محمد حسین اسدی

Differences between age groups is a very important issue that can be the source of various cultural and social phenomena and issues.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the intergenerational social capital and its dimensions among men and women in Tuyserkan city.

The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included men and women over 15 years of age in Tuyserkan city in 2019, of which 392 were selected by cluster sampling.

Data analysis was done with ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Path Analysis in SPSS-25 software. The results showed that there is a difference between generations in terms of social capital and the older generation has more social capital; there is a difference between women and men in terms of social capital, and men have more social capital than women. There is a difference between age groups in terms of social capital, and the age group of 66 to 75 years has more social capital. Also, there is a relationship between income and social capital (P < 0.05).

In short, it can be said that there is a relationship between intergenerational variables, gender, age groups, income, type of job, marital status, level of education, place of residence, age of marriage, presence in society, and social capital; There is a difference between men and women as well as between different generations in terms of the variables of age of marriage, presence in society, economic capital, individual and social freedoms, social trust, and social mobility.

Differences between age groups are a critical issue that can be the source of various cultural and social phenomena and issues. This research investigated intergenerational social capital and its dimensions among men and women in Tuyserkan city. The research method was a survey, and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included men and women over 15 years of age in Tuyserkan City in 2019, of which 392 arrived into samples by cluster sampling. ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Path Analysis were used in SPSS-25 software to analyze data. The results showed a difference between generations in terms of social capital, and the older generation has higher social capital than younger ones; there is a difference between women and men, and men have more social capital than women. There is a difference between age groups regarding social capital; the age group of 66 to 75 years has a higher tendency to have social capital. Also, there is a relationship between income and social capital (P < 0.05). In short, we can say that there is a relationship between intergenerational variables, gender, age groups, income, type of job, marital status, level of education, place of residence, age of marriage, presence in society, and social capital; There is a difference between men and women as well as between different generations in terms of the variables of the age of marriage, presence in society, economic capital, individual and social freedoms, social trust, and social mobility.

This research examines the intergenerational social capital among men and women in Tuyserkan. The method is survey and the population includes men and women over 15 years old in 2020. According to Morgan and Karjesi, 392 people were selected by cluster sampling and have answered the researcher-made questionnaire. Validity by experts' agreement, formal, and structural methods are estimated 0.75, 0.76, and 0.84, respectively. Also, reliability by the internal consistency method is obtained 0.82. The data is analyzed by SPSS-26 software and with ANOVA and independent T-test. The results show there is difference among all three generations and between men and women in terms of social capital. The older generation has more social capital. There is relationship among intergenerational variables, gender, age groups, income, type of job, marital status, education, place of residence, age of marriage, presence in the community, and social capital variable. There are differences among different generations in terms of presence in society, individual and social freedoms, social trust, and social mobility. Also, there is difference between men and women in terms of variables of social mobility and presence in the community. Therefore, paying attention to the generation gap in the light of social capital is particularly important.

The traditional experiences of families in the field of infant care are in many cases equivalent to the teachings of traditional medicine, but it is not clear to what extent these experiences are rooted in the written works of traditional medicine.

In this study, content related to neonatal care was extracted from the book Summary of Experiences, and then by searching for relevant articles in traditional Persian medicine and modern medicine from the databases of pubmed, google scholar, iran magazine, etc., the content was categorized and finally compared  with Baha’ al-Dawlah Razi views.

In the book “Summary of Experiences”, there are solutions for caring for infants both in the field of prevention of the occurrence of complications in childhood and in the field of treatment and elimination of these complications, through which Baha’ al-Dawlah Razi, like other scholars before him,  how to bathe the baby, how to breastfeed the baby properly, how to swaddle, and also by determining the criteria of a suitable environment in terms of light, sound and temperature, as well as in the field of Mann has suggested some of the complications of childhood, such as earache, insomnia, and crying in infants.

