محمد حسن معصومی

One of the most obvious factors affecting the development of the humanities is the explanation of methodology. This helps the researcher to gain a better understanding of the procedure of religious studies and the context of the development of religious texts, and through this passage, the factors of discovering and extracting the deep layers of the meaning of the verses can be provided in the form of new styles. The article seeks to use the methodological path to examine the translation of Mohammad Yazdi and describe his style, as well as the foundations and principles of his translation. Mohammad Yazdi has made great efforts in his translation to maintain the aspect of trustworthiness. And since ancient times, methods have been expressed for translation, as well as the translation of the Quran into different languages, especially Persian, which has been common since ancient times. And due to the wide spread of general literacy of Iranians and the turning to study and attention to the meanings of the Quran, the process of translation has been increasing and has been widely welcomed by the Iranian people. Mohammad Yazdi's translation is one of the most famous translations in recent times, and it has contributed greatly to the establishment of the modern method of translating the Holy Quran into standard and contemporary prose. However, by examining the translation briefly, it can be seen that his translation method was faithful-semantic and sometimes interpretative-free, and at the same time descriptive-analytical.

Maqātil al-Tālibīyyīn by Abul Faraj Isfahānī (356 AH), is one of the oldest and most prominent books of Maqātil. This article examines the historiography of Abul Faraj Isfahānī, especially where he dealt with Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH), tries to clarify some aspects of his historiography by evaluating and criticizing Abul Faraj's reports. Maqātil al-Tālibīyyīn is a source mostly relied on written sources and sometimes using oral sources. Abul Faraj compares and evaluates the narrations in order to measure their accuracy/inaccuracy and sometimes expresses her opinion, therefore, streaks of compound and analytical historiography can be seen in his work. Abul Faraj's tendency towards a group of Talibites has given a biased color to his historiography and has had an effect on the writing of the Maqātils. Despite this, his narrations were admired by the later scholars, especially the Imami Shia historians, and they found great value and credibility in the historiography of Ahl al-Bayt.

Among the letters, prepositions have a special place because they connect the verb and the noun in the sentence.Furthermore, understanding the relationship between the verb and the noun depends on the precise knowledge of prepositions and familiarity with their diverse nature and functions. Through the semantic analysis, the role of the movement schema of prepositions in the construction of abstract meanings is found.It also contributes to answer the crucial question of how the path schema of prepositions helps to clarify the meanings and expands them in the verses of the Qur'an. Apart from this, vowels are among the grammatical words and their importance in depicting and establishing semantic and structural relationships in the language of the Qur'an shows the importance of research in this linguistic category.

Method of Study:

 In the present study, the descriptive-analytical study method was used to explain the findings.

In semantic research, visual schemas are very important; Because they have an abstract structure and through them, you can bridge from concrete experiences to cognitive fields. Among Johnson's three visual schemas (Containment, Path and Force), the movement schema has the highest frequency. The results of the examination of the word of revelation, which is a total of 6236 verses, show that about 1311 cases of the mission of conceptualization were carried out through the movement schema, which had the highest frequency. Based on most of the analyzed verses, it can be said that the movement plan is a part of the super plan of "life as a journey":moral and religious life from the perspective of the Qur'an, as walking on the right path and leaving bad and immoral lif. The inner movement of man, which leads from the world of matter to the realm of meaning goal (Meet God) by referring to words such as "darkness", "light", "path,""road", "way", "be guided", "Ascension", "falling", "regression", "destiny", "heaven" and "hell" and the purposefulness of human life and the need to move towards the goal (meeting the Lord of the worlds) are stated. The expressions in the Qur'an that conceptualize the way of moving and the path are:"ascend", "raise" "fall down ","get down","wake up","hurry up","striving", "came ","come out ".It seems that among the main components of movement, i.e.: movement component, path, body,background and path component, i.e.:origin(starting point), length of the path and destination (end point). The components of the path and the destination are more frequent in the concept of creation of events in the Qur'an, and the vowel preposition (min, ilá, ‘an) have a high-frequency movement function. The prepositions ‘min’ and "‘an " are origin oriented and the prepositions " ilá " and " ḥattá " are destination oriented.The adverbial preposition ‘lam’ is of the type of process scheme and the adverbial letter ‘ḥattá’ is temporal and destination-oriented.

