محمد جهانتیغ

Nowadays, to increase the food efficiency in the poultry industry, additives such as vinegar are used in the diet. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of different levels of apple vinegar in the diet of broiler chickens on the activity of liver enzymes and intestinal histopathology. For this purpose, 64 pieces of Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups. The diet in groups 2, 3, and 4 was mixed with 1, 2, and 3 percent apple vinegar, respectively, and group 1 was fed with normal diet. On the 14th and 28th days, one chick was randomly selected from each replication. Blood samples were collected from the brachial vein. Then, the activity of liver enzymes was checked using an Auto Analyzer and a dedicated kit. To observe intestinal histopathological changes, tissue samples were prepared from the jejunum. According to the results, the amount of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme in groups 3 and 4 was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). However, there were no significant changes in the amount of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The results of histopathology of the jejunum showed an increase in the height of intestinal villi, the depth of Lieberkohn's crypts and the number of intestinal villi in the groups receiving apple vinegar. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that apple vinegar reduces the activity of some liver enzymes, increases the surface of villi in the jejunum, and thus improves intestinal function.

One of the natural disasters that threaten residential areas and roads in mountainous regions is mountain falls, including rockfalls, avalanches, and landslides. Avalanches carry large amounts of snow, rocks, ice, and debris downstream in mountainous areas. The occurrence of avalanches is a significant natural hazard that results in considerable human and financial losses, making the study of factors influencing avalanches and their simulation crucial for managing this phenomenon.

In this study, the factors affecting snow avalanches (both terrestrial and meteorological) were examined using the RAMMS simulation model in the Central Alborz Velayat Rood (Dizin Road), Alborz Province. Topographic and geomorphological factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic position index (TPI), terrain roughness index (TRI), and topographic wetness index (TWI), were analyzed using a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 6×6 cm² pixel size obtained by drone. Meteorological factors, including rainfall, temperature, and wind, were also considered. The RAMMS simulation model was then used to estimate avalanche components such as speed, pressure, and height within the study area.

The results indicated that slope and aspect, as topographic indicators, have a significant impact on snow avalanche formation and occurrence. The largest portion of the region, covering 5.7 hectares (54.6% of the study area), with a northeast aspect and slopes of 60 to 120%, was identified as having the highest avalanche potential. Additionally, the RAMMS simulation model results showed that the average and maximum avalanche speeds in the region were 5.3 m/s and 16 m/s, respectively. The average effective avalanche pressure was 7 kPa, with a maximum of 45 kPa. The estimated avalanche height indicated that the average avalanche height in the runout area (residential areas) was 4.5 meters, with a maximum height of 10 meters, categorizing it as a large avalanche.

Understanding avalanches and their dynamic characteristics is essential for predicting and controlling this hazardous natural phenomenon. Identifying avalanche types (wet, slab, or powder) can greatly assist experts in managing and proposing control methods. In this study, maps, meteorological data, and geomorphological parameters such as curvature, TPI, TRI, and TWI, along with field observations, were used to identify accumulation areas, track zones, and runout zones. The study identified the key factors influencing avalanche occurrence in the region, including high slopes (60-120%), slope orientation (north and northeast), and climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature. The average avalanche height in the runout area (residential areas) was 4.5 meters, with a maximum of 10 meters. This study indicates a high potential for avalanches and associated damage in the area, underscoring the need for management and control programs to mitigate possible harm.