Due to the high similarity of the recommendations of Baha’ al-Dawlah Razi with the recommendations of other Iranian physicians before him, the book "Summary of Experiences "can be considered as a complete example of the recommendations of Iranian physicians in the field of infant care.

Nowadays, people are more aware of health, the use of sanitary materials has increased and all kinds of detergents are offered.These chemical cleaners, despite their several benefits, causof damage to humans and the environment.In Iranian medicine, many sages have introduced various detergents with cleansing properties that are less dangerous than chemical detergents.This research aims to introduce effective material medica in maintaining and promoting skin and hair health in Iranian medical books.

The present study has been done by searching in library documents and foreign and domestic databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, ISC, magiran, etc.

Ethical Considerations:

In this research, ethical considerations including the authenticity of texts, honestyand trustworthiness have been observed.

Iranian sages have not only introduced various material medica, but also discussed their properties in cleansing, maintaining healthand preventing and treating skin and hair diseases.Among these material medica, the properties of plants such as Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Cedrus, Lawsonia inermis (Henna)and Hibiscus and minerals such as Venetian ceruse and Borax have been of great interest.

Natural detergents have many properties including renewable, lower cost, more stabilityand less human and biological toxicity.Therefore, it is suggested to introduce them through clinical trials and prove these benefits.By informing people about their use, we can reduce the human and biological harms resulting from the production and use of chemical detergents.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes vascular wall damage and poor wound healing due to the excessive accumulation of glucose. Various investigations have been performed on increasing the diabetic wound healing rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ammonia single-cell eukaryote extract in Zinex ointment compared to silver sulfadiazine ointment on increasing the diabetic wound closure rate.

This study was performed on 54 BALB/c transgenic mice. For type 2 diabetes induction, the animals were fed a high-fat diet for two weeks and followed by a single dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg) injection intraperitoneally. The excisional wound was created using the excisional wound splinting model and a biopsy punch. For diabetic wound treatment, 10% Ammonia extract in Zinex ointment and 1% silver sulfadiazine ointment were used every three days. Glucose and insulin serum levels were measured using a glucometer and an ELISA kit, respectively. Histopathological examinations were also performed using H&E methods.

Macroscopic observations indicated an increase in the wound closure rate in the Ammonia extract group compared to the other groups. Also, histopathological results showed a significantly decreased inflammation and increased re-epithelialization in the Ammonia extract treatment group compared to the silver sulfadiazine treatment and control groups. 

The results showed that Ammonia extract in Zinex ointment could improve the closure rate and re-epithelialization in diabetic rat wounds through inflammation reduction.

 Among the Setah Zaroriah, psychological events, they produce very fast and powerful effect on the human body. The most important factor to maintaining  health or creating disease is mediation spirits that is created from steamy, very delicate, and fluid, which influences to power and verbs fastly.

 In this review study, available resources related to the subject of research from in Iranian physicans Mohammad ebn Zakaria Razi, Ali ebn Abbas Ahwazi, boAli Sina  and Seyed Esmaeel Jorjani was investigated. Therefore, the vocabulary related to the psychological events were searched from the books of such writers such as al-Hawi, tebe rohani, Kamel Alsanaa Altabyh, Ghanoun fe alteb and Zakhireye Kharazmshahy 

 Zakari Razi has written an independent book called , Tebe Rohani. Ali ebn Abbas Ahwazi has studied all branches of medicine in al-Sinachr (‘39’)a al-Tebeye. Al-Qanoonchr (‘39’)s book is the most systematic book writed to temperamental medicine, and the book of  Zakhireye Kharazmshahy is a comprehensive medical book, which is Aaraze Nafsani the most important part of these books.

 The scientific scholars of Iranian medicine have considered is Aaraze Nafsani and to treat the illnesses caused by this Aaraze Nafsani differently from the treatment Physical illnesses. Aaraze Nafsani are signs of peoplechr (‘39’)s appearance, and these signs are some of a sign of health and some signs of a disease. Must be strengthened his strength, he must be strengthened by forces hemfar off the patient from Aaraze Nafsani.

