محمد خندان

The present research aims to design a model for intergenerational knowledge sharing in order to identify the dimensions and rank the Factors and Components influencing intergenerational knowledge sharing in the car leasing industry.

Methods and Materoal:

Considering the conceptual framework of the present study and the nature and type of available data and information for presenting a conceptual model of intergenerational knowledge sharing in the leasing industry, the research method utilized is an exploratory mixed-methods approach. This study is fundamental in its outcomes, has a practical nature, and is also critical in terms of its paradigm. The statistical population of this research comprises two sections: the qualitative part consists of 17 experts and specialists from the leasing industry, while the quantitative part includes a total of 970 employees currently working in this industry. Based on Cochran's formula and with a 95% margin of error, a sample of 275 individuals was selected. To ensure greater confidence, an additional 25% was added to the minimum sample size, leading to 343 questionnaires being sent to employees. Ultimately, 336 complete and valid questionnaires were returned, which were used for analysis in this research. Non-probability purposive sampling was employed for sample selection. Purposive sampling involves selecting a portion of the population based on the researcher's (or experts and specialists') judgment. In this method, sample acceptance criteria are defined, and individuals are selected for the survey regarding the research subject based on these criteria. In this research, the criteria for purposive sampling to select experts in the qualitative section were: 1) Leasing industry experts with more than 5 years of experience. 2) Leasing industry experts holding master's and doctoral degrees. After conducting interviews with selected individuals and upon reaching saturation in responses, with the agreement of the supervisors and advisors, the theoretical saturation was achieved, and the number of samples is detailed in the table below. Additionally, in the quantitative section, Cochran's formula was utilized, resulting in a selection of 336 employees from the leasing industry through simple random sampling. The data collection for this research was based on library studies including books, articles, websites, and relevant Persian and English internet information portals. Given the scarcity of library resources on the research topic, the most significant source used has been the internet and various databases, which has added to the importance of the research and the currency of information. For data collection in both qualitative and quantitative sections, field methods and tools such as semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were employed, which will be elaborated upon further. Semi-structured interviews are among the most common types of interviews used in social qualitative research. These interviews can be both structured and unstructured, and are sometimes referred to as in-depth interviews, where all respondents are asked similar questions and can freely answer the questions. In this research, for the semi-structured interviews, common questions were utilized based on the opinions of experts and professionals in the leasing industry, and the responses derived from these questions were transformed into specific components through descriptive analysis with the help of open, axial, and selective coding. For conducting field studies, a questionnaire has been utilized. Accordingly, based on the research objectives and questions, the research tool, namely the questionnaire, was designed. To gather information, both the questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were employed. In this research, categories were used to analyze the semi-structured interviews. The categories are often labeled as codes or keywords; however, anything that is labeled has the capability to organize and systematize the data, often functioning even as analytical codes. Analytical codes are the result of an analytical process that goes beyond merely identifying a topic. The coding of information was also analyzed using MaxQDA software. After collecting the conducted interviews and extracting their indicators, we entered them into MaxQDA and categorized them into groups and sets, each related to one of the main indicators. In the code system section of MAXQDA software, we established a hierarchical arrangement of codes and subcodes. In this research, descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the obtained data from the samples. Additionally, in the inferential statistics section, the structural equation modeling method was employed. These analyses were conducted using SPSS and Smart PLS 2.0 statistical software.

