Foucault has been used and a qualitative method has been used to explain the activities of actors. The data from this study are the result of a semi-structured interview with 35 people who have taken both hormonal drugs and share in the market for buying and selling them. According to the research findings, the use of hormonal drugs among individuals is the result of contemporary fitness and lifestyle discourses that have produced a kind of knowledge in this field. This knowledge, by being tied to profit-based relationships and the complementary drug market, leads to the formation and production of specific forms of subjects in Has been marketed. In fact, manipulation and control of the body have taken place through the normalization of the use of complementary drugs, and new medical and quasi-medical subjects recommending the use of such drugs have led to its reproduction.

In this study, an attempt was made to find a value-relevance relationship of the Iranian social sciences field and to formulate the concerns that effect researchers in this field. The main question was what the social sciences in Iran is thinking about and the question of which field is considered to be the main issue that can be pursued at the social level. In this regard, doctoral dissertations in this field during 2009-19 as one of the final products of this field were analyzed. The work began with a review of 437 dissertations by using "thematic analysis" method and by dividing them according to different fields of sociology, changes in the hegemony of areas were observed during these ten years. In some areas where there were a large number of dissertations at the beginning of the study period, including Sociology of Culture and Political Sociology, fewer dissertations were seen in recent years. While other popular fields, such as "Development Sociology" and "Economic Sociology", have continued to grow rapidly until the end of this period. In addition, areas in which fewer dissertations have been written throughout this period, including Sociology of Environment and Sociology of Education, have attracted significant interest from researchers in recent years. As a result of the second type of codification, a kind of "Economic-turn" is observed in the titles of dissertations during these ten years; this means that the economic issues of the society are becoming more and more important, and in the same way, addressing the issues of democracy, freedom and civil society has been marginalized.

Health is considered of utmost importance and can be assessed from various aspects. The social health assessment can be a good basis for planning to improve the general health of the target community. The present study was conducted to investigate the social health of Lamerd residents, a small town in Fars Province.

The present study is descriptive and uses a researcher-made questionnaire as the instrument. The research population of the study is 60319 Lamerd residents over 20 years old in 2016, and using Cochran’s formula, a total of 382 people were selected through cluster sampling method. To describe social health, central tendency index of mean and dispersion index of standard deviation were used in SPSS version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05.

In this study, 382 people were studied. Out of this number, 89 percent were male, and 66 percent were single. Most of the respondents belonged to the 30-35 age bracket. The findings showed that the mean social health (M=3.03, Sd=0.35) was at an average level. Among the evaluated dimensions of social health, the economic dimension was favorable (M=3.09, Sd=0.96). The social trust, as the most significant social capital index, was assessed and the results showed that the institutional trust was low (M=2.14, Sd=0.65). On the contrary, interpersonal trust was at a high level (M=3.14, Sd=1.13). The social harms indicator was at a high level (M=3.07, Sd=0.87), yet physical and mental health were rated as average and low, respectively. Considering life expectancy, the sampling assumed that the life span of the residents has shortened (M=3.75, Sd=0.76), and on education and literacy, their responses proved a moderately high tendency towards academic promotion and towards studying technical majors (M=3.14, Sd=0.9). The environmental condition indicator was also rated as unfavorable, and noise, air, and marine pollution were high (M=2.84, Sd=0.84).

Considering the importance of social health, investigating its different aspects through panel designs can be an appropriate analytical instrument for sociologists, pathologists, and health planners to move from unfavorable conditions to an optimal state.

Taking and prescribing medicine has a specific treatment protocol that doctors can prescribe for people according to different diseases. However, there are some drugs and supplements in the Iranian market that are used not only for therapeutic purposes but also for the purpose of beauty and increasing bodily functions. These secondary uses are regulated and managed by the market with some existing cultural discourses about health and body, which are normalized and normalized in individuals. In other words, part of the problem is the practice and set of rules at the macro level, and the other part is the result of cultivating discourses that provide the conditions for these drugs. On the other hand, special body diets and the importance of the body, the induction of drug use has increased, which leads people to make decisions in order to consolidate a certain pattern of use of these drugs. It is not always in the interest of individuals, in fact, where individuals' decisions lead to satisfaction that is not in their favor, these decisions form a market equilibrium that is in the market's favor, where it benefits the most. These conditions provide opportunities for it puts people and the market to achieve their goal through irrational and profitable ways and processes. The Ministry of Health is trying to play its role as a regulator and on the other hand as a supporter of the pharmaceutical industry, but due to the expansion of the market for these drugs in Iran, there is no proper oversight of their treatment protocol and economy.

