محمد سلطانی

Despite the many therapeutic advances, gastric ulcers continue to be prevalent. Natural compounds have been found to play a crucial role in preventing gastric ulcers in various phytochemical studies. The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of alpha-pinene against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats by evaluating its impact on pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Male Wistar rats were orally administered alpha-pinene (50 and 100 mg/kg) prior to being induced with gastric ulceration using ethanol, and the gross morphological lesions, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and oxidative stress markers in gastric tissues were evaluated. Alpha-pinene treatment reduced gross morphological lesions in comparison to untreated animals. In ethanol-treated rats, alpha-pinene at 50 and 100 mg/kg also reduced oxidative stress, as verified by a decrease in tissue myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels. In addition, alpha-pinene at both doses increased GSH and CAT levels compared to the untreated group. Alpha-pinene at both doses also lowered IL-1β and TNF-α production compared to the untreated group. Alpha-pinene may have a beneficial therapeutic role in gastric damage induced by ethanol as it reduces oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory factors.

Contractual agreements in venture capital, which is the primary source of financing for startups, can be divided into three categories: financial, control and exit agreements. Exit agreements refer to provisions that aim to facilitate investors' access to a successful and efficient exit from a venture-backed company. This is the ultimate and most critical phase of venture capital. Among the exit agreements, two of them directly affect the transfer of shares to third parties, which are the primary and common exit strategies and ways in venture capital. These two provisions, which are called the “exit agreements with effect on the transfer of shares to third parties” are the “Drag-Along Right” and “Tag-Along Right”. Analyzing the nature and function of the aforementioned agreements and examining their conformity with the relevant legal rules and regulations, as well as jurisprudential principles, reveals that despite doubts, implementing these important and useful provisions as legitimate agreements that do not conflict with imperative provisions will not face any legal obstacles under the Iranian legal system relying on the principles of freedom and validity of contracts.

The emergence of securities markets initially involved purely national transactions governed by individual countries' systems. However, globalization has led to a rise in transnational transactions and cross-border listings on foreign exchanges. Securities listing serves as a precursor to capital market transactions. Cross-border securities transactions often necessitate listing on the foreign stock exchange. According to the International Disclosure Standards for Cross-border Offerings and Initial Listings by Foreign Issuers, a cross-border offering or listing occurs when it is directed at one or more countries other than the company's home country, allowing foreign investors to participate.

Terminology:

Some misuse the terms "cross-listing" and "dual listing" to describe cross-border listings. These terms can be misleading. Cross-listing doesn't necessarily imply a primary or secondary listing across borders. Dual listing can apply not only to cross-border situations but also when two independent companies merge their operations while maintaining separate listings on different exchanges. Therefore, "cross-border listing" serves as a more accurate term.
Cross-Border Listing

Cross-border listing can be achieved directly or indirectly. Direct listing involves listing ordinary shares on the foreign exchange, allowing investors to trade and settle them directly. This grants foreign investors the same legal status as other shareholders. Indirect listing utilizes depositary receipts. Introduced by J.P. Morgan in 1927, depositary receipts were created to facilitate American investment on the London Stock Exchange. A depositary receipt is a document issued by a destination country's bank representing securities issued in the origin country. The underlying shares are typically deposited with a foreign affiliate of the depository bank, a correspondent bank, or its trust company. Given that depositary receipts enable the internalization of foreign securities and provide benefits similar to domestic securities, they represent the most common form of cross-border listing.

Depositary Receipts:

Depositary receipts share a similar legal nature to securities, with the key difference being that the underlying asset for a depositary receipt is another security. The most common types are Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) and American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). These share the same issuance and cancellation processes, with the only distinction being the geographical location of the listing.Focus on American Depositary Receipts (ADRs): The United States has attracted the most cross-border listings from international issuers. Consequently, this article focuses on ADRs. ADRs are transferable documents and derivative instruments valued in US dollars. American depository banks hold foreign securities in the origin country and convert all profits and other payments to ADR holders in the US into US dollars. Previously, both sponsored and unsponsored ADRs were issued. However, unsponsored ADRs are no longer issued due to concerns regarding control over transactions, hidden costs, and other associated problems.ADR Levels: ADRs have four levels, categorized by their degree of penetration in the US market. Each level has distinct requirements and conditions that become more stringent with each higher level.Research Methodology and Legal Framework This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explain the legal mechanisms of cross-border listing via ADRs.Deposit agreements, tripartite agreementsbetween the issuer, depository bank, and ADR holder, form the basis for ADissuance today.Key Legal Questions: This article examines the following key legal questions:What is the legal role of the depository bank, and what is the legal nature of the deposit agreement?What is the legal relationship between the depository bank and the investor?Legal Relationships:Issuer and Depository Bank: The deposit agreement obligates depository bank representatives to hold the foreign issuer's securities. While the term "deposit" is used, the agreements don't function as true deposits due to their underlyingmechanisms.Depository Bank and Investor: The depository bank acts as the issuer's agent and issues ADRs. Towards investors, the depository bank is obligated to perform services specified in the agreement for designated fees. This creates an agency relationship between the issuer and depository bank and a service contract between the depository bank and ADR holders. Issuer's Obligations: While the deposit agreement primarily governs the relationship between the issuer and depository bank, the issuer also has obligations towards ADR holders. The most important obligation is guaranteeing the validity of both the underlying securities and the ADRs themselves.