Escherichia coli is one of the most common pathogens in poultry that causes Colibasilosis. Until now many Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were identified that we can refer to SHV and OXA that they are coded by blaSHV and blaOXA, respectively. Regarding the development of antibiotics resistance and harmful effects of resistant bacteria on beta-lactam antibiotics, they can have an effect on human health and animal health, and due to the high mortality rate of disease, reducing production, as well as damage caused by drug use, it’s very important to control and prevention this disease. In the present study, 50 isolates of Escherichia coli were collected from 60 cloacal swabs from broiler chicken farms between 7 to 21 days old in Zabol. Antibiogram test was performed by disk diffusion method to investigate drug resistance to Ceftriaxon, Cefazolin, Ceftizoxime, Cephalothin, Ceftazidime and Cefixime. Besides, the frequency of blaSHV and blaOXA were investigated by PCR. The results showed that the highest resistance was to Cefazolin (80%) and the lowest resistance was to Ceftriaxon (8%). The frequency of blaSHV and blaOXA genes in Escherichia coli isolates was 24% and 0.0%, respectively.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the watershed management operations by using the quantitative values obtained from the field survey in Khor-Sefidarak, Fashand, and Azimiyeh watersheds, and indicating a clear result of deposited sedimentation rate and vegetation improvement in reservoir tank of the structures. Field evaluation of watershed management structures showed that since 1991, a total of 652 gabion structures, 20 masonry structures, 533 small stone structures, and 15 embankment dams have been implemented in Khor-Sefidarak, Fashand, and Azimiyeh watersheds of Alborz province. A study of the stability of the structures showed that masonry structures had the most stability with the least need for restoration (92% of them). Also, 80% of gabion structures and 83% of small stone structures in the studied watersheds were stable. The study of sediment deposition in reservoirs tanks of structures in the study area showed that a total of 332,100 m3 of sediment has been deposited and stabilized by the structures and has prevented its transferring to rural and urban residential areas. Of this amount, 45960 m3 have been deposited by embankment dams and 286140 m3 by masonry structures, gabion and small stone structures. Sediment volume to structure volume index showed that it was 4.4, 15.3, and 1 for gabion, masonry, and small stone structures, respectively. Evaluation of vegetation and tree cover development of whining reservoirs tanks of watershed structures showed that 4880 trees and seedlings (97% of all them) have been grown and developed in the reservoirs of gabion structures. If the gabion structures are constructed, it is suggested that they be constructed in non-stone beds, and cement cover be used to prevent their destruction.

The use of plant hormones in the last decade has been considered due to the expansion of sustainable agriculture and therefore should be investigated in the integrated management of crops. In order to investigate the effect of application of different plant hormones (auxin and gibberellin) on some agronomic, physiological and biochemical characteristics of sorrel under different levels of humic acid, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out in research farm of the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University (Chah Nimeh) for two years. The main factor includes two concentrations of humic acid (0 and 5 liters per hectare) and the secondary factor includes nine concentrations of foliar application including control (foliar application with distilled water), auxin hormone (IBA) in concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg / l. IBA and gibberellin at concentrations of 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg / L. The results of combined analysis of data showed that the three-way effect of experimental treatments was not significant for any of the studied traits but the interaction of humic acid and foliar application was significant for all studied traits. Humic acid significantly increased plant height, number of seeds per pod, leaf chlorophyll percentage, protein percentage, harvest index, grain yield, mucilage and unsaturated fatty acid, as well as foliar application of 20 mg / l IBA increased plant height Number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and leaf chlorophyll and levels of 60 and 45 mg / l gibberellin Plant height traits Weight 1000 seedlings. In general, it can be concluded that the level of 5 liters per hectare humic acid and foliar spraying of 20 mg per liter of IBA is suitable for sorrel.

Antibiotics have long been the first line of defense against Escherichia coli infection, but they have lost their potency as the bacteria become increasingly resistant to treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to tetracyclines and the prevalence of tetA and integron class I resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers with colibacillosis. In this study, 96.6 % of Escherichia coli isolates resistant to one or both tetracycline antibiotics were studied. Experimental results showed that 98.2 % of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from lesions of colibacillosis carry tetA. The prevalence of class I integron gene was 98.2%. Also, 96.5% of the isolates of this bacterium carried both genes. Considering the results, the prevalence of tetA and integron class 1 genes in this study was significantly higher than other studies. This difference could indicate high antibiotic resistance in poultry farms in this region which emphasizes the need for cautious use of tetracyclines in poultry production to reduce the prevalence of E. coli resistant to these antibiotics.

One of the important requirements in crop planning in order to achieve high yield and optimum quality is evaluation of plant nutrition systems. The present study was conducted in order to evaluation using the sand and domestic manure levels on growth indices and allicene content in garlic (Allium sativium L.), as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications, in University of Zabol Research Institute of Agriculture in 2018. Treatments, were considered in three levels including of: 0, 100, 200 (ton.ha-1) as the first factor, and cow manure in four levels including 0, 20, 25, 30 (ton.ha-1) as the second factor. Analysis of variance showed that levels of sand, cow manure and their interactions on plant height, leaf number, biological yield, economic yield, garlic diameter, allicin, leaf nitrogen, soil volumetric moisture, soil temperature, organic carbon percentage and the total irrigation were significant. The harvest index was significantly affected by simple effects of sand and cow manure levels, and the number of garlic and potassium leaves were affected by cow manure levels. The highest plant height (60.67 cm) and leaf number (18.33) were obtained from the treatment of sand (100 ton.ha-1)  in term of consumption cow manure(30 ton.ha-1). The most biological yield (13.14 ton.ha-1), economic yield (12.07 ton.ha-1), the highest diameter of garlic (12.65 mm) and the highest amount of allicin (6.26 mg.g-1), the least total irrigation (733.33 lit), The highest soil volumetric moisture (16.26%), the least soil temperature (33.83 °C), the highest organic carbon content (1.97%), were obtained from sand(200 ton.ha-1)  under cow manure(30 ton.ha-1). Since the goal of garlic cultivation is to achieve the best yield and yield components, therefore, (200 ton.ha-1) sand treatment under 30 ton.ha-1 manure is suitable for garlic cultivation in the region.