 Recent studies have shown the positive effectiveness of Afsantin plant in treatment of liver diseases. Therefore, it may be possible to find new ways in treatment of liver diseases by examining how to use this plant based on the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM)

 In this qualitative study, by referring to specialized libraries of TIM books in Iran and using various online resources, the terminology of Afsantin plant was first studied based on TIM. After knowing the different names of this plant, they were searched in various medical books, especially the three famous TIM books of Kitab Al-Hawi, Qanun and Zakhirah-i Khwarazm Shahi. Then, different medical prescriptions related to Afsantin were extracted from these books and different applications of this plant in diseases, especially liver diseases, were recorded and coded in Excel software. Then, articles that reported the medicinal applications of Afsantin plant in treatment of liver diseases were searched in online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, Irandoc, IranMedex . The collected data were finally analyzed and compared with the data obtained from the TIM books.

 Ancient Iranian physicians had described various types of liver disease in their works. The Afsantin plant been used alone or in combination with other substances in three books (Kitab Al-Hawi, Qanon, and Zakhirah-i Khwarazm Shahi) in 179 prescriptions for treatment of different diseases mostly for liver inflammation (23%), jaundice (20%), ascites (19%), and liver disease (18%). The most common form of administration of this plant was oral form (80%) followed by topical form (20%). In combined forms of use, lavender (30.2%), lemongrass (24.6%), anise (17.3%), Chinese rhubarb (17.3%), rose (16.2%), saffron (15.1%), Maghsoul (14.5%) champignon (14%), and Agrimonia eupatoria extract (14%) had been mostly used along with Afsantin to enhance the therapeutic effect of Afsantin or eliminate its negative effects on the body. The examination of modern medicine articles also revealed the sufficient knowledge of the authors of these books about liver diseases. The results of comparison showed that primary liver diseases such as hepatitis and alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases were in the same category as primary diseases and initiators of liver diseases, i.e. bad mazaj, and ascites was equivalent to cirrhosis plus ascites.

 Considering the frequent use of Afsantin by famous TIM physicians and the consistency of their findings with modern medicine in terms of treating liver diseases, it seems that if the effect of this plant on liver diseases based on TIM be studied more widely and the results of this study be evaluated by the standards of modern medicine, new solutions can be achieved in the treatment of liver diseases.

Sella turcica is one of the most important orthodontic landmarks in a key point in lateral cephalometric analysis of the patients who need orthodontic treatment. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship the dimensions of Sella Turcica with the vertical skeletal pattern of the face on cone beam computed tomography images in an Iranian population.

In this descriptive analytical research, the samples were evaluated in a total of all available CBCTs of the patients referred to Tabriz Dentistry Faculty. In selected CBCT (in sagittal sections), the length and height of Sella Turcica was measured. By evaluating the angle between the two lines Go-Me and S-N as the well as the S-Go/N-Me ratio, the short, long or normal facial skeleton was examined. The data obtained from CBCT were entered in the related software and the images were reviewed by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists and the agreement between two observer results was measured by Kappa coefficient. data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and p<0.05 was considered.

For three types of vertical face growth (normal, long and short) the length and height of Sella Turcica were similar. For all types of vertical facial growth, the height and length of Sella Turcica were similar in men and women and had no significant relationship with age.

Based on the results of current study, it seems there are no relationship between dimensions of Sella Turcica and vertical skeletal growth pattern.

 The facial oral pain and symptoms of sinusitis is one of the concerns of patients especially dentists which can be associated with Haller cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Haller cells of an Iranian population and its relationship with inflammatory sinus disease using CBCT images.