The findings in the quantitative section indicated that 55 percent of the respondents were male and 45 percent were female. The majority of the sample had over 15 years of work experience (80 percent). The education level of 80 percent of the individuals was at the master's level, and the most common age range in the group was 30 to 50 years, accounting for 90 percent. The qualitative findings showed that 43.8 percent of the respondents were male and 56.3 percent were female. The majority of the sample had over 15 years of work experience (51.2 percent). The education level of 45.5 percent of individuals was at the master's or doctoral level, and the most common age range in this group was 40 to 50 years, comprising 39.6 percent. The results indicated that the standard deviation values were mostly below 1, with only a few below 2. This finding suggests that the data has low dispersion, and responses were primarily in alignment with each other. Additionally, to assess the normality or non-normality of the distribution of variables among the respondents, skewness and kurtosis values were utilized. Given that the skewness and kurtosis values were below 2, we can conclude that the data has a normal distribution. The findings indicated that the mean of the knowledge sharing variable is above the expected level, with a mean of 3.85 for knowledge sharing. Thus, the evaluation of the sample's opinions showed that the mean of the items related to the knowledge sharing variable is above average. Descriptive statistics revealed that the mean of the external environment variable is also above the expected level, with an average of 3.77. Consequently, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean of the items related to the external environment variable is above average as well. A review of the descriptive statistics showed that the mean of the innovation variable is higher than the expected level. Innovation had an average score of 3.65. Therefore, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean scores related to the variable of innovation are above the average level. The results obtained from the descriptive statistics review showed that the mean of the foresight variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.43. Consequently, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean scores related to the variable of foresight are above the average level. The results from the descriptive statistics review indicated that the mean of the reactive variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.88. Therefore, the evaluation of the sample's opinions showed that the mean scores related to the reactive variable are above the average level. The results obtained from the descriptive statistics review indicated that the mean of the analytical variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.79. Hence, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean scores related to the analytical variable are above the average level. The results from the descriptive statistics review showed that the mean of the information technology governance variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.71. Therefore, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean scores related to the information technology governance variable are above the average level. The results from the descriptive statistics review showed that the mean of the organizational structural variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.57. Thus, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean scores related to the organizational structural variable are above the average level. The results obtained from the descriptive statistics review indicated that the mean of the learning organization variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.71. Thus, the evaluation of the sample's opinions indicated that the mean scores related to the learning organization variable are above the average level. The results from the descriptive statistics review showed that the mean of the organizational learning variable is higher than the expected level, with an average of 3.54. The evaluation of the sample opinions indicated that the mean of the items related to the variable of organizational learning is above the average level. The results from the descriptive statistics showed that the mean for the variable of knowledge management is above the expected level, with knowledge management having a mean of 3.50. Therefore, the assessment of the sample opinions revealed that the mean of the items related to the variable of knowledge management is above the average level. The components of knowledge sharing, external environment, innovation, foresight, responsiveness, analysis, information technology governance, organizational structure, learning organization, organizational learning, and knowledge management have a direct and significant impact on inter-generational knowledge sharing in the leasing industry. Based on the results from the structural equation modeling, it is observed that knowledge sharing has a significant positive relationship with the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.362. Hence, it can be said that for a 36% increase in knowledge sharing, the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing also increases by 36%. The external environment has a significant positive relationship with the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.331. Therefore, it can be stated that for a 33% increase in the external environment, the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing also increases by 33%. Innovation has a significant positive relationship with the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.322. Consequently, it can be said that for a 32% increase in the innovation environment, the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing also increases by 32%. Foresight has a significant positive relationship with the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.376. Thus, it can be stated that for a 38% increase in foresight, the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing also increases by 38%. Responsiveness has a significant positive relationship with the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.301. Therefore, it can be concluded that for a 30% increase in responsiveness, the transfer of inter-generational knowledge sharing also increases by 30%. An analysis of intergenerational knowledge sharing shows a significant and positive relationship, with a standardized effect size of 0.338. Therefore, it can be said that for every 34% increase in the analytic aspect, intergenerational knowledge sharing also increases by 34%. The governance of information technology has a significant and positive relationship with intergenerational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.329. Thus, it can be stated that for every 33% increase in information technology governance, intergenerational knowledge sharing also increases by 33%. Organizational structure has a significant and positive relationship with intergenerational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.377. Accordingly, it can be inferred that for every 38% increase in organizational structure, intergenerational knowledge sharing increases by 38%. A learning organization has a significant and positive relationship with intergenerational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.347. Thus, it can be said that for every 35% increase in learning organizations, intergenerational knowledge sharing also increases by 35%. Organizational learning has a significant and positive relationship with intergenerational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.353. Therefore, it can be stated that for every 35% increase in organizational learning, intergenerational knowledge sharing increases by 35%. Knowledge management shows a significant and positive relationship with intergenerational knowledge sharing, with a standardized effect size of 0.967. Thus, it can be concluded that for every 97% increase in knowledge management, intergenerational knowledge sharing also increases by 97%.

Based on the results obtained, the components (knowledge sharing, external environment, innovation, foresight, reaction, analytical, information technology governance, organizational structure, learning organization, organizational learning, knowledge management) were identified as the main components, while the components (planning and organizing information technology, acquiring and implementing information technology, delivery and support for information technology, monitoring and evaluating information technology, complexity, formalization, centralization and decentralization, personal capabilities and skills, patterns and mental models, shared vision and goals, team learning, systems thinking) were considered as sub-components affecting intergenerational knowledge sharing in the leasing industry. According to the assessments conducted, the components (knowledge management (97%), organizational structure (38%), foresight (38%), knowledge sharing (36%), organizational learning (35%), learning organization (35%), analytical (34%), external environment (33%), information technology governance (33%), innovation (32%), and reaction (30%)) ranked in this order as having the highest impact on intergenerational knowledge sharing in the leasing industry. It was found that, from the specialists' perspective, the intergenerational knowledge sharing model in the leasing industry aligns well with the needs of this industry. This knowledge sharing model can enhance operational processes, improve service quality, and increase productivity. Furthermore, this model can facilitate the transfer of experiences and knowledge to future generations, thereby contributing to the advancement of the leasing industry. Overall, specialists believed that the intergenerational knowledge sharing model in the leasing industry is well-suited to its needs and can support its performance and progress. Based on the analysis obtained and the identification of components (knowledge sharing, external environment, innovation, foresight, reaction, analytical, information technology governance, organizational structure, learning organization, organizational learning, knowledge management), it can be concluded that all these components present a suitable model for improving the performance of the automotive leasing industry, and it is recommended that this model be considered for advancing the goals and success of this industry.