This treatise on qualitative practice, i.e. interview, documentary method, and content analysis, has addressed this issue. Drug laws and regulations, press releases upstream documents, and reports have been reviewed, in addition to in-depth socio-cultural issues of in-depth 65 interviews with consumers and stakeholders and officials have been used in this area. In order to analyze the data, the thematic analysis method was used.

  The research findings are based on a multifaceted process: Institutional level: The role of regulatory institutions in the marketing process and the role of existing policies in the country's pharmaceutical system in the field of hormonal drugs. The second level is the coordinates and relationships of the main actors, in other words. In this study, we address the most important subjects of the hormonal drug market in this logic. The third: cultural discourse, where medical and quasi-medical discourses remove consumer subjects from the heart of marketing processes.  In fact, the policies of the field of hormonal drugs, by objectifying their subjects as members of society and also in constructing them, try to show that subjects themselves have the freedom and freedom to choose to buy and consume, that is, the subject who is the elector and can determine the goals and tools to achieve those goals.

marketization is the product of a mechanism of three aspects of the problem, each of which cannot explain the phenomenon of marketization without other markets or marketing is the mechanisms that affect the expansion of the market for hormonal drugs. A set, or in other words, a network of actions in the political-economic and cultural fields, plays an important role in the normalization and maintenance of these technologies and knowledge and the construction of a bio-political subject. Bio-politics emphasizes the flourishing of life and shapes marketing projects through regulatory changes and disciplinary norms in the form of a lifestyle.  That is, all the mechanisms that make it possible for the body to consume certain conditions, are more inclusive of the decisive and authoritarian tools of power.with some existing cultural discourses about health and body, are normalized and normalized in individuals. In other words, part of the problem is the practice and set of rules at the macro level, and the other part is the result of cultivating discourses that provide the conditions for these drugs. On the other hand, special body diets and the importance of the body, the induction of drug use has increased, which leads people to make decisions in order to consolidate a certain pattern of use of these drugs. It is not always in the interest of individuals, in fact, where individuals' decisions lead to satisfaction that is not in their favor, these decisions form a market equilibrium that is in the market's favor, where it benefits the most. These conditions provide opportunities for It puts people and the market to achieve their goal through irrational and profitable ways and processes. the Ministry of Health is trying to play its role as a regulator and on the other hand as a supporter of the pharmaceutical industry, but due to the expansion of the market for these drugs in Iran, there is no proper oversight of their treatment protocol and economy.

In the current situation, despite the various social objections and crises, most of the officials and social and economical policymakers recommend the policies that, in the past, have been frequently adopted and resulted in numerous social dissatisfactions. According to this research, the complexity of today's problems, and the subjective/objective abstraction dominating on the society, makes the conventional use of the sociological conceptual dualities such as rationality/irrationality, tradition/modernity inappropriate for criticizing the existing trends - the trends which have currently replaced the industry with the different forms of financial capitals such as startups, and also the political and cultural public sphere with social networks and cyberspace. Hence, following Adorno's methodology/theory, this research, using a concrete structure (i.e the structure of startup companies), shows that one-sided and non-dialectical approach towards these concepts is not suitable to comprehend/criticize the current social situation and its problems. The results of this study indicate that these dualities are not just epistemological issues developed by sociologists and theorists to analyze social reality, but they are forming the present social order - an order which under critical/ irrational conditions including present conditions, is the mediation for a variety of regressions toward the forms of pre-modern politics and society. In the current situation, despite the various social objections and crises, most of the officials and social and economical policymakers recommend the policies that, in the past, have been frequently adopted and resulted in numerous social dissatisfactions. According to this research, the complexity of today's problems, and the subjective/objective abstraction dominating on the society, makes the conventional use of the sociological conceptual dualities such as rationality/irrationality, tradition/modernity inappropriate for criticizing the existing trends - the trends which have currently replaced the industry with the different forms of financial capitals such as startups, and also the political and cultural public sphere with social networks and cyberspace. In the current situation, despite the various social objections and crises, most of the officials and social and economical policymakers recommend the policies that, in the past, have been frequently adopted and resulted in numerous social dissatisfactions. According to this research, the complexity of today's problems, and the subjective/objective abstraction dominating on the society, makes the conventional use of the sociological conceptual dualities such as rationality/irrationality, tradition/modernity inappropriate for criticizing the existing trends - the trends which have currently replaced the industry with the different forms of financial capitals such as startups, and also the political and cultural public sphere with social networks and cyberspace. In the current situation, despite the various social objections and crises, most of the officials and social and economical policymakers recommend the policies that, in the past, have been frequently adopted and resulted in numerous social dissatisfactions. According to this research, the complexity of today's problems, and the subjective/objective abstraction dominating on the society, makes the conventional use of the sociological conceptual dualities such as rationality/irrationality, tradition/modernity inappropriate for criticizing the existing trends - the trends which have currently replaced the industry with the different forms of financial capitals such as startups, and also the political and cultural public sphere with social networks and cyberspace. In the current situation, despite the various social objections and crises, most of the officials and social and economical policymakers recommend the policies that, in the past, have been frequently adopted and resulted in numerous social dissatisfactions. According to this research, the complexity of today's problems, and the subjective/objective abstraction dominating on the society, makes the conventional use of the sociological conceptual dualities such as rationality/irrationality, tradition/modernity inappropriate for criticizing the existing trends - the trends which have currently replaced the industry with the different