In terms of its nature, the preposition has several states and its final meaning is determined by the situation in which the letter is used. path schema as the most frequent schema used in the adverbs contained in the Holy Quran, help to create image schemas of abstract meanings. In other words, through semantic analysis, it is possible to reveal the role of path schema of prepositions in the construction of abstract meanings and new semantic layers.

Translation has long been considered as a purposeful effort and activity to remove linguistic and cultural barriers, and a ground for the establishment and expansion of human relations at various levels. Antoine Berman in his theory of morphological tendencies with the aim of highlighting the importance of another and foreign culture in The translation examines the translators' translation methods, mechanisms, and strategies in conveying the strangeness and alienation of the original text into the target language. Therefore, in the present study, from the point of view of Antoine Berman, components such as: rationalization, transparency, rhetoric, boastfulness, qualitative de-enrichment, and quantitative de-enrichment and other elements in Tahereh Saffarzadeh's Persian translations And we examine and criticize Hussein Ansarian from Surah Al-Baqarah; One of the results of this study is that Tahereh Saffarzadeh has observed these morphological elements more than Hossein Ansarian and is close to the standard translation of "Antoine Berman". Given the importance of accurate and fluent translation of the Holy Quran, the findings of this study can be effective in future translations of translators and scholars of the Holy Quran

The rhetorical and phonetic phenomena of the fundamental structures in the literary context are considered to be one of the most important linguistic, unique and distinctive artistic mechanisms in the Holy Quran. The translator of the Holy Qur'an, though skilled in the work, sometimes relies on the transmission of rhetorical and phonetic imagery in many cases. This is actually to arrange the meaning and meaning of the sentence, as the link between the image and the concept is incomplete due to the loop. In this study, the authors have attempted to convey this problem to the play by citing examples of these rhetorical and phonetic phenomena embodied in many Qur'anic verses, a problem that does not overshadow the nature of translation. So we present some of the solutions we've come up with, as well as familiarizing ourselves with some of the possible alternatives to it, using the experts' experience in translation.

Understanding the hidden layers in the existing ancient sources, which are the main reference of historical information, is one of the ways to advance in-depth historical research. The results of such cognition can lead us to the roots of recorded accounts and sometimes to revision of assumptions or resolution of historical problems. The present study aims to identify one of the third century narrators and historians and to examine one of the reliable but missing sources of Shiite narrators. Ali ibn Abbas Maghanei (died 310 AH) is one of the hadith scholars in the circle of narrators of Abolfaraj Isfahani (284-356 AH) in compiling the book Maghatel al-Talebin. In the sources of cataloging writings and the narrators of hadiths, there is a mention of Maghanei and his only composition entitled Fazl al-Shiah. In this new and unprecedented research, using descriptive-analytical method and library studies and rules of reconstruction of lost works, we try to introduce Maghanei and his book and to provide a way to better understand the historiography in general and historiography of Shiite historians in particular through component research. The content of the recovered narrations of Maghanei indicates the fact that his historiography is a part of the Alawite historiography system with its components, which is manifested in the issues of caliphate, Mahdism and expectation by focusing on the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), especially the legitimacy of Imam Ali (AS).

The equivalent of the word "style" in Arabic is "Oslub" and in English, it is "style". One of the sciences that are as important and independent today in the field of language and literature as other fields of art is stylistics. Stylistics is the description and analysis of various forms of language in the practical applications of language. The concepts of style and stylistic diversity in language are based on the general assumption that within a language system, a single content can be encoded in more than one linguistic form. Style in language is not merely a superficial representation, but on the contrary forms an essential part of the meaning conveyed by the author. Stylistics is used to study all types of texts, but the study of religious texts is one of the most important fields of stylistics. Society is a collection of human beings who are connected to each other by specific systems and traditions, customs and laws and have a collective life; Imam Ali (AS) and Imam Sajjad (AS) in addition to sermons, letters and wisdom have presented scientific and valuable statements about this phenomenon.

