محمد توکلی

Parents greatly influence their children lives, as children imitate their parents’ behaviors and attitudes. Improving parents' interactions and behaviors can lead to positive changes in their children's social skills and maturity. This study examines the relationship between social maturity and social skills of teenagers in Yazd city and their parents' social adequacy and acceptance. 

Methods and Data: 

The method is a correlational study with a sample of 150 mothers with teenage children in Yazd. The instruments used are Matson's Social Skills Questionnaire (1983), Rao's Social Maturity Scale (1986), Fellner's Social Adequacy Scale (1990), and Marlowe and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale (1960). 

Data analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between adolescents' social maturity and social skills and their parents' social adequacy and acceptance. Adolescents who have higher levels of social maturity and skills tend to have parents who have higher levels of social adequacy and acceptance, and vice versa. This implies that mothers who have high levels of thinking, problem-solving and cognitive recognition abilities can facilitate their children's emotional and skill development. 

According to the results, increasing parents' social adequacy and acceptance can predict their adolescents' social maturity and skills. This implies that parents can enhance their children's social development by improving their own self-esteem, modeling positive social behaviors, providing constructive feedback, and support. 

Key Message: 

The coping strategies of teenagers in confronting with physical, mental, and social changes is an important social skill which can play a role in the process of their communication and adaptation. Parents, especially mothers, play a significant role in this process. The attitude of parents and especially mothers towards themselves and the realistic view of different aspects of life shapes the skills and ability of teenagers in relation to different issues.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of psychological capital on the fear of corona disease and the cooperation of employees in the organization's measures to deal with Corona disease with the consideration of trust in managers. Method The statistical population included the employees of a semi-state manufacturing company in Sirjan city. The 220 members of the company were selected by the census sampling method, and finally, 145 usable questionnaires were received.The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed using face, divergent, and convergent validity, and their reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data, Smart-PLS 3 software was used. Results The research results indicate that employees with higher psychological capital have more trust in the managers.employees who are more afraid of getting infected with Corona cooperate more with the company's efforts to deal with Corona. Employees with higher social capital support the company's measures to deal with Corona, and the feeling of fear of Corona by employees has caused them to support and cooperate more in. In addition, trust in managers has not affected the level of employee cooperation. Discusion Relying on the findings, managers, and administrators of organizations should be more aware of the importance and role of psychological capital, and to cultivate and strengthen it in employees, training options on skills that increase positivity, hope, and resilience are effective for employees through workshops on communication skills and social relations and organizational support

One of the examples of urban diplomacy is sisterhood, which is considered in order to bring nations closer and introduce the culture and civilization of countries to each other. The importance of sisterhood for countries such as Iran, which is ethnically and religiously diverse, has a significant potential for sisterhood. The present article seeks to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method what is the importance and position of sisterhood and sisterhood capacities of Iranian cities? The results show that the twinning agreement, in addition to providing the necessary capacity for cities to participate with each other and play a role in international politics, will lead to sustainable development of cities in various economic, cultural and political dimensions and Iran due to its neighborhood with fifteen The country, as well as its historical and cultural richness, has the capacity of sisterhood with historical, cultural, social, scientific, technological, literary and artistic fields.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are very important in horse breeding according to relationship with immunity response and resistance or susceptibility to disease. The aim of this research is study of polymorphism possible in exon gene region and population genetics. To do this, 120 horses were selected randomly from Thoroughbred, Oldenburg, Caspian pony and Arab breeds. Genomic DNA was extracted via blood samples and polymerase chain reaction was done for a 309 bp MHC gene region. The PCR products were digested by RsaI restriction endonuclease for genotyping determination. Results show that there were three allele of A, B and C and six types of genotype of AA, AB, AC, BB, BC and CC with 0.3208, 0.3208 and 0.3584 allele frequency and 0.05, 0.25, 0.2917, 0.1333, 0.125 and 0.15 genotype frequency in all studied samples respectively. The most and least allele frequency in Thoroughbred, Oldenburg, Caspian pony and Arab are related to B, A, A, C and A, B, B, A alleles respectively. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium study by X2 and G2 tests shows the equilibrium situation in Oldenburg and Caspian pony breeds and non-equilibrium situation in Thoroughbred and Arab breeds. The overall results shows that the genetic diversity in studied samples can be used as a resource for horse breeding programs.

Subject and Purpose of the Article: 

This research studied external accountability gap of tax affairs organization from the viewpoint of academic    society, great taxpayers and the government through applying Servqula model.