The objective of the present research is to assess the influence of knowledge management components on the dimensions of psychological empowerment in knowledge-based organizations and provide a suitable and integrated conceptual model. For this purpose, knowledge management is defined in five components (knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge distribution, and knowledge retention), and empowerment in five dimensions (meaningfulness, competence, self-determination, choice, and trust) and one main objective with six sub-objectives have been set.

The research is a survey study with a quantitative approach. It is of correlational research type where quantitative data analysis is performed using structural equation modeling. The research population includes experts and managers in management consulting companies active in the field of knowledge management. The sample was selected randomly in 2020, and it will be distributed among 325 individuals. The data collection tools in this study were the standard Spritzer and Mishra (1995) psychological empowerment questionnaire and the knowledge management questionnaire by Patrick and colleagues (2009).

The findings showed that the path coefficients of the research hypotheses are higher than 0.4, so the hypotheses were confirmed. In addition, the analysis of the data shows the effect of knowledge management measures on the psychological empowerment of employees with an intensity of 0.941. There is a relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational knowledge management with an intensity of 0.941. On the other hand, there is a relationship between feeling meaningful and knowledge management with intensity of 0.826. It is worth noting that there is a relationship between sense of competence and knowledge management with intensity of 0.811. There is a relationship of 0.786 between feeling influential and knowledge management. There is also a relationship with the intensity of 0.822 between autonomy and knowledge management. There is a relationship between feeling of trust and knowledge management with intensity of 0.729.

The results indicated that by implementing and improving knowledge management practices, which will undoubtedly lead to employees' inclination towards becoming knowledge-oriented, their inclination towards enhancing psychological empowerment can be increased. Obviously, many variables can be considered involved in the psychological empowerment of employees, but the intensity of knowledge management in this research shows the high contribution of this variable in increasing psychological empowerment. This study focuses on the psychological empowerment of employees in the workplace, shows that the most important and vital asset of any organization is its human resources. The quality and capability of human resources is the most important factor for the survival and life of the organization. A strong human force creates a strong organization.

Spiritual health has a positive effect on the way of interaction, organizational belonging, and job commitment of people. Therefore, it is expected that in sensitive jobs, such as pharmacy and prescribing medicine for patients, errors will be reduced and patient safety will be improved. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and job performance among pharmacists and pharmacy staff in Qom Province in 2017-2018.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 140 staff of pharmacies in Qom. The performance measurement tool was Paterson’s occupational performance questionnaire. Along with demographic information, the state of spiritual health was also evaluated using an authentic Iranian questionnaire. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The mean age and work experience of the participants were 31.05±8.3 and 7.94±7.4 years, respectively. The total score of occupational performance and spiritual health was obtained as 70±10 and 211.9±23.6, respectively. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant relationship between spiritual health and job performance (P<0.01).
Considering the existence of a relationship between the spiritual health of personnel and job performance, it can be concluded that by improving the level of the spiritual health of the personnel working in the pharmacy, the effectiveness factors of organizational behavior will improve. It is recommended that more research be done in the field of job performance improvement.

This study intended to verify the conformity of the archival records description elements with the National Archival Description Standard.

Method and Research Design:

 Library research and descriptive survey were used to analyze and compare records descriptive elements in the following archives of Iran: Contemporary History Research Institute; The Organization of Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi; Manuscripts Section of the Central Library and Documentation Center of the University of Tehran; Library, Museum and Documentation Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly; Department of Documents and Diplomacy History of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; National Archives of Iran; and Malek National Library and Museum Institute.

Amongst the twenty-six elements of the National Archival Description Standard, “conditions governing reproduction” and “publication note” were not used in any of the archives. “Level of description”, “archival history”, “appraisal, destruction and scheduling information”, “system of arrangement”, “accruals”, “finding aids”, “related units of description’, “rules or conventions” were only used in the National Archives of Iran, whereas “reference code(s)”, “title”, “date(s)”, “language/scripts of material”, and “archivist’ note and date(s) of description”, were used in all the archives. The rest of the elements were used in some archives. The findings specified thirty-one elements that were amongst description elements of the records according to the archives need and not considered in the National Archival Description Standard. Due to the lack of archival experts in most archives, the standard was not implemented properly and records description were inconsistent.

Musculoskeletal diseases have a high prevalence among dentists. Various risk factors, including unfavorable body position, are influential in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on adopting proper body position at work in dental students of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom City, Iran, in 2022.