 In this descriptive- analytical research (in 2018) samples were selected from all available CBCT images of patients referring to Tabriz school of dentistry. Haller cells cases were selected and the samples were examined for the presence of inflammatory sinus disease in the coronal and axial sections. The data from CBCT images were entered in NNT viewer version 2.17 and the images were reviewed by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. Then agreement between the two observers was measured by Kappa coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Chi-Square test and p value < 0.05 was considered.

 For total sinuses, the prevalence of Haller cells was 44.5% and it was 70.3% for chronic sinusitis. Haller cells were 48.4% unilateral and 52.6% bilateral. There was no significant difference in the frequency of Haller cells between men and women. Statistical analysis showed there was significant correlation between Haller cells presence and sinusitis (p value < 0.05).

 According the results of this study, people with Haller cells are more likely to develop inflammatory sinus disease.

Segmentation in the Hadith science means as separating one part of a Hadith that is subjected to a particular topic. Sometimes, muaddith or narrator, for various reasons, narrated some riwaya or narration, and point out to the segmentation with a series of specific terms. Recognizing the terms of segmentation leads to reducing the damage caused in Hadith, and will guide the audience of Hadith to the original source. Although these terms have not substantial number in narrative sources, but they show only part of the segmented Hadiths to researcher. The purpose of this article is the statistical analysis for segmentation of Hadiths in a vocabulary method. This study tries to refereeing straight to the narrative books, provide a historical picture of the narrators function in segmentation. Innovation of this paper is to provide a regular historical course for segmentation at different periods for Shia Hadith, and structure of the paper is divided based on the use of segmentation in four periods.

Subcloning of specific genes in plasmids and transfecting them into target cells for producing therapeutic proteins or cell differentiation, is suggested as one of the most effective treatment methods for different diseases. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of the members of the neurotrophin family. Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that regulate the survival, differentiation, and function of different types of neurons. Studies showed that NGF gene expression in stem cells induces differentiation toward neuron-like cells as well as the growth of axons and its branching.
In this research, enzymatic digestion on a plasmid carrying NGF gene was performed and extracted. NGF gene was subcloned into pSecTag2/Hygro secretory plasmid. The subcloned plasmid was precipitated and concentrated. It was then transfected by Lipofectamine into PC12 cell line. NGF gene expression and protein production were evaluated using RT-PCR and western blot methods.
Sequence determination indicated that secretory plasmid subcloning process has been correct. Expression of NGF gene in transfected PC12 cells was shown by RT-PCR method and production of its protein was proved by the results from western blots.
Subcloning of NGF gene in pSecTag2 secretory vector is a suitable technique for transfer to eukaryotic cells.

Magnetic resonance tractography is a method to identifying anatomical connections in the living human brain. This technique uses data obtained from diffusion of water molecules to display two-dimensional or three-dimensional images of the nerve fiber tracts through performing computational analysis. Thus¡ it will be possible to check the status of fibers with performing this technique. It is one of the advance techniques in the field of neuroscience which has a diagnostic potential in neurological diseases¡ such as brain tumors¡ normal pressure hydrocephalus¡ multiple sclerosis¡ stroke¡ and a large number of other neurological disorders.
Tractography is a useful method to identify nerve tracts non-invasively and in-vivo. Compared to invasive techniques¡ non-invasive nature and ease of obtaining data enable this method to a suitable technique for pre-operative planning of brain surgery.