Soil erosion is one of the factors that can reduce soil permeability in watersheds and thus increase the risk of floods. Plant biodiversity is weakening and the sediments pollute the surface water and fill dam reservoirs. In recent decades, various watershed management measures have been taken, including the construction of sediment dams and conservation measures such as exclosure in watersheds to reduce the effects of erosion throughout the country. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of watershed management measures on vegetation, sediment and phosphorus content, organic carbon and sediment granulation in Zidasht Taleghan paired watershed.

The study area is Zidasht Taleghan paired watersheds located in Alborz province, which includes control watershed and treated watershed with an area of 92 and 104 hectares, respectively. Using 1: 25000 topographic maps and field survey in rangeland areas, vegetation types were identified and studied. Also, percentage of canopy cover, rocks and, biomass and bare soil percentage were measured in 35 plots in sample and control watersheds and the average of each factor was calculated. The amount of sediment was also measured by measuring the total volume of sediment accumulated in the reservoir tank of both areas. Three samples were taken from the sediments of each outlet of the watershed and the amounts of total phosphorus, organic carbon and particle size distribution were measured in them. The total amount of phosphorus and organic carbon output from the watersheds was also calculated.

The results of vegetation assessment showed that the percentage of vegetation in the treated watershed (53.9) was about 8.7% higher than the control watershed (45.2). The results of evaluation of outflow sediments showed that the amount of outflow sediment in the treated watershed (520.5 tons) was about 72% less than the control watershed (34.06 tons). In other words, the portion of the control watershed was 86.05% and the treated watershed was 13.95% of the total reservoir sediments in the output of the watersheds. The results of particle size distribution also showed that the percentage of particles with a diameter less than 0.5 mm in the treated watershed (26.8) was 18.6% higher than the control watershed (8.2). Also, the amount of total organic carbon (40.26 kg) and total phosphorus (13.44 kg) in the sediments of the treated watershed were 11.81 and 70.88% less than organic carbon (51.9 kg) and total phosphorus (78.82 kg) of control watershed, respectively.

Watershed management measures have prevented the transfer of sediment and fertile soil to downstream, especially in the reservoir of Taleghan Dam. Although these elements in the watershed increase soil fertility, improve plant nutrition, increase soil permeability and create strengthening conditions for plants and soil, if they enter the downstream and the main river due to erosion, they will have the opposite role and cause pollution and reduction. The cost of improving water quality will be compensated with implementing watershed management measures, due to the low cost of implementing watershed management measures.

Several species of ectoparasites infect birds. These parasites that are considered arthropods include: mites, ticks, lice, bugs, fleas, mosquitoes, and flies. This study aimed to identify the ectoparasites species on ornamental birds and determine their prevalence in Zabol and Zahedan in the northern part of Sistan and Baluchestan. A total of 318 birds were examined and inspected for ectoparasites. Parasites were collected by forceps and stored in 70% ethanol. In parallel to the identification of their species, the samples were cleared in 10% KOH following which light microscopy was used to identify the parasites according to their morphological characteristics and the descriptive keys proposed for each species. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites in birds was 21.7%. The ectoparasites were identified as Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus, Columbicola columbae, Goniodes pavonis, Myrsidea fasciata, an unknown species from philopetrus genus Argas reflexus, Pseudolinchya, and Culicoides. So far few studies have been performed on parasites in birds in Sistan and Baluchestan. Identification of parasites (such as lice in birds) in any region of the country helps us to improve our knowledge about parasitic fauna in this area.