In this educational intervention, 80 clinical dental students in two groups of intervention and control were evaluated by a demographic questionnaire, the constructs of the theory of planned behavior, and a rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) worksheet. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and percentage, and inferential statistics, including the Chi-square, t test, paired t test, and McNemar Test (marginal homogeneity test).

No significant difference was reported in subjective norm constructs (P=0.790) and behavior constructs (P= 0.635) in the intervention group after the educational intervention. However, significant differences were observed in the attitude constructs (P=0.025), perceived behavioral control (P=0.031), and behavior intention (P=0.021). There was also a significant difference in the RULA score between the intervention and control groups after the intervention (P=0.001).

Educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior can effectively improve working posture. We saw an improvement in the RULA score and working posture in the intervention group. It is suggested that necessary engineering controls besides education in future educational programs are considered.

Knowledge management and employee engagement are among the factors that lead the organization to gain a competitive advantage, increase productivity and improve performance. The present study aims to determine the relationship between nurses' engagement and knowledge management at Firoozabadi Hospital in Tehran.

The present study is surveyed in terms of data collection. In terms of the research method, it is a descriptive correlation. The research population was nurses working at Firoozabadi Hospital, of which 132 were selected as the sample. The data were collected in the spring of 2020 using Jashapara’s knowledge management and Utrechet’s employee engagement questionnaires. SPSS and Liserl software and T-test, Spearman correlation, correlation coefficient, and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the status of knowledge management at Firoozabadi Hospital was lower than the average level. Among the dimensions of knowledge management, the knowledge discovery, knowledge creation, knowledge organization, and knowledge sharing dimensions are lower than the average, and only the knowledge application dimension is at a moderate level.The nurses' engagement is at a medium level. There was a positive and moderate relationship between knowledge management and its dimensions and nurses. The engagement has the highest level of correlation to the knowledge application. The least correlation is dedicated to knowledge creation. Nurses' engagement has no relationship with gender; But the nurses' engagement has a significant relationship with their positions.The nurses' experience and education are not related to their engagement. Nurses' knowledge management was related to gender, position, and education, but there was no relationship between service experience and knowledge management. Engagement affects all aspects of knowledge management and has the most effect on knowledge sharing and the least effect on knowledge application.

Hospital administrators can improve organizational performance, guarantee the quality of patient care, and better clinical services by paying more attention to the nurses' engagement and the impact it can have on the improvement of knowledge management programs. This requires strengthening the subscription infrastructure, organizing, creating, discovering, and applying knowledge through the formulation of knowledge management and operational management programs such as creating an integrated knowledge management system, funding for technological facilities and knowledge resources, and creating a reward system. Financial and non-financial incentives and incentives are focusing on the potential of hospitals and health centers to implement knowledge management programs and create clinical and educational opportunities for new knowledge.

Today, public libraries are one of the most important socio-cultural centers of advanced societies, which play a fundamental role in the cultural and economic development of societies. The satisfaction of the users of these public institutions can increase the authority of these institutions. One of the important and influential components on the satisfaction of public library users is the quality of services. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the quality of public libraries services in Qaemshahr city from the perspective of library users. Based on this, the sub-goals of the current research are: Investigating the quality of Qaemshahr public library services; studying the satisfaction status of Qaemshahr public libraries users and determining the effect of "service quality" on the level of satisfaction of Qaemshahr public libraries users.

The approach of this research is quantitative and it is considered to be applied research. Since the number of libraries under investigation is 5 and according to Cochran's formula, the sample size of 300 questionnaires was distributed in the mentioned libraries and the same number of questionnaires were returned. The research tool included the satisfaction measurement questionnaire as well as the LibQual questionnaire, which has three dimensions: "impact of library services", "information control", and "library space and location". It was obtained from the stratified sampling method. The validity of these two questionnaires was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Cronbach's alpha test for all research variables and amounted to .81 and considering that the value of the alpha coefficient for both variables of library service quality and overall satisfaction of clients and the three variables of service impact, information impact and library location is more than .7 As a result, the reliability of variables and components is acceptable. In order to explain the conceptual model of the research and the research plan, first the effect of the three dimensions of the service quality variable on the dependent variable of the research, i.e. the overall satisfaction of users with the library was investigated. Then, using the necessary calculations, the type of each of the dimensions was determined based on the services of Kano's satisfaction model, and the performance level of each of the dimensions was obtained using IPA performance. In the present study, three dimensions of "service impact", "information control" and "library space and location" as independent variables along with the dependent variable of "users' satisfaction with library services" formed the research variables. By measuring the effect of LibQual dimensions on the dependent variable of user satisfaction and the calculations related to Kano's model, it was determined which of the components are among the levels of basic, functional and motivational factors and finally by using IPA performance (high and low performance), each feature was determined.