causes tending to violence for high school students by using discussed hypotheses, in area of sociology of social problems. In field of subject of the research, necessity of construction was felt and proved and since action for research was taken based on a series of scientific and practical goals; results show meeting and achieving both groups of goals. Based on this by studying literature and reviewing different researches in areas of social obliquities and problems, six suppositions were regulated, that their relations were evaluated with independent variable (tendency to violence). The independent variable includes four dimension of physical, emotional, sexual and verbal violence. Also, the present research followed this that showedthe suppositions of research suit to theoretical framework and gathered data and can state student violence. The research method is from type of scale researches and to gather data, a series of document studies and questionnaire tools was used. To evaluate justifiability, structure justifiability and Crownbach alpha coefficient were used to evaluate stability to approve competence of chosen tool. In structure justifiability of gathered data that led to achieving goals of the research, had coordination and adaptation with chosen theoretical framework, and credit of tool to gather data, i.e., total alpha for questionnaire was approved at the rate of 78 percent,too.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the most important factor of disability in the world. Recent studies have shown that olive oil has antioxidant effects during cerebral ischemia. The present study investigated the probable protective effects of olive oil on the brain infarction and neurological disability after a transient model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. In this experimental study, 30 adult male wistar rats whose weight ranged 270-320 g were divided into three equal groups. : sham, control ischemia, and ischemia treated. . Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by means of 80 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 hours reperfusion. Olive oil(1 ml/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into the cases at the beginning of ischemia. Neurologic outcome (NDS scale), infarct volume (TTC staining) and histological studies were done 24 hours after the end of MCAO. Treatment with olive oil significantly reduced the cortical and striatal infarct volume by 65% and 52%, respectively. Olive oil also decreased the NDS of ischemic rats from 3.4±0.1 to 2.5±0.2 in the treated group. Besides, histological studies showed that olive oil reduced the number of eosinophilic and damage neurons in the ischemic area (P< 0.001). The findings of the current study indicated that olive oil effectively reduced ischemia, helped to the reperfusion of injuries, and improved neurological outcome. Olive oil is also a potent neuroprotective factor that is able to prevent neurodegeneration of transient focal ischemia in the beginning of reperfusion at ischemic areas.

This study presents an economical and simple co-culture system for pluripotent stem cells generation from neonatal mouse testis Isolated testicular cells were cultured in DMEM/F12. Characteristics of the isolated cells and obtained ES-like cell were immune-cytochemically confirmed by examining the presence of PLZF, vimentin, Oct4 and Nanog protein. Expression of the pluripotency and germ-cell specific genes was analyzed by qPCR in derived ES-like colony and SSCs respectively. The experiment results indicated that our method of obtaining pluripotent ES-like cells from spermatogonial cells (SCs) is simpler than the described methods. ES-like cells were immunopositive for pluripotency markers. ES-like cell qPCR results indicated significant increase in pluripotency genes expression and significant decrease in germ cell-specific genes expression. The results indicated that ES-like cell with pluripotency characteristic were generated from freshly isolated spermatogonial cells. The pluripotent stem cells provide a cellular reservoir usable for regenerative medicine instead of embryonic stem cells.

This study presents a simple method for isolation, expansion and purification of neonatal mouse spermatogonial stem cells. We used enzymatic digestion to isolate a cell suspension of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells from neonatal 2-day-old mice. The cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 that contained 10% serum for two weeks. Sertoli and spermatogonia cell characteristics were confirmed by examining for the presence of vimentin and PLZF proteins, respectively. To assess the rate of spermatogonia stem cell expansion, the area and number of colonies were measured during the two weeks of culture. At the end of the second week, we detected spermatogonia cell-specific expressions of the Stra8, Piwill2, DAZL, and Mvh genes. Current results indicated that isolated Sertoli and spermatogonia cells were immunopositive for specific markers. During the culture period, a significant difference was seen in the number and area of spermatogonial stem cell colonies (P<0.05) at four time points. In addition, spermatogonial specific gene expression demonstrated that these cells were undifferentiated after two weeks of culture. Our study showed that co-culture of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells from same source provides a convenient and efficient environment. This co-culture, without the addition of external growth factors and chemical manipulations, can be used for proliferation of spermatogonia stem cells.

Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue with rich networks of blood vessels and nerves. Bone is constantly being torn down and replaced in a remodeling process. Nutrition also plays an important role in bone health and strong bones need an appropriate diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selective nutrients such as calcium, (Ca) vitamin D, Boron, (B) and fluoride, (F) on mechanical strength of bone tissue in rat. Thirty-one adult Albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups as below: group 1 (control), group 2 (F), group 3 (F+B), group 4 (F+Ca+D), group 5 (F+B+Ca+D). The animals were given free access to food for 8 weeks: experimental groups received a daily dose of 1mg boron, 55 IU vitamin D, 210 mg calcium and/or 0.7 mg fluoride according to their grouping category. Mechanical strength of femoral neck bending test and mechanical strength of the fifth lumbar vertebra with a axial compression test was evaluated in different groups. The data of all groups were analyzed by nonparametric tests. Our results showed significant differences in the mean stiffness of neck of femur in group F+B in comparison to the control group, group F and group F+B+Ca+D. Mean value of Fmax in group F+B and group F+B+Ca+D compared to control group was significantly increased. Mean deformation to Fmax of fifth lumbar vertebrae in all groups particularly in group F+B+Ca+D significantly increased when compared to control group. Significant difference was detected in this parameter between group F, group F+B and group F+Ca+D. Fluoride and boron have more positive effects on bone strength and stiffness than calcium and vitamin D.

To investigate of the effects of a poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofiber scaffold on proliferation of frozen-thawed neonate mouse spermatogonial stem cells.

Spermatogonial cells were isolated from neonatal 3-6-day-old NMRI mice testes by two steps enzymatic digestion and differential plating. The isolated spermatogonial cells were divided into four culture groups: 1) fresh spermatogonial cells, 2) fresh spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA 3) frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells, 4) frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA. Cells in all groups were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FCS and 10 ng/ml GDNF for 3 weeks. Diameter and number of clusters which were determined during the culture and semi-quantitative RT-PCR were carried out at the end of 3rd week for all culture groups. Presence of spermatogonia at the culture was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for several important spermatogonial markers (PLZF, Oct4, GFRα-1, VASA, ITGA6 and ITGB1). The significancy of the data was analyzed using Repeated Measures and ANOVA tests.

The findings indicated that the viability rate of the fresh cell (control 1 and exprimental 1) and the frozen cells after thawing(control 2 and exprimental 2) were 89.25±2.2 and 63±3.56, respectively and the differences were significant (p<0.001). In vitro culturing of spermatogonial cells on PLLA significantly increased the formation of cell clusters in comparison with those of the control groups (p≤0.001). Although the differences of the diameters of clusters in the fresh cell groups were not significant, culturing of frozen-thawed cells on PLLA significantly decreased their diameters(p≤0.01). There was a significant down-regulation of spermatogonial genes in the frozen-thawed groups after three weeks of culture.

The spermatogonial cells seeding on PLLA can increase in vitro cluster formation of neonate fresh and frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells.

The aim of this survey was to evaluate the effects of fatty acids, nutrients and vibration on bone mechanical properties and its metabolic parametrs in rat.

56 male wistar rats weighting 150±30 were used. Rats divided into control and six experimental groups as below:Vibration, Vibration+ nutrients, Vibration+ nutrients+ Canola oil, Sunflower oil, Canola oil + Sunflower oil and Coconut oil. Experimental groups were treated for eight weeks with normal diet, vibration, 210 mg of Calcium, 55 IU of Vit D, 1mg of Boron and Oils amounting to %5 0f the normal diet of oils. After experimental period rats were killed and blood samples were collected, then femur and fifth lumbar vertebral bones excised. Mechanical properties of the lumbar vertebral bones and femoral neck were determined with the Axial Compression Test and Contilever Bending Test. Plasma samples were analyzed and metabolic parametrs levels were determined.The data were analysed by one way ANOVA. Resalts: Mechanical properties of bones increased in the vibration group compared to those of control group. Nutrients caused significant decrease in mechanical properties of femoral neck compared to those of control group and vibration groups. Femoral neck stiffness and maximal load and Stiffness, maximal load, energy to maximal load and deformation of the lumbar vertebral increased in the vibration + coconut group compared to the other groups.