Statistical society includes faculty members, CFOs and governmental experts which 156 samples of these three stakeholders were selected by sampling method and questionnaire distributed among them. Dependent t-test for paired samples and one way-analysis of variance test were utilized to test the hypotheses.

Results show that there is a deeper gap in external and ethical accountability of National Tax organization from faculty   members and CFOs' viewpoints. Besides, there is a deeper gap in financial, performance, democratic and political accountability from faculty members viewpoints in compare with two other strata.

Thus, tax affairs organization must fill the external gap toward academic society and major taxpayers and on the other hand does its best to improve accountability condition of the Organization.

Pasta is one of the most popular foods consumed in the world because of its low price, easy cooking and good taste. It is rich in calories (complex carbohydrates), but it is poor in dietary fibers, minerals, phenolic compounds and vitamins. Due to the limited number of raw materials in pasta production, its popularity among all segments of society as well as the simple production process, it can be used as a suitable carrier for enrichment. In this study, the effect of pasta enrichment using fruits and vegetables on physicochemical and nutritional properties of the pasta was investigated. The results of this study showed that the addition of vegetables and fruits to formulation of past considerably increased content of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity. In between pasta production steps, pasta cooking had the most impact on the reducing of bioactive compounds. Vegetables and fruits can leach into boiling water (cooking water) or can be thermally degraded. The enrichment has a dilution effect of the gluten network, leading to changing of cooking and texture properties. Due to the type of compounds added to the pasta formulation, their effect on glycemic index was different. Therefore, enrichment is successful only if processing conditions are optimized to keep in the final product the desired nutritional characteristics of the vegetables and fruits

Port cities are seen as an important link in the country's logistics chain. So that the national economy and foreign trade of the country is completely dependent on the functioning of the country's trading ports. The main purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize effective dimensions of entrepreneurship ecosystem in Iranian port cities (a case study of Khuzestan port cities). This research is a qualitative research and the method is the case study and how to collect semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts. The statistical population is maritime transport industry experts and purposeful sampling method. The method of analyzing the data from the interviews was coded the result of this coding was done in eight dimensions and 84 indicators. Experts' validity and reliability of documenting the whole process were documented by several researchers. In the end, prioritizing the effective dimensions in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of ports was done using a hierarchical analysis process based on pairwise comparisons technique. The results showed that the most effective dimensions in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of Iran's port cities are: policy, finance, markets, stakeholders, human capital, support, natural capital and culture, all of which coincide with the systematic approach to all dimensions promote balanced and sustainable entrepreneurship development in port cities management.

In recent years, using additives and different components to improve quality and nutritional properties of macaroni have been used. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of enrichment with Dunaliella salina microalgae powder and potato fiber on physicochemical and sensory properties of macaroni. For this purpose, different levels of these two additives (0.5, 1, 1.5% and combined concentration) were replaced with semolina flour in macaroni formulation and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of all treatments were studied. The obtained results of chemical tests showed that increasing potato fiber and algae powder levels in formulation lead to increase the content of moisture, ash and fiber in samples. By adding the different levels of potato fiber in macaroni, protein content significantly was decreased (p<0.05), but, significant changes in the amount of fat was not observed. However, by increasing the D. salina algae powder in formulation, the amounts of protein and fat were increased. The hardness amounts of samples containing different levels of potato fiber and algae powder were lower when compared with those of control sample. By adding potato fiber to macaroni formulation, the L* amount was increase, but the b* amount was decreased. The results of sensory evaluation of macaroni samples showed that treatments containing high levels of D. salina algae powder (1 and 1.5%) had lower scores than other samples. With the exception of the samples containing 1 and 1.5% alae powder, other examples in terms of sensory characteristics were acceptable. From the above results it can be concluded that the addition of D. salina algae and potato fiber to macaroni improved the cooking property and nutritional quality of the macaroni products. Finally, the combined sample containing 0.5% potato fiber and 0.5% D. salina algae powder can be introduced as the best treatment in this study.