The ranking of the service quality components of public libraries in Qaimshahr city is significant. The service impact component is part of the group of motivational services with high performance, this shows that the managers of the studied public libraries do not need to improve the performance of this component. Instead, the performance of this component should be maintained at the current level. The information control component is a part of the group of motivational services and has a low performance, and if its performance is improved, it can cause a significant increase in satisfaction. The studied public libraries need to improve the performance of this component. The library location component is part of the functional services group. This variable has a low performance score. In the interpretation of functional service group, it should be said that increasing performance and variable level increases satisfaction and decreasing its level decreases satisfaction. It is necessary for the managers of the studied public libraries to try to improve the location of the library.

At present, the findings of the study generally indicate the desirability of the impact of information services and control and the space and location of the library is at a relatively desirable level. The general satisfaction with the quality of public libraries in Qaemshahr is relatively favorable. Satisfaction level was good for the three items and moderately desirable level for the three items.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the status anxiety and its dimensions among librarians of central libraries of public universities in Tehran.

This research is an applied and survey research. The research sample was the librarians of central libraries of public universities in Tehran of Tehran. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, which includes 65 questions under three individual, organizational, and socio-cultural dimensions. Descriptive and inferential statistics including Friedman test, independent t test, F test, and Pearson correlation test were used to describe and analyze the data.

The findings showed that the level of status anxiety in terms of the individual dimension is higher than the organizational and socio-cultural dimensions. The average of status anxiety is high in the individual dimension and moderate in the organizational and socio-cultural dimensions. In addition, there is no significant difference in the level of status anxiety in terms of gender, age, and professional experience of librarians, and dignity anxiety is experienced by all librarians of central libraries of public universities in Tehran.

Since the librarians of university libraries are part of the official system of university education and research and deal with a diverse range of students in different fields, it is desirable to reduce the status anxiety in their profession and to create a sense of value and self-confidence in them. Training librarians to manage their anxiety, providing fair wages and welfare for librarians as best as possible, and introducing the values of the librarianship profession through mass media and social networks, can help to increase self-confidence and reduce the status anxiety of librarians from the individual, organizational, and socio-cultural point of view.

Seals are important tools for experts to describe archives and for researchers to describe and recognize old records. The purpose of this research is to produce a reference source for the seals of the Qajar Chancellors.

Library research and a checklist  used to investigate the edicts in the Qajar records of Contemporary Historical Research Institute and other archives. 

The texts of the seals were derived from the verses of the Qur'an, dhikr, prayer, nickname, title, and personal name from the beginning of the Qajar period to the middle of the Nasserite period. From the presidency of Mirza Agha Khan Nouri, the word "Chancellor" began to appear in the text. Atabak Azam and Vazir Azam - both have the same meaning- became popular in the seals in the Mozaffari period. In the seals of the Mohammad Ali Shah period, the words Atabak Azam and Sadra Azam were observed. From the Nasserite period, the symbol of lion and sun appeared in some seals. The shapes of the seals were various - rectangle, square, oval, octagon, and pear - and the script of most of them was Nasta'liq. The languages of the texts were Arabic, Persian / Arabic, and Persian.  54 seals of 24 chancellors were described and explained thoroughly in this research, which can be a reference for archivists and researchers to recognize the seals of dignitaries of the Qajar.

Knowledge management and employee engagement are the key factors for organizations to achieve competitive advantage, increase productivity and improve performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the relation of effective factors on employee engagement and healthcare knowledge management in the organization. 

This research was applied in terms of systematic review and was done by meta-analysis-quantitative method. The statistical population included external research. Data collection tools are researcher-made checklist and EBL critical appraisal checklist (Glynn). For this purpose, comprehensive meta-analysis software version 2.0 was used. 

Findings showed that at 95% confidence level, employee engagement has a significant relation on healthcare knowledge management and was able to explain 37% of knowledge management. Leadership (0.349), Reward (0.616), Organizational Culture (0.655), Job Satisfaction (0.674), Innovation (0.493), productivity (0.411), organizational performance (0.775) and organizational learning (0.548) are factors that was affecting employee engagement and healthcare knowledge management. The results of heterogeneity tests showed that the studies were heterogeneous and therefore the random effect size was used. The funnel diagram shows high standard error and high bias. In other words, the distribution of research was not normal and random. 

Managers can increase the level of engagement and management of organizational knowledge by focusing on the identified factors and its implementation in the organization and increase the level of desire and participation of employees in knowledge management processes.

Stakeholders of the organization as those who influence and are affected by it have an important role in the policy-making and planning of the organization. However, not all stakeholders have the same level of interest and power in relation to the organization. So it is necessary to rank them according to these two factors and determine the organization's priority in dealing with them. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the stakeholders of Iran public libraries and to determine how to interact appropriately with each of them.