Garlic has therapeutic and also antibacterial properties and its inclusion in broiler diets improves their feed efficiency and lowers their mortality rates.The present research intended to evaluate the effects of freshly dietary garlic cloves on the intestinal Escherichia coli population and some blood serum biochemical factors in broilers. In this study, one hundred and five day-old broiler chicks were used in Zabol. On the seventh day of age, sick birds removed and 96 chicks with better body condition were selected and randomly divided into 3 equal groups with 2 replicates. Groups 1, 2 and 3 (the control and treatment groups) received 0, 1 and 2 percent of fresh crushed garlic cloves in their diets, respectively. When the broilers were 35 days old, 8 chicks from each replicate were selected randomly, weighed and blood samples were taken from the wing veins. They were then slaughtered and their bursa of Fabricius was removed and weighed. Their ileum contents were used to determine the E. coli population. Results indicated that bursa of Fabricius weight increased in broilers receiving fresh crushed garlic cloves in their diets compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was not significant differences on E. coli population, cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein between the groups (P>0.05).

Integrons are mobile genetic factors that are able to carry resistance gene in some bacteria like Escherichia coli. Drug resistance study in pathogenic bacteria is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of integron class 1 and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers with colibacillosis infection. A total of 100 Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were isolated from the lesions of the birds suspected to colibacillosis by sampling aseptically from internal organs. All isolates of Escherichia coli were confirmed by biochemical tests. To evaluate antimicrobial resistance, the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar was used in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines by using of seven antibacterial paper discs. The DNA of these isolates was extracted by a boiling method and was screened for the presence of class 1 integron gene by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial resistance test showed resistance to nalidixic acid (100%), tetracycline (96%), ciprofloxacin (91%), norfloxacin (88%), lincospectin (53%), cefuroxime (50%) and gentamicin (17%). Furthermore, 97% of the isolates contained integron class 1. According to the results of this study, there is high prevalence of integron gene in Escherichia coli isolated from colibacillosis lesions. Besides, high prevalence of drug resistance was observed among the isolated pathogenic Escherichia coli.

The ascites is a kind of metabolic disorder which occurs in broiler chickens and is controlled by different factors including genetics, environment and the management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lime powder in diet on the adverse effects of high salt consumption in broiler chickens. In this study, 90 one-day-old broiler chicks were kept in identical and controlled conditions for 6 days. On the 7th day of age, 80 chicks were selected and divided randomly into 4 groups with two replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate. Then, for the induction of experimental ascites, a volume of 0.12 percent of sodium obtained from edible salt was added to the drinking water of 3 groups of chicks (groups 2, 3 and 4) and the other group (group 1) was considered as the negative control. The lime powder was added with concentrations of 1 and 2 percent to the diet of groups 3 and 4 from the 14th day of age. On the 21 day of age, 2 chicks were selected from each replicate and necropsied in order to evaluate the factors related to ascites syndrome. The amount of sodium was then increased to 0.18 percent in the drinking water of group 2, 3 and 4. On 30th days of age, 4 chicks were randomly selected from each replicate and necropsied to determine the ventricular weights, amount of hematocrit and the skin edema. The results showed that on day 30, the weight of right ventricle (RV) in treatment groups (groups 3 and 4) was significantly lower than the positive control group (group 2) (P=0.004). The occurrence of histopathological lesions in the skin tissues of the lemon treated groups were lower than that of the positive control group. According to the results of this study the use of lime powder in the diet is effective in the recovery of ascites syndrome and decrease the skin edema in broiler chickens.

The mechanism of pathogenesis and the role of virulence factors of avian pathogenic E. coli is still ill-defined. The ostrich industry is expanding, resulting in the interaction between poultry and ostrich. It is reported that the investigation of iss and bor virulence genes together, due to their structural and functional similarities, is valuable. The investigation and comparison of presence of two genes involved in serum resistance, iss and bor, in E. coli isolated from apparently healthy ostriches and poultry with colibacillosis. As a cross-sectional study, E. coli was recovered from fecal samples of apparently healthy ostriches and poultry with colibacillosis, and iss and bor genes were screened and compared via PCR in E. coli isolates. iss frequencies, with no statistical difference, were 50% and 64.4% in E. coli isolated from apparently healthy ostriches and poultry with colibacillosis, respectively (P>0.05). 31.8% and 15.6% of E. coli isolated from apparently healthy ostriches and poultry with colibacillosis were positive for bor, respectively, with no statistical difference (P>0.05). 11.1% of isolates from colibacillosis and 18.2% of isolates from apparently healthy ostriches feces, with no statistical difference, were positive for both genes (P>0.05). Equal statistical distribution of both genes, bor and iss, between apparently healthy ostriches and poultry with colibacillosis and the health level of studied ostriches indicated that E. coli isolated from ostrich, probably employs other virulence factors instead of bor and iss to establish a disease. This hypothesis needs to examine more virulence genes in ostrich-origin E. coli. In addition, the ostrich feces could be introduced as a source of iss and bor genes.