To address this problem, many strategies such as eradication, interdiction and alternative livelihood opportunities have been adopted. But, it is a well-established fact that these efforts have not been successfully proved as they were envisaged when started. The goal of this study was to examine opium cultivation alternative policies using positive mathematical programming (PMP) model at representative farm (RF) level and a linear programming model was used for the RF of homogenous groups when no empirical data was available. Farm level data were obtained from a sample of poppy farmers in the Kiti district of Daykundi province. A two stage cluster sampling was used to select the sample farmers. At the first stage, a cluster of seven villages. In the second stage, by a simple random sampling method, 132 poppy producers were chosen for interview and collection of necessary farm level data. The results showed that opium is the only cash crop in contrast with other crops which are cultivated primarily to meet subsistence requirements. The exclusion of opium had significant effects on farmers' income and decreased their gross margins by 34.7 to 68 percents. Results also indicated that saffron is a serious alternative for opium poppy particularly at the representative farm of group 2 under current conditions. But, the retail margin for the poppy is very high and if a part of this margin assign to poppy farmers, none of the crop can compete against opium poppy. In other words, saffron cannot be an alternative crop if the farm gate price of poppy becomes eighty thousand Afghanis per Man (Approximately 1Man=5 kilos). Finally, it was found that price and non-price policies of wheat and corn can alleviate economic effects of poppy interdiction.

The present study aims to assess the effect of external accountability gap of INTA on public acceptance and tax revenues. This is a survey-applied research by nature. The statistical population in question consists of faculty members, financial managers and government experts, among whom 156 subjects were selected via sampling methods and the questionnaires were distributed among them. The GPOWER, SPSS, LISREL, EXCEL software and the mean test of two dependent samples (paired t-test), one-way variance analysis, randomized block design and multivariate linear models were all used to describe and analyze the data. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the external accountability rate of INTA was far below the expectations of the stakeholders. From the viewpoint of the participating groups, the highest level of accountability of INTA is related to the government where as the lowest level belongs to the scientific community. The results also showed that increase in the level of external accountability would increase the public confidence and tax revenues amount respectively.

Flotation is the most commonly used process for desulfurization of iron concentrates in iron beneficiation plants. The current study deals with improving the metallurgical performance of the flotation circuit at Sangan iron beneficiation plant. A plant survey indicated that sulfur content of iron concentrate is sometimes higher than that of the permitted limit used for the pelletizing plants (<0.25%). For this purpose, laboratory and full-scale experiments were carried out. In the batch flotation tests, the effect of collector dosage (65-105 g/t), frother dosage (45-75g/t), pH (6-10) and slurry solid content (27-33%) was examined against sulfur recovery. The results showed that the collector dosage, pH, frother dosage and slurry solids% are the most significant parameters in terms of sulfur recovery, respectively. The metallurgical performance improved with increasing the collector and frother dosage as well as reducing the pH. In the plant site tests, the influence of collector distribution method in the flotation circuit, collector dosage (65-105 g/t), frother dosage (37-85 g/t) and slurry solids% (25-33 g/t) on the flotation circuit performance was investigated. The results indicated that the optimum metallurgical performance was achieved when collector addition is divided into three parts: 50% was added to the rougher feed, 30% to the cleaner feed and 20% to the scavenger feed. Increasing the collector and frother dosage resulted in an increase in the sulfur recovery and a reduction in iron concentrate sulfur content. Increasing the slurry solids% was found to be beneficial to the sulfur recovery and detrimental to the quality of the product.

According to Quran Karim verses and hadiths, Shia jurisprudence necessitates paying Khoums. Since Khoums belong to surplus of earning, as a result that should be considered in economic calculation of projects. Since this topic has been neglected in common economic evaluation of projects, this paper has addressed effect of considering Khoums in prioritize investment calculations in projects. For this purpose selection of projects considered in two cases: a) with khoums and b) without khoums factored in. The result show prioritization and selection of projects are different in two cases. Results of study show a project had priority without khoums factored in, might place outside prioritize investment with khoums. On the other hand the project is less profitable than other projects might place in priority compared other projects, with considering Khoums in economic calculations.

Looking at the variety of contractual systems in the oil industry shows that countries across the world use different exploration and development contracts in their oil fields. However, oil and gas industry is covered with three contractual systems (concession, Product Sharing Contracts (PSC) and service contracts) and exploration and exploitation activities of projects are assigned by this system. But if we review the contract items and elements, we can understand a wide variety of contractual systems. Based on this analysis and evidence projects with same conditions may have different fiscal regimes. Therefore, with this interpretation, financial, technical and legal issues are significant factors in contractual system. Based on contract's name we could not judge impartially.
In this article fiscal regime in product sharing agreements are explained and analyzed. Then it is shown how threshold and trigger effect the government and investors take. Finally, fiscal regime factors and this effects in oil and gas project return will be explained.