The development of information society has led to many other developments, including the expansion of cyberspace and the emergence of new types of cybercrime deviations and crimes. One of these large-scale offenses is Cyberstalking. Official agencies and institutions do not provide accurate data on this type of crime. Also, due to the value system of the country, many of these types of crimes are not reported to the relevant institutions. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, the study has used Felson's victimology approach that gives a more accurate estimation of this crime. This crime occurs because of its interactive nature among people of different genders. The types of Cyberstalking that were the subject of this research are threats, theft of information and identity, the dissemination of lies, and harassment. The research method of this study is to investigate the victims to discover the crime's realistic rate and analyze its causes. The survey's statistical population is citizens over 15 years of age in Tehran using at least one hour of Internet per week. Findings show that around 8.9% of Tehran's users have been attacked at least once. So it can be said Cyberstalking is a social problem that is taking place in cyberspace. Analysis of the findings shows that the online lifestyle of the victims has a significant effect on the rate and quality of the incident. Among the factors affecting the crime are the changes in values in cyberspace and the reduction of social control, which leads to ethical emancipation and self-control. This process ultimately increases the visibility and risk-taking behavior of individuals who provide the platform for her victimization.

This paper analyzes the impacts and consequences of the activities of universities and non-governmental, non-profit higher education institutions. The statistical population is 355 officials of these institutions across the country. Out of this population, 201 were selected as sample population by stratified sampling. Survey and questionnaires were employed to collect data and through quantitative method the data was analyzed. Research findings suggest that the activities of these centers have had various consequences, including expanding higher education, decreasing government authority and spending, reducing internal and external migration for education, assisting in the dismantling of the university entrance examination (konkour), localizing higher education in the provinces, promoting culture of education, creating jobs and income for faculty, staff, and sessional lecturer, and creating opportunity to bring ideas and capabilities out of government.

Genetically modified products have been the site of controversy over the last two decades. The main objective of this study is to examine these claims and identify the claim makers that raise these claims.  This is a qualitative case study and data has been collected from three sources: interview with key actors in the field, the contents of three debates among the claim-makers and specialized and non-specialized texts related to the field. Research findings show two networks have been formed around genetically modified products. Each network consists of different groups and actors with a common view about genetically modified products. Network of proponents frame genetically modified products as food security, clean environment, healthy food and national production. The network of opponents frames them as risks to environment and human health and a scheme for the intrusion and manipulation of the agricultural system particularly in developing countries. The dominance of a group of frames has different consequences for society.

Abstract The present article seeks to explore the sociological factors and consequences of social demand for the PhD in the recent decade in Iran. The method used is qualitative and within the framework of phenomenology .First, by the use of documentary method, empirical and theoretical backgrounds of the research were investigated, then these factors and consequences were put in a focus group interview with 10 experts and higher education officials. Finally, the findings of the research were classified in two parts: sociological factors and sociological consequences of social demand for the PhD degree. The factors of social demand in general became: "individual-family factors" and "environmental factors". Family factors include customs and morals and individual factors include the value of belonging, intrinsic value, functional value, and the exchange value of pursuing a doctoral degree. Environmental factors include historical, institutional, economic, and socio-cultural factors. The consequences of this phenomenon include scientific-educational, socio-cultural and economic consequences, which were divided into positive and negative categories. Finally, regarding extracted factors, some solutions to the problem of high social demand for higher education were suggested. Keywords Education Continuation, Sociological Consequences, Social Demand, Ph.D, Sociological Factors.