Production of beta-lactamase enzyme in bacteria, especially in Escherichia coli, which is considered a common opportunistic pathogen, has caused so many problems for the treatment of diseases. This enzyme will cause the resistance to penicillin and a wide range of cephalosporins. The present research aimed to study resistance to antibacterial compounds and the frequency of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes in E. coli isolated from randomly selected turkeys. Cloacal swab samples were provided and then they were cultured and 60 isolates of E. coli were prepared. To assess the resistance of isolated bacteria to antimicrobials, the disc diffusion method was used with nine antimicrobial paper discs, including: gentamycin, tetracycline, colistin, co-trimoxazole, norfloxacin, cefuroxime, ampicillin, neomycin, and amoxicillin. To determine the frequency of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes, the genome of isolated bacteria was extracted using a boiling method and then it was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of this study showed that E. coli isolated from turkeys present the highest drug resistance to ampicillin (100%). The lowest drug resistance was related to gentamycin and norfloxacin (5%). The findings also indicated that the frequency of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among E. coli isolated from turkeys was equal to 23.3% and 16.6%, respectively. This study revealed the high incidence of drug resistance patterns and extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) among
E. coli strains isolated from turkeys. Therefore, food animals, like turkeys, can serve as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and may play a role to ESBLs transmission from poultry to human.

Vibrio fluvialis causes disease and significant economic losses in breeding fish. This bacterium is considered as a human pathogen and several species of marine spawning fish. The egg yolk immunoglobulin technology (IgY) has been used to control many microbial infections. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the vaccine prepared from V. fluivialis bacteria after injection into laying hens. V. fluvialis was admixed by 0.05% formaldehyde after culture in a liquid medium. Then, the pathogen along with Freund’s adjuvant was injected to the Hyline W36 hens as a vaccine for 7 days. Increase of the weight of the hens was measured until Physical maturity and egg production. Then, an Indirect ELISA was designed to detect IgG Anti V. fluivialis. Injection of the vaccine had no significant effect on weight gain of hens and the number and weight of eggs during the experiment. ELISA test showed that antibody titers in the serum of hyper-immunized hens after injection of the fourth booster reached 1: 12800. According to the results obtained and the results of studies by other researchers, egg yolk antibody (IgY), which is the same as IgG, has been shown to inhibit the pathogenicity in lab and farm animals.

Arsenic is a toxic element that exists in mineral and industrial resources. The poultry can be contaminated with arsenic through water and food. This study was conducted to determine the effects of an in-ovo injection of arsenic on the hatchability. In addition, Influence of vitamin E and selenium to neutralize the effect of arsenic was investigated. Fertilized eggs that were obtained from a Broiler breeder farm were placed in incubator. On the seventh day of incubation, 192 embryonated eggs were divided into four groups of 48 eggs and 0.1 ml of solution was injected into air sacs. The eggs of group I (control group), Group II, Group III and Group IV were injected respectively distilled water, arsenic oxide, a blend of selenium and vitamin E and a blend of selenium, vitamin E and arsenic oxide. Then the eggs were returned to the incubator. Hatchability and weight of the newly hatched chicken were measured. Rate of hatchability in group I (control), group II (arsenic), Group III (vitamin E and selenium) and Group IV (vitamin E, selenium and arsenic) were respectively 92%, 67%, 98% and 83%. The results showed that the hatchability was significantly different between groups. It was found that injection of arsenic significantly reduced hatchability and injection of vitamin E and selenium significantly increased hatchability. Also It was found that the average weight chickens was significantly different between groups.