Dental implants are the choice of treatment for missing teeth. Despite the very good results, implant treatment is also associated with some failures and complications. The aim of this study was evaluation of survival rate and tissue health indexes around the Dio® SM dental implants placed in patients of dental school and a private office in Isfahan from 2005 until 2010.
In this cross sectional study, 94 Dio® SM dental implants in 72 patients via convenience sampling were selected. After that demographic information and Gingival index, Gingival Bleeding index around Dio SM implants, plaque index, pocket depth, Bone loss were fulfilled for patients. Data analyzed using t-test, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon and Pearson test with SPSS Ver. 20 statistical software, at α =0.05.
Among 94 implants, 55.6 % in maxilla, 44.4% in the mandible, 53.19% single and 46.81% were multi-unit. Survival rate of total implants was 80.6% and 19.4% were failed because of different causes. Among indices Gingival index(p=0/001), plaque index(p=0/020),pocket dept (p The results of this study showed that survival rate of Dio® SM implants is lower than acceptable rate but needs to more studies.

The most common complaint in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is fatigue. Fatigue has devastating effects on the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutrition-based education on fatigue of patients on hemodialysis.
This case-control study was conducted on 44 patients at selected AJA hospitals. The experimental group received based nutrition program and the control group did not receive care. Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and a demographic collection tool were used and the obtained data were analyzed with the SPSS 21 software.
The samples were 3.52% males and 4.86% were married, and the highest percentage of people was in the age range of 71 to 80 years (8.31%). In terms of total fatigue, general fatigue, mental fatigue and reduced motivation fatigue, values were significantly different in the intervention group compared to the control group (P value Discussion and The results suggested that nutrition-based programs could be useful as simple, inexpensive and non-invasive therapy modalities for the treatment of fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