Non-governmental and non-profit universities and higher education institutions, as sub-systems of higher education in Iran are facing various problems which have affected their performance. This study is categorized in survey-type studies and is questionnaire based. The research population consists of such educational institution directors, out of whom 201 were randomly selected across the country. This method of sampling is called stratified random sampling.
The research finding indicates that non-profit institutions are facing problems in scientific and research area including sheer focus on science transfer and lack of production in this area, research inadequacy, and incapacitation in holding scientific conferences. In the field of education, they also face impediments such as vacant seats, similarity of educational fields in the neighboring institutes, incapacity in offering some fields of study, and shortcomings in employing the graduates and insufficient number of faculty members.

In this study, in addition to the epidemiology of mental disorders in the population aged 18-64 in Saigon, and indicating the socioeconomic factors which affect the prevalence of these disorders, we also compare them with the findings of mental health status in Arak.
Theoretical Framework: Sociological theories of Anomie of Durkheim and Strain theory of Merton are the bases of our theoretical framework in this research. To determine the prevalence of mental disorders, the well-known General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and to determine the effective sociological parameters on them, questions derived from Durkheim and Merton's theories formed our second Questionnaire, the sociological one. The sample size was 384, using Cochran formula, and sampling was done using multi-stage cluster sampling.
Findings: Results showed that the overall prevalence of mental disorder in Saigon is 10.2%: in men 5.5% and in women 12.8%. Moreover, the components of immigration, job status, social status, ethnicity, structural and social pressures, family problems, and social capital, were shown to contribute to the risk of mental health and the occurrence of mental disorders. In the comparison of these two industrial cities, the state of mental disorder in the city of Arak is far worse than the city of Saigon: overall prevalence of mental disorder is 28/9% and in terms of respondant's sex, 34/55% in women and 23/31% in men. The only sociological factor that was not confirmed in Saigon, was religious adherence. All aforementioned factors were strongly confirmed in Arak, including the religious adherence.

As it will be discussed, the size of mental health difference between the two cities is far from any initial expectations, since Saigon was the capital of South Vietnam and experienced a terrible war with America.

1.Introduction It has been decades since the concept of economic development was considered as one of the steady foundations of planning carried out in the developing countries. Either before or after the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the industrial development has always been the major strategy of the governments. Meanwhile, the impediments of such a strategy have been revealed for years, both in theory and practice. In turn, other strategies such as social and sustainable development have been gaining significance. In the present study, given Iran’s priorities on the development of industries and technologies throughout the country, it is attempted to investigate the impacts of technology expansion on various dimensions of social development (distributive and human social development). In this regard, the main questions to be investigated in the study are as follows: 1) What is the status quo of Iranian provinces in terms of social and technologic developments? 2) What are the impacts of technologic development on various dimensions of social development in different Iranian provinces? 2. Theoretical Framework In the West, technology and social development have been evolving alongside each other (Francois, 2002); however, the conditions of the countries developed after the West are different. One idea regarding such countries points to the advantages of their late development, as it may lead to a form of technologic shift. This method of technologic development can affect social development both positively and negatively due to its sudden introduction to the society. When the effect is positive, the outcome of mechanism enables manufacturers to act successfully, which is also beneficial to others. These consequences are, in fact, the means through which the benefits of essential dynamics are offered for the sake of the social development of the economy (Bannet, 2004; Bisin & Verdier, 2001; Francois, 2002; Kuznets, 1962). However, the second argument suggesting the negative impact of technologic progress on social development is based on the idea that the possibility of fast improvement can practically result in highly adverse consequences in social development. Such issues can arise when, despite their advantages in increasing productivity, new technology requires imposing heavy damage on a part of vulnerable manufacturers. Habits are resistant and preferences cannot be moderated overnight. When a newer, more efficient technology reaches the utilization stage, it may involve an ever-increasing growth in reliability, even though the reliability levels remain the same as the beginning point for a while. The more the differences between a new technology and its old form, the more the imbalance between the current level of social capital and its required level for new technology. If such a difference is too extensive, then new technology would not persist; consequently, entrepreneurs introducing that technology would fail. Then fewer entrepreneurs would take the risks of modern production; therefore, the dynamic benefits of reliability require positive consequences offered by successful entrepreneurs, while their failure is in fact a threat against the social capital of the society. Evidently, attempts made to introduce significant changes are bound to fail due to the presence of a form of imbalance between the initial level of social capital in the society and the required social capital for new technology (Francois, 2002; Kalen & Fang, 2015).
Under these conditions, the majority of such countries are faced with a sociocultural duality, and become subject to economic and sociocultural imbalance on a daily basis, moving away from various indices of social development (Abdullahi, 1987; Eliyas, 1985; Gharbaghian, 1991; Mousayi, 2009). On the other hand, this type of technologic development has not led to a proper distribution of income and poverty in Peru (Todaro, 1992).
Considering the dominant approach on the strategy of industrial and technologic advances in the country, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the impact of technologic development on various dimensions of social development. 3.Methodology The present explanatory study was conducted using the quantitative-comparative method through testing hypotheses or contrasting the theoretical assumptions with the facts implied by these assumptions. The unit and level of analysis were “provinces” and “the country”, respectively, and the observation unit was “province/year”. The study was carried out according to the quantitative data of provinces during the years 2001-2016. Secondary analysis was used for data collection. 4.Results The findings of the study suggest that Semnan Province is ranked first among others with the highest rate of technologic development given its population, followed by Yazd and Qazvin, respectively. Yazd Province is the most developed province in terms of distributive social development. Fars Province is ranked first in terms of social capital, and the highest extent of inequality belongs to Tehran and Golestan Provinces.
The results of regression analysis indicate that almost 44% of variance and changes in the distributive dimension of social development are explained by technologic development. The statistics demonstrate the fact that the technologic development variable directly affects the distributive aspect of social development with a beta value of 0.68. That is, the technologic development variable is effective in term of social development from a distributive dimension. Furthermore, the results also showed that the technologic development of provinces is of no significant impact on the amount of social capital as well as the extent of inequalities in provinces. 5.Conclusion In this study, the historical process of development theories was examined, showing how the concept of social development has been gaining considerable importance during the past two decades. Moreover, the concept of social development has shown new dimensions as a result of its evolution and growth throughout history. Then, the theoretical relationship between the technologic and social development was clarified based on which the hypotheses of the study were formulated. According to the findings of the study, technologic development affects the distributive dimension of social development, whereas it does not involve significant impact in terms of social capital as well as inequality (human dimensions of social development) in Iranian provinces.