Escherichia coli act as a pathogen in humans, especially in patients with immune deficiency and beta-lactam is widely used for treatment of infections caused by this microorganisms. In recent years, the prevalence of ESBLs among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from humans is taken into consideration and the mechanism of resistance caused failure in the treatment of infection diseases. Recently a new family of plasmid ESBLs named CTX-M and TEM were identified which codes by blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes, respectively and cause resistance transmission between different genus and species of bacteria. Escherichia coli infection in poultry is named colibacillosis. Collbacillosis infection is one of the most prevalence diseases of poultry. Escherichia coli which contain CTX-M and TEM types of ESBLs were recognized from different regions of the world but their prevalence is different. In order to study the prevalence of blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry with colibacillosis infection 10 broiler chickens farms with colibacillosis infection were necropsied and tisusue samples from livers and kidneys were aseptically prepared. Bacterial isolates were identified Escherichia coli using standard bacteriological methods. The DNA samples of the bacteria were extracted using boiling methods and then examined by PCR. The results showed that 20 percent of the Escherichia coli were positive to CTX gene, 24.28 percent to TEM gene and 4.28% of the isolates contains both CTX and TEM genes (P

Global warming is a one of the most important natural hazard in the current world which could affect crop yields through affecting plant physiology¡ soil water balance and crop water requirement via green and blue water. Under such circumstances¡ achieving water and food security through an optimal usage of water resources and maintaining crop yield level requires measures for adapting with this major environmental challenge in the future periods. Since wheat and its produces has a the most important share in peoples’ food diet¡ the climate change effect on wheat cropping calendar and its water requirement in Sistan and Baluchestan province was investigated in this research. Also¡ the influence of managing sowing date on diminishing the negative effects of this global event was assessed. After calibrating and validating LARS-WG¡ the climatic variables in six synoptic stations of Zabol¡ Zahedan¡ Iranshahr¡ Saravan¡ Khash and Chabahar were downscaled under three scenarios of A1B¡ A2 and B1 of HADCAM3 model up to 2100. Crop water requirement was calculated by determining suitable crop cultivation periods based on cardinal temperature and determining the length of initial¡ developing¡ mid-season and late-season stages based of growth degree day coefficient. Climate change decrease the length of different growth stages by 1-20 days due to significant temperature increase which led to 0.03-42.7 percentage decrease in wheat water requirement. Although delaying wheat cultivation will intensify the climate change effects and shorten the growing period by 12-25 days¡ water requirement will increase by 1.27-778 M3 ha-1. Based on the results¡ the management ofwheat cultivation calendar can be effective way to achieve sustainable agriculture under future climate condition of the Sistan and Baluchestan province.

In order to study the bacterial flora of dead-in-shell ostrich chicks, twelve unhatched eggs which did not have external pipping during the hatching period were transferred to the laboratory of microbiology. The egg shells were accurately disinfected and the embryos were removed and placed in a sterile plate. The surface of each embryo was swabbed with a sterile swab which was also plunged through the yolk sac and the embryo contents and the swab were inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) or nutrient broth. To enrich Salmonella spp., another swab was prepared as above and inoculated into Selenite-F broth. These media were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and then subcultured by streak plate method on solid media. Different bacterial colonies on solid media were isolated in pure cultures for further identification. The results of this study showed that the predominant bacterial flora of dead-in-shell embryos of ostrich were Bacillus spp. (45%) and Staphylococcus spp. (25%).

Round heart disease is a disease of unknown etiology in turkey. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different amounts of sodium chloride in inducing cardiomyopathy in turkey poults. There are some reports that hypoxia and furazolidone can induce cardiomyopathy in turkey. Two hundred 2-day-old turkey poults were wing-banded and placed randomly into 6 groups and 24 replicates (4 replicates for each group). The 6 groups received commercial turkey starter diet contain 0.12, 0.17, 0.22, 0.27, 0.32 and 0.37% of sodium, respectively. They had access to food and water ad libitum. Suffering and dead birds were weighed and examined for post-mortem study. Live body weight of turkey poults measured individually on days 1, 2, 5 and 19. To study the hearts for presence of cardiomyopathy, on the day 19, all the poults were weighed and killed by cervical dislocation. The pieces of the hearts were placed into numbered tubes, flash frozen by liquid nitrogen and stored at -70ºC for myoglobin and hemoglobin microassay. The assay was based on spectrophotometry and separated myoglobin and hemoglobin by ammonium sulphate extraction. For determination of cardiomyopathy the ratio of the inner cavity of left ventricle to the total diameter of the left ventricle (IClv/TDlv) was calculated. Myopathic ratio for groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 0.1, 0.29, 0.3, 0.34, 0.35 and 0.36, respectively. Turkey poults which received excessive salts drank more water which produced volume overload, more cardial muscle activity, needed more oxygen and were more likely to develop myopathy. Cardiac muscle myoglobin and hemoglobin microassay showed that there was no significant relationship between the amount of myoglobin and hemoglobin with the amount of diet sodium.