A‌l‌l m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s a‌r‌e m‌a‌d‌e u‌p o‌f s‌u‌b-b‌o‌d‌i‌e‌s, w‌h‌i‌c‌h c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌e t‌h‌e‌i‌r s‌u‌b‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e o‌r m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e. T‌h‌e s‌i‌z‌e o‌f a s‌u‌b-b‌o‌d‌y m‌a‌y v‌a‌r‌y f‌r‌o‌m a‌t‌o‌m‌i‌c d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌s t‌o a m‌a‌c‌r‌o‌s‌c‌o‌p‌i‌c s‌c‌a‌l‌e, s‌u‌c‌h a‌s g‌r‌a‌i‌n s‌i‌z‌e. D‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g u‌p‌o‌n t‌h‌e n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e a‌n‌d a‌c‌c‌u‌r‌a‌c‌y o‌f t‌h‌e p‌h‌y‌s‌i‌c‌a‌l p‌h‌e‌n‌o‌m‌e‌n‌a t‌o b‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌e‌d, t‌h‌e a‌v‌e‌r‌a‌g‌e d‌i‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e s‌u‌b-b‌o‌d‌i‌e‌s p‌l‌a‌y‌s a c‌e‌n‌t‌r‌a‌l r‌o‌l‌e. T‌h‌i‌s d‌i‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e m‌a‌y v‌a‌r‌y f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e o‌r‌d‌e‌r o‌f t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌t‌i‌c‌e p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r (10-8 c‌m i‌n p‌e‌r‌f‌e‌c‌t c‌r‌y‌s‌t‌a‌l‌s), t‌o a f‌e‌w m‌i‌l‌l‌i‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s, a‌s i‌n g‌r‌a‌n‌u‌l‌a‌r s‌o‌l‌i‌d‌s. T‌h‌e b‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌r‌y a‌n‌d i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌l c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s b‌r‌i‌n‌g i‌n‌t‌o p‌l‌a‌y a‌n‌o‌t‌h‌e‌r c‌h‌a‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c, l‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h. S‌u‌c‌h m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s, e‌n‌t‌i‌t‌l‌e‌d n‌o‌n‌l‌o‌c‌a‌l t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌i‌e‌s, h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r t‌h‌e p‌a‌s‌t f‌o‌u‌r d‌e‌c‌a‌d‌e‌s. T‌h‌e s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌f v‌a‌r‌i‌o‌u‌s c‌r‌i‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s h‌a‌v‌e v‌e‌r‌i‌f‌i‌e‌d o‌u‌r h‌o‌p‌e‌s a‌n‌d e‌x‌p‌e‌c‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n t‌h‌a‌t, b‌y m‌e‌a‌n‌s o‌f n‌o‌n‌l‌o‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s, i‌t w‌i‌l‌l b‌e p‌o‌s‌s‌i‌b‌l‌e t‌o m‌a‌k‌e a‌c‌c‌u‌r‌a‌t‌e p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌f p‌h‌y‌s‌i‌c‌a‌l p‌h‌e‌n‌o‌m‌e‌n‌a a‌t s‌u‌b‌m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌c‌o‌p‌i‌c s‌c‌a‌l‌e. I‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t s‌t‌u‌d‌y, t‌h‌e a‌n‌t‌i-p‌l‌a‌n‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s f‌i‌e‌l‌d o‌f m‌u‌l‌t‌i‌p‌l‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s i‌s o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌c‌r‌e‌w d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n a‌n i‌n‌f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c p‌l‌a‌n‌e, b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n n‌o‌n‌l‌o‌c‌a‌l e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c‌i‌t‌y. T‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌t‌r‌i‌b‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌q‌u‌e i‌s u‌s‌e‌d t‌o m‌o‌d‌e‌l t‌h‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m w‌i‌t‌h s‌c‌r‌e‌w d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌i‌s‌t‌r‌i‌b‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n. U‌n‌l‌i‌k‌e t‌h‌e c‌l‌a‌s‌s‌i‌c‌a‌l e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c‌i‌t‌y s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n, a l‌a‌t‌t‌i‌c‌e p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r e‌n‌t‌e‌r‌s i‌n‌t‌o t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m, w‌h‌i‌c‌h m‌a‌k‌e‌s t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s‌e‌s f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e i‌n t‌h‌e s‌c‌r‌e‌w d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n t‌h‌e i‌n‌f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c p‌l‌a‌n‌e i‌n n‌o‌n‌l‌o‌c‌a‌l t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌y, w‌h‌i‌c‌h h‌a‌s n‌o s‌i‌n‌g‌u‌l‌a‌r‌i‌t‌y a‌t t‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌i‌p, a‌n‌d w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌s‌t‌e‌n‌t w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌e‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s. S‌i‌m‌i‌l‌a‌r‌l‌y, t‌h‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌t‌r‌i‌b‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌y i‌s s‌o‌l‌v‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h n‌o s‌i‌n‌g‌u‌l‌a‌r‌i‌t‌y a‌t t‌h‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k t‌i‌p. T‌h‌e k‌e‌r‌n‌e‌l i‌n t‌h‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s o‌f t‌h‌e C‌a‌u‌c‌h‌y t‌y‌p‌e, a‌n‌d t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌t‌r‌i‌b‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f d‌i‌s‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, w‌h‌i‌c‌h g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e‌s t‌r‌a‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌l‌o‌n‌g t‌h‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k l‌i‌n‌e, t‌h‌e G‌a‌u‌s‌s-C‌h‌e‌b‌y‌s‌h‌e‌v q‌u‌a‌d‌r‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n u‌s‌e‌d. S‌e‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l e‌x‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s t‌o i‌l‌l‌u‌s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e a‌c‌c‌u‌r‌a‌c‌y a‌n‌d c‌a‌p‌a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y o‌f t‌h‌e s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d, w‌h‌e‌r‌e t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f c‌r‌a‌c‌k l‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h, l‌a‌t‌t‌i‌c‌e p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r a‌n‌d c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌a‌n‌t i‌s c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d a‌s a v‌a‌r‌i‌a‌b‌l‌e p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r, w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e‌s a‌l‌l o‌f t‌h‌e‌m. S‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s a‌t t‌h‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k t‌i‌p a‌n‌d i‌t‌s g‌r‌a‌p‌h‌s a‌r‌e d‌e‌p‌i‌c‌t‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h c‌l‌a‌s‌s‌i‌c‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s i‌n t‌h‌i‌s f‌i‌e‌l‌d.

Chronic renal diseases have a number of considerable tensions for patients. Today, the end stage renal disease as a basic problem, is considered a fatal disease with a lot of serious health consequences that can leave negative effects on all of the patient’s life aspects and have high treatment costs. The aim of this article is evaluating of factors that can cause fatigue as an important event in hemodialysis patients.

This survey was conducted for review by using of scientific literature and libraries and searching in internet references between 2000 and 2015.