This study is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative and exploratory in terms of approach. Two methods of documentary analysis and survey have been used to conduct research. First, the potential stakeholders of public libraries were identified by referring to the relevant texts. Experts were then consulted to prioritize the stakeholders. The research community was 50 experts in the field of public library. 41 of the identified experts completed a questionnaire on the interest/power of public library stakeholders. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of this instrument. The result of this test was 0.926 and as a result, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. After collecting the questionnaires, the findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics and finally a discussion and conclusion was made.

Among the 24 identified stakeholders, the Board of Trustees of the Public Libraries Foundation, staff managers, librarians, provincial managers, staff experts, donors, and public library associations in the provinces and counties, were identified as key stakeholders with high interest and low power. Members and patrons, residents of the public library service area, scientific or trade associations, and sellers of library equipment were identified as high-interest, low-power stakeholders. The government and the legislature, municipalities and rural offices, the public media and cyberspace were identified as stakeholders with the high power and low interest. Other stakeholders, including librarian training universities, publishers, digital and audio book platforms, authors of works collected in public libraries, schools, the National Library, mosques, and bookstores, were placed in the fourth category with low power and interest.

Iran Public Libraries Foundation, as the director of public libraries in this country, can interact with each of the stakeholders in proportion to the position of it in the interest/power matrix, in a way that brings the most benefit and the least harm. Because key stakeholders have high power and interest, they must be carefully managed and interacted with seriously and effectively. However, the interaction of public libraries with stakeholders should not be limited to key stakeholders, and appropriate strategies are needed for optimal interaction with other stakeholders. Informing stakeholders about the activities of public libraries, involving stakeholders in the affairs of public libraries, and satisfying high-powered stakeholders are some of the strategies that public libraries can use in interaction with other groups of stakeholders.

Naming as a linguistic phenomenon conveys descriptive, expressive and social meanings. According to their information, educational and cultural functions, public libraries have branches throughout the country. Each of these branches has a name, and their proper naming can help create value and success and promote their status. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the current situation of the names of the Iranian public libraries and extract its problems.

In two stages, the researchers first described the status of public library letters using the content analysis method. Crosscheck control was used to validate the findings. Then, they extracted the problems of naming based on the comparison of the current situation with the instructions for naming public libraries and the instructions for writing Persian script and linguistic criteria.

The results of the first phase showed a tendency to using more anthropomorphically masculine names, including the names of martyrs of the Islamic Revolution, Religious, cultural and literary figures of similar values. Also, most of the names belong to contemporary people, and most of the names in the libraries belong to the martyrs of a particular region or have special characteristics (martyrs of anonymous or unknown martyrs). The current process of naming public libraries in the country did not indicate a scientific policy, leading to problems such as lack of religious sensitivity or lack of attention to linguistic criteria such as length of letters, etc. in public library naming.

It can be concluded that the status of the naming of public libraries in Iran, as well as the naming of places and passages that were studied in the literature has a tendency to anthropocentric designations, masculine, contemporary people and among the names of libraries, the greatest repetition is related to the names of the martyrs, infallibles, and religious figures; and attention to the scientific, cultural and women celebrities in naming has been significantly lower. This situation reflects the ideological practices of the rulers on public libraries-like other urban spaces. Although naming can be used as a powerful tool to better perform the socio-cultural functions of the library, officials use this tool to symbolically control the environment. It was also concluded that the current guidelines for naming public libraries are not fully implemented and there are discrepancies between the current status of library names and organizational and national guidelines. It is recommended that conflicts are resolved and also naming policy was amended by Iranian Public Libraries Foundation.

today, digital literacy, as a set of skills that enable people to use digital space effectively for success in personal, educational and professional life, has become a necessity in all societies and public libraries are one of the most important providers of digital literacy education in the world. Digital literacy education has not been considered in public libraries in Iran. The first step in promoting digital literacy education in Iran`s public libraries is to design courses and topics that can cover a variety of this aspects of the phenomenon. Now, the boundaries of this content art not clear, and this research seeks to design a comprehensive framework to meet this need. The purpose of this study is to present a content framework for digital literacy education to Iranian public libraries users.

this research is a qualitative research and it`s method is qualitative content analysis. at first, the courses provided by the public libraries of Iran Were reviewed and then content analysis of digital literacy courses was conducted in public libraries of developed countries. 16 libraries were selected from English speaking countries that hold digital literacy courses and share information on their websites by cluster sampling with probability proportional to size. To perform Delphi, Experts from the fields of library and information science and information technology, and public libraries professionals were selected.