The legal nature of these agreements doesn't fall under a single, specific type of contract. Instead, they represent a combination of various contracts with unique characteristics. Although deposit agreements appear to be private contracts, the parties have limited freedom in their execution and implementation due to the public aspects that prevail within them. Consequently, these agreements are subject to public law regulations and the oversight of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

A fundamental principle of capital market law is issuers’ duty to disclose information with the aim of protecting investors by giving them the opportunity to make deliberate decisions. As mere information disclosure, of any quality or quantity, does not attract investors’ attention, particular characteristics are to be considered. Among these characteristics, “Materiality” is of higher importance and worth studying with a comparative glance through laws, regulations and judicial precedent. Iranian laws have not focused on this filed but it seems that based on Disclosure Directive 2007, a onestep criterion exists to assess the materiality of information: “the impact on the price or investor’s decision”. But as it is evident in the two cases known as "TSC" and "BASIC" of America and the "Regulation on Market Abuse" of Europe, we should not be satisfied with this appearance, because this criterion is generic and presumptive, two pillars The other means "conventional investor's approach" and "conventional possibility of influencing investors' decision" is also hidden in it.

With the development of telecommunication and communication technologies, especially wireless communications, information cryptography is one of the communication necessities. Today, cryptographic algorithms are used to increase security and prevent DICOM medical images from unauthorized access. It should be noted that changes in DICOM medical images will cause the doctor to misdiagnose the patient's treatment process. In this paper, a type of hybrid cryptographic algorithms is designed. In the proposed algorithm, DNA encryption algorithm is used to encrypt DICOM images and patient biometric information such as fingerprint or iris image is used to make digital signature and validate DICOM medical images. The designed encryption algorithm is resistant to brute force attacks and the entropy of the encrypted DICOM images is above 7.99.

Running is known as one of the most popular sports for which there is no time and space limit. Recently, due to lifestyle changes, the use of treadmills for walking and running has increased. However, the biomechanical differences in coordination between running on a treadmill at different speeds have not been sufficiently addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing running speed on three-dimensional changes of lower extremity joint angles in the open motor chain and swing phase.

28 elite runners participated in this study. Subjects ran on an equipped treadmill while kinematic running data was recorded for 30 seconds through a three-dimensional 12-camera motion recording system at speeds of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 m / s. Data were normalized based on the subjects' body mass as well as 101 time points in the running cycle. The normality and homogeneity of variance of the dependent variable were tested using Bartlett and Leven’s tests. Repeated measurement test was performed to measure the angles of the pelvis, knee and ankle between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb joints in the running swing phase.

In the range of motion of hip, knee and ankle joint, there were significant differences among all the three speed rates of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 on all planes.

Changes in the angle and range of motion of the hip, knee and ankle joints are significantly greater in the swing phase as the running speed increases. Due to the fact that in high-speed running, the stability of the body decreases, the central nervous system commands to increase the range of motion of the angle of the mentioned joints to regulate the structure of the body and reduce the instability in response to the applied disorders. The results also show that the ankle joint, as the closest joint in contact with the ground, helps to run faster and more efficiently by increasing changes in the angle and range of motion of the ankle joint during running, and by reducing the time of foot contact with the ground at each step. It can be concluded that this point is effective in increasing speed.

With its victory in 1357, the Islamic Revolution of Iran has brought with it many achievements in various fields since the beginning of its formation over the course of fourteen decades. These achievements are tangible and significant at the domestic and national level as well as at the level outside the national borders. The question raised in this article is what political and military achievements the Islamic Republic of Iran has had since its formation until now? It seems that the Islamic Republic of Iran has political achievements such as supporting Muslims and the oppressed of the world, which originates from the religious thought and Shiite identity of Iranians. Also, this Islamic and Shiite identity has supported the resistance groups in supporting Muslims under the domination of the world and has become a factor at the domestic and foreign levels to maintain its political independence away from any domination. It goes without saying that Iran's imposed war with Iraq's Baath regime has also been fruitful in the military self-sufficiency and in general the military achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article has analyzed the political and military achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in general by means of a descriptive-analytical method and using internet and library resources.

A smart contract is one type of electronic contract whose specific feature is automatic execution. General validity conditions of contracts should be met to determine the validity of a smart contract. General validity conditions of a contract from Iran and the United States of America perspective consist of parties’ capacity, mutual agreement, valid subject-matter, and legitimacy of contract purpose. As described in this article, parties’ capacity normally does not examine in the routine procedure of smart contract conclusion, and it’s obligatory to ensure the complete capacity of parties by additional measures. Mutual agreements easily can be determined in smart contracts. Smart contracts can be concluded as reciprocal or nonreciprocal; and this article clarifies if there was no consideration in a nonreciprocal