The Holy Quran as a divine book has always been considered by Muslim thinkers and each of them tried to present their interpretation and interpretation in a specific style to their own scientific community. Abolfotuh Razi, Rashid al-Din Meybodi and Mousavi Garmaroodi are among those who have taken great strides in the field of interpretation and translation of the Qur'an. Abolfotuh Razi is one of the most prominent preachers in the Ray region in the sixth century AH. This position has caused his interpretation to have a preacher style. One of the requirements of such a style is to pay special attention to interpretive narrations. Abu al-Futuh has been influenced by previous interpretations such as Jame 'al-Bayyan and Tebyan and has influenced later interpretations. Its linguistic style is ultimately simple and fluent, with eloquence and rhetoric specific to the fourth and fifth centuries, far removed from superficial and verbal tasks. In Kashf al-Asrar, Rashid al-Din Meybodi interprets the verses of the Qur'an three times, while at the same time he speaks in detail about recitation, revelation, news and hadiths, etc. and in the third turn he justifies and interprets the verses to the taste of Sufis and mystics. The interpretation of Kashf al-Asrar has benefited greatly from the elements and mechanisms of inducing meanings, such as imaginary, permissible, prostration, simile, and metaphor. Among the Persian translations of the Qur'an, especially in recent decades, several translations that are very fluent, accurate and beautiful have been published, one of which is the translation of Ali Mousavi Garmaroodi. In this research, it is a descriptive analysis. By comparing the interpretation of Kashf al-Asrar and the interpretation of Rawd al-Jannan by Abu al-Futuh al-Razi, both of which were written in the sixth century, with the new interpretation of Mousavi Garma Rudi, Meybodi's mystical views are influenced by other interpretations. To be shown.

Given the importance of learning Arabic conversation and its place among senior graduates of Arabic language and literature, this study aims to examine the factors affecting the lack of mastery of Arabic literary dialogue among graduates of this field and after recognition Evaluate the role factors of each of them. To achieve this goal, the survey method was used and the tools of this research were to evaluate the questionnaire of senior graduates of Arabic language and literature in Isfahan city as a census and its results as spss. The results show that the factors affecting the lack of mastery of master's degree in Arabic language literature can be classified into four factors, including: the ability to teach professors, the content of educational texts, teaching methods, motivation of graduates. Results The questionnaire shows that all four factors are effective in learning literary dialogue, but which factor is done according to educational principles and which factor is not implemented according to educational principles, which is the reason for the lack of mastery of senior graduates in this field of literary dialogue. which has been the reason for the lack of mastery of senior graduates in this field on literary dialogue, and according to the review of the educational chart of two levels of higher education It has been educational, and in the case of the realization of the other three factors, the educational directors of the Ministry of Science must provide care on a large scale.

The holy Quran is an ocean of meaning, therefore translating it from Arabic language to Persian language and other languages requires the understanding of language delicacies. Today, semantics provide the readers with methods which help them understand the text better and understand its hidden meanings. In words level, the issue of conceptual relationships between the words has been raised in semantics which provide the readers with methods which help them figure out the relationships between the words of a text and detect its implications. One of these relations is semantic opposition between the words.  In this article, we have tried to understand the implications of opposite words of Quran in ten last parts of it based on semantic opposition principle using descriptive-analytical method. And we have tried to explain the pathology of these equivalents by critically reviewing Moezzi and Payandeh equivalencies. The significance and importance of this research is that it introduces some of delicacies of literary texts to the translators and shows them some of the probable challenges. Results of this research indicate that ignoring the opposition and emphasizing on basic meaning of words, not paying attention to the multiple implications of opposite words in the context, neglecting morphology of opposite words, not paying attention to the context and collocations of opposite words, and translating the opposite words with incomplete words are the most important pathologies of the two abovementioned translations which have resulted in deficiency in transferring the meaning or in redundancy in these equivalencies in some areas.

Satire in literature means a piece of poem or prose which stands against eulogy and meets personal purposes. It bears a caustic, explicit and sometimes insulting tone, but if it is to express the socio-political pains, it employs a softer language. Satire is constructed based on caustic and painful criticism, and sometimes, it is led to sarcasm and painful insult. Any form of emphasis on ugly aspects of a phenomenon, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a satire. Satire is a piece of prose or poetry which tends to ridicule or insult somebody. Due to the literary definition of satire and the difference the critics considered between satire and abusiveness, dissolute and indecent writings – which disgrace people - can be excluded from satiric ones. In this study, the authors have tried to analyze satire in Arabic and Persian language and its impact on Arabic, especially on Bashār ibn Burd

The style of sentence formulation or as it is called in rhetoric "implication" is one of the artistic aspects of literature. Ahl Al-Beit have tried to present their religious speeches through this style: so that their style will work as a general pattern.