9 courses were identified and after compiling a questio0nnaire and preforming two Delphi rounds, these courses were reduced to 8 main courses and 37 sub-courses. These courses were included computer, internet, job management, information literacy, financial literacy, learning skills, effective communication skills and how to work with smartphones. Software courses were not considered suitable by specialists. This seems to be due to the different groups of society and the heterogeneous community of public libraries users and the experts do not see this as a readiness in the society to receive software related courses.

digital literacy education in Iran has generally neglected. Generally, digital literacy education in universities and educational institutions is provided in formal computer training courses. Libraries in general have paid very little attention to the issue of education.  the first step in advancing digital literacy education in public libraries is designing courses that can covers the various aspects of this phenomenon. Educational content is also one of the sides of the education triangle (learner, educator and educational content). However today the boundaries of this content are not clear and this study try to design a comprehensive framework to meet this need.

Safety is a significant part of the public transportation. Suitable safety climate has a positive effect on safety performance and reduces accidents rate. The aim of this study was investigating safety climate status of Tehran subway drivers in 2013.

 The present study was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. In this study, statistical population was all drivers of 1, 2 and 4 lines of Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operation company. Also, a questionnaire arranged by one of our researcher was used to collect demographics data of subjects. Safety climate was also investigated using standard Vinod Kumarchr('39')s questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and T-Student and ANOVA tests using SPSS21 software.

Overall, 293 questionnaires were analyzed. Among the participants, 38.8% were line 1 derivers, 31.1% line 2 drivers and 33.1% line 4 drivers. The mean and standard deviation of the safety climate was 146.53±49.44, which is less than 147 (median). The results indicated that safety climate had a relation with the age group and education levels (P<0.01), while had no significant relationship with the deriving experience, and also marital status (P>0.05).

Safety climate status among subway drivers is not desirable. Among the various factors, commitment and performance of management in the safety area had the weakest status. Strengthening the structure of the health, Safety and Environment (HSE) management system in the Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation company can enhance the level of safety climate among staff of this organization.

Despite the quantitative growth of higher education, it had no proportional growth in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and quality. Therefore, academic centers should monitor their performance quality, and accordingly take action for the improvement of their status and standardization. The purpose of this study was to identify strengths and weaknesses of the Department of occupational health and safety Engineering based on the data of internal evaluation in 2018.
 
This study was carried out as a descriptive - analytical cross - sectional study. Required information was collected from the department head, faculty members, all students, graduates, and officials and administrative personnel of the faculty using observation, interview, and valid questionnaires and checklist. There were 14 factors, 96 criteria, and 266 markers in this study. Score of 1 to 1.66 was considered as undesirable, 1.67 to 2.32 as relatively desirable, and 2.33 to 3 as desirable. The data were analyzed by descriptive and one way ANOVA tests.
 
In this study, the overall status of the department was desirable with the score of 2.39. Eight factors were desirable and the rest were relatively desirable. Among which, mission and educational goals factor had the highest score (2.85) the library factor had the lowest score (1.95).
 
Based on the results of this study, the status of the department was evaluated as desirable. Thus, desirable total score does not mean that there is no need for sustainable development or improvement of the current conditions, and It seems that there is a need for improvement in factors, such as attempt to update the courses to meet the need of the labor market as well as standardization of educational spaces.

The growth of cities in recent decades have become a economic, social, physical and environmental complex issue. The growth of cities can be due to natural population growth and on the other hand from population migration. In this way the physical growth and development of cities is very important which has various social, economical and environmental implications. Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl is a multifaceted concept centered on the expansion of auto-oriented, low-density development, and without municipal rules and regulations in developing cities. This phenomenon generally leads negative problems and consequences for cities. Thus, the study of effective factors in creating urban sprawl and impact of this phenomenon in urban conditions has utmost importance. In this paper with an analytical-descriptive approach and a review of available documents, the urban sprawl phenomenon has been studied in Rasht, and its factors are analyzed. This study shows that Rasht city, like most cities of Iran along with internal growth and development has experienced urban sprawl and physical spread. Incorporation and the dramatic development of villages around the city, along with creating informal settlements around the city is a major factor in the growth of this phenomenon. The expansion of cities along with points of entry and establishment of enterprise and finding the location of various industries and repair shops around the city are phenomena that are scattered over the sprawl of city. Climate and regional economy, contemporary urbanization process, monitor and managing of location have been main factors in the formation process in Rasht.

Analyzing the relation and interaction between philosophy of information and Library and Information Science (LIS) in order to equip it with reflective knowledge and to constitute a reasonable intellectual foundation for it.
Conceptual analysis and critical assessment of Luciano Floridi's thoughts about the relation between philosophy of information and LIS.
Philosophical reflection is a necessary condition to constitute a reasonable intellectual foundation for LIS. Philosophy of information can provide LIS with such a foundation. However, the relation between these two fields is not unilateral, but mutual. LIS as an applied philosophy of information can play an active role in further development of philosophy of information, especially in resolving practical and ethical problems of infosphere.
Though we can find important insights in Floridi's viewpoints about the relation between philosophy of information and LIS, his approach is eliminative, in that he disregards other intellectual schools than his own philosophy of information. Philosophy of information could be regarded as one of the intellectual resources for constituting theoretical foundation of LIS, but it is not the only resource. In contrast to Floridi's eliminative approach, a more pluralistic approach is suggested.Luciano Floridi, Library and Information Science, Philosophy of Information, Social Epistemology, Semantic Information.