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms that was reported by hemodialysis patients and like the fever and pain has been considered as a bio warning subject for health. Post hemodialysis fatigue has been related with low survival measures in CRF patients. The prevalence of fatigue in hemodialysis patients has been reported between 60%-97%. There is a special attention to fatigue in different sciences and it has been assessed as a multidimensional phenomenon that usually most people have experienced. In the review of studies we found that there are different opinion and comments about the mechanisms of fatigue,so that in the comparing recognition of mechanism of the bio defending systems such as pain and fever, the
neuromolecular mechanisms of the fatigue has been little known. The methods to reducing of fatigue include drug and non-drug ways.

Nurses should recognize and control this dangerous event by comprehending of experienced levels of fatigue in hemodialysis patients, and to improve the quality of patient’s life, promote the nursing interventions.

Hemodialysis patients differ by the levels of negative effects on all their aspects of lives; their health care costs are high and physical¡ mental and social problems and fatigue¡ despite advances in treatment¡ still cause stress in these patients.
This study aimed to determine the amount of fatigue in patients treated with hemodialysis.
This descriptive study was conducted on 105 patients in AJA selected hospitals in 2015. Data collection and demographic questionnaires were the tools and mental fatigue (MF-20) was the software. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21.
The highest fatigue degrees were observed in women (P=0.53 and 10.57 ± 63.60)¡ age group of “41 - 50” (P=0.24 and 12.05 ± 66.60)¡ the ones with high school diploma (P=0.05 and 65.26 ± 11.09)¡ the unemployed ones (P=0.84 and 63.61 ± 10.95)¡ and one person with history of smocking (9.573±68.89¡ P=0.001).
Discussion and Unfortunately¡ monitoring fatigue in comparison with other symptoms is often neglected. Health care providers’ knowledge of how to determine the level¡ prevalence¡ risk factors¡ and complications of fatigue¡ as well as the strategies to reduce it and the training necessary to improve health and quality of care is essential.

Sayyid Ibn Tawous relys on tradition and natural reason in doctrinal discussions. He regards the admonitions of reason and qur’anic indications and godly and prophetic directions as supporters of the way of original nature. According to Sayyid, natural reason can show God to the servants without complicated theological arguments but he warns about fallowing theological reason and falling into disputes of theology. He avoids writing a theological book although does not totally refuse the method of theologians. Sayyed regards reason as independent for detailed discovery of God’s notion and regards reason necessary but not enough in some cases. Despite his anti-theological method (especially about rational theology), he uses theological arguments practically in some cases. He accepts transmitted theology instead of rational arguments and expresses some reasons in support of that. The discussion of leadership (imamah) has an especial importance in his view and he mentioned many rational and traditional discussions in this field. Sayyid considers philosophers as devious people who have some void sayings and yet sometimes he presents philosophical or semi-philosophical arguments to refuse the word of opponents.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is consisted of multiple psychological and emotional symptoms. This disorder possesses adverse effects on women’ economic, social, familial and professional issues, therefore various medical therapies have been suggested, thus all have own side effects. To compare the effects of relaxation and vitamin B6 on emotional and physical symptoms of PMS. This is a randomized clinical trial study with pre- and post-test design. The study was conducted on 150 girls living in public dormitory whom were randomly divided into three groups. The relaxation group trained in two sessions and then one week before menstruation, the taught techniques were carried out on a daily basis. The second group received 80mg vitamin B6 tablets QD for one week before menstruation and then three times a week for one cycle. The third group received no intervention as control group. Each day, data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and where analyzed using SPSS version 14 with paired T and ANOVA tests. The mean age of the participants was 20.6±1.5 and their average weight was 54.1± 6.6. The mean scores of psychological symptoms after the interventionwere 1.2± 0.2 in vitamin B6 group, 0.3± 0.7 in relaxation group, and 1.6 ± 0.4 in the control group (p<0.001). Vitamin B6 and relaxation were both effective in reducing the psychological symptoms and this change was more prominent in the psychiatric symptoms in the relaxation group. The mean score of physical symptoms before the intervention, showed significant difference among the groups (p<0.01); and after the intervention it was 0.8±0.2 in vitamin B6, 1.6±0.3 in the relaxation group, and 1.0±0.5 in the control group (P<0.001). Paired t-test showed significant difference in the scores before and after the intervention, within the vitamin B6 group (p<0.001); just vitamin B6 was effective in reduction of the physical symptoms of PMS. Relaxation and vitamin B6 both are effective in reducing the psychological symptoms of PMS; but vitamin B6 is more efficient in alleviating of the physical symptoms compared with relaxation.