The findings showed that combination of vibration and coconut oil has beneficial effects on bone mechaninichal properties as well as metabolic parametrs especially on sex steroid hormonens.

Sperm parameters and motion kinetics are affected by cryopreservation. The main purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of Trolox as an antioxidant to freezing-thawing procedure on human sperm kinematic parameter. Semen was collected from 20 normal donors and divided into five aliquots prior to cryopreservation. The first aliquot was analyzed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Other aliquots were mixed with cryo-protective agent containing 0, 20, 40, and 80 µmol Trolox and treated samples were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. After two weeks samples were thawed and sperm motion kinematics was measured by CASA. Percent motility (Mot), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were compared before and after freeze. Addition of 40µmol Trolox resulted in significantly higher (p<0.05) post thaw VCL, VSL and VAP compared to other groups. Therefore the percentage of post thaw motile spermatozoa were significantly higher (p<0.01). The supplementation of Trolox significantly improved the post-thawed human semen quality, especially progressive motility and average path velocity.

Inhalation of Sulfur mustard (HD) will cause lung epithelial inflammation and injury. There are different results from the prophylactic effects of amifostine (AM) on protection of lung epithelial tissue against HD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic effects of AM on protection of rat lung tissue exposed to HD. In this study twenty Albino Wistar adult male rats weighting 200±20 grams were used. Rats were divided randomly into 4 groups (5 rats in each group) as below: Normal saline group (NS), AM group, HD group (0.25% HD) and HD+AM group. Normal saline and HD solution were injected by intra tracheal catheter. Animals in AM and HD+AM groups received AM by intra peritoneal injection for 14 days daily. All rats were killed after 14 days; parts of the base of right lungs were removed, fixed and processed for histological evaluation by Toluidine blue, H&E staining and apoptotic cell death study by the TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit. In addition, glutathione level was measured in all specimens. No significant differences were revealed between Saline & AM groups in any of the aforementioned tests. Significant reduction of mast cells in lung tissue of the HD+AM group was shown when compared to the HD group. Lung tissue inflammation in the HD group was significantly more severe as compared to HD+AM group. In addition, amifostine in HD+AM group could prevent excess reduction of GSH level. The number of apoptotic cells in the HD group was significantly higher than the HD+AM group. Administration of amifostine before exposure to HD in rats prevents collection of mast cells, and excess reduction of GSH level in lung tissue; in addition it can partially reduce pulmonary edema and alveolar cell death apoptosis.

Plastination is an excellent technique which helps preserve biological specimens in a dry, odorless, and state. In this technique, water and fat are extracted from tissues and are replaced with curable polyester. Previously prepared plastinated sheets of human brain were fragile and heavy (standard method). The aim of this study was to prepare flexible and light plastinated sheets of human brains.

Two intact human brains were prepared and fixed in 10% formalin for 3 months. After. They were sliced into 3 mm thickness sheets and were dehydrated by acetone in -250C for 4 weeks. Then, the slices were impregnated by P88 flexible polyester in the vacuum chamber. Finally, each slice was cast in an individual flat chamber consisting of 2 standard glass plates by P87 flexible polyester. The transparency, weight, flexibility, bubbling and Gross fragility of the prepared sheets were compared with those of the standard method. The transparency was measured by photometer machine. Their weight was assessed by digital scale; Gross fragility and bubbling were assessed by direct observation. Flexibility of samples was investigated by the degree of bending zero to 45, 45 to 90, 90 to 135 and 135 to 180 degrees of bending were scaled 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

Average light passing, flexible sheets was 85%, while in standard method was 90%. The weights of flexible sheets were 200-400 gr, and in standard method were 600-800 gr. Bubbling and gross fragility were observed in standard method, while no bubbling and gross fragility were observed in flexible sheets. The average flexibility of flexible sheets was, while in standard method was 1.

P87 polyester seems to provide lighter and more flexible brain sheets compared with the standard method.