Crashes and its related human and financial losses have been turned to be one of the challenges of human societies so that road death statistics shows a high number of 219172 in Iran from 2005 to 2014.
In this research, using global and valid Road Safety Development Index (RSDI) that illustrates general roads safety condition and consists of nine effective parameters, roads safety in Iran and 10 countries of southeast of Asia was analyzed from March 2010 to March 2011. Considering the charechtristics of the parameters, two scaling methods entitle "Simple Average Weighting" and "Subjective Weighting" were used.
Iran's scores were 48.35 and 45.29 for Simple Average Weighting and Subjective Weighting respectively and was in middle level of safety also it ranked as the fourth country among 11 studied ones in 2011. Although some parameters got better, comparing three last years, in many of them especially number of death, crashes and driver's behavior conditions were unacceptable. The important point is that Subjective Weighting method acts more accurate than Simple Average method, respects to considering change of weights according to importance and their role comparing.
The research's findings illustrated that Iran moved toward middle level of road safety from lower levels in last years. However, regards to ranking and scores resulted from indexes it is not in desirable conditions.

Printing industry with a high level of financial turnover is known as a main industry all around the world. Different hazardous factors, such as ergonomics, can be found in this industry. On the other hand, there are a variety of methods to assess ergonomic issues at the workplaces. Present study is aimed to analysis operational workers’ postures and to compare the results and concurrent validity of LUBA based on RULA results, in a printing and publication company in Qom, 2014.
This study considered all operational workers in a printing industry (n=80) in ten various jobs. Rapid upper limb assessment and postural loading on the upper body assessmenthave been applied to assess conditions. Gathered data was analyzed by Spearman and Kappa (P All workers were aged more than 36 years old and had 15-20 years’ work experience. Results of both methods depicted that most of postures were at the second action category and needed more studies. Correlation and agreements between postures were significant (P0.05).
Results illustrated acceptable correlation between different parts and reasonable agreement between wrists, elbow and shoulder’s postures, but neck’s posture and action categories agreements were not good. In addition, analyses illustrated that concurrent validity of LUBA is not acceptable in this industry. However, more researches are recommended.

One of the most important applications of psychological research is problem solving in the safety challenges field. Based on the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in mental health and prevention of unsafe behaviors, and to promote workforce's health, this study aimed to survey relationship between emotional intelligence with general health and safety behavior (BS) in an industry, in 2014.
In a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, all operational employees working at a publication industry were included. Demographics, Goldberg general health-28, and Bradberry-Greaves questionnaires and a safety behavior checklist were tools to gather data. Statistical analysis of Pearson correlation was used to data evaluation by SPSS V22.
Mean EI test score was calculated which was equal to 122.2±15.7. Also, total score of staff's general health was reported as 50.4±10.4. 646 out 800 of behaviors that were assessed in present study were safe (80.8%). There was a significant relationship between EI (self-management component) and general health with correlation coefficient equal to -0.3. Also, depression with correlation coefficient equal to -0.334 was related to EI significantly (PThe findings of this study collectively indicated that subjects had not an acceptable situation for mental factors such as depression. However the results confirmed an essential role of EI in perceiving general health and preventing employees of negative behaviors. Based on this fact that education can improve EI, design an integrated package for EI development of employees was recommended strongly.

TOPSIS as a method in Multi criteria decision making (MCDM) helps decision maker(s) to organize and analyze problems, and to rank alternatives. In this paper, the ergonomic risks factors which may influence health are addressed in a manufacturing company in 2014. Then TOPSIS method is applied to select the different halls that are prioritized in terms of action level and ergonomic conditions.
This cross-sectional study was done as a descriptive-analytic procedure. It considers conditions in seven halls and 13 tasks were included. Required Information gathered by the demographic questionnaire and ART method for repetitive task assessment. Also TOPSIS as a suitable multi criteria decision making instrument was used to prioritization of company halls. SPSS V20 and MATLAB are used to compute the variables.
The total exposure score based on the ART method equals to 30.07±12.43 were calculated. Data analysis from ART illustrated that 179 cases (74.6% of tasks) were in the high level of risk area and 13.8% were in the medium level of risk. ART-TOPSIS results revealed that Leher hall has been placed in the top lists of action level and degradation hall in the end of this list.
obtained results showed that the TOPSIS method can be used to ergonomic and human factor engineering challenges successfully. It seems that, macro and micro ergonomic solution presentation besides employee's collaboration, based on the scientific decision-making procedures (with employer's cooperation motivation), can leads to effectiveness in health level enhancement of industrial setting increasingly.