This article analyzes the implications and consequences of private sector participation in Iran higher education and tries to study it from the perspective of the functions and dysfunctions of Experts. The statistical population is 75 of experts and survey method and questionnaire tool were used to collect data. Quantitative data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. The findings suggest that the contribution or participation of this sector in the form of non-governmental non-profit higher education universities and institutions, have brought different functions and dysfunctions. Among the aforementioned functions, social and cultural consequences and implications had the highest rating and then, educational, financial, organizational and administrative, and scientific and research outcomes have the next more important rating respectively. In addition, the participation of the private sector has also dysfunctions, such that negative consequences in scientific-educational, social and cultural affairs can be noted as dysfunctions.

According to the announcement of the WHO, mental Disorder is as important as physical health and is affected by a combination of social, psychological and biological components. This study aimed to explain the sociological grounds which affect the mental health of Arak's residents in 2017.
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 15-64 year old population living in Arak. To determine the prevalence of mental disorders, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and determining the effective sociological parameters on them, questions from Durkheim and Merton's theories were used. The sample size was 384 using Cochran formula and data gathering was done using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software.
Findings: Mean and SD of participants’ age was 34±13 years, mean and SD of household size was 1.5±4.5. 98.7% of participants were Shia, 72.9% were urban and 74% owned their home. The total prevalence of mental disorders was 28.9%: 23.31% in men and 34.55% in women. Moreover, the components of immigration, job status, social status, religion, ethnicity, structural and social pressures, family problems, congestion, anomy, traffic problems and social capital were shown to contribute to the risk of mental health and the occurrence of mental disorders.
Regarding the high prevalence of mental disorders in this study, it is recommended that mediating institutions as ethical and legal entities be recognized by the government and try harder to reorganise and realize the individual rights and social cohesion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of ICT in the educational process and the process of teaching high school students in schools, and the process of integration and acceptance in schools, which was done through a case study. Through a case study has been done. The statistical population of the study is all managers, teachers and technology administrators working in the high schools of Tehran. In order to conduct research, six high schools in the city (four state high schools and two non- profit high schools) were selected from the high, the middle and lower region of the city, and semi- structured deep interviews were conducted with 34 staff members in the schools And analyzed using open, axial and selective coding .Findings from deep interviews indicate that respondents have highlighted the potential of information and communication technology in education, reform of educational structure, facilitation, guidance, communication and design and production tools. In the process of technology integration, at macro level, smart intelligence, school equipping, incentive support, specialist training, content creation, and conversion training based on exam must be considered. At the middle level, the type of school seems to be a way of managing and employing teachers in the process of integrating technology. At micro level, the process of integrating ICT into the teaching process of teachers has been analyzed and interpreted in such categories as acceptance, implementation, matching and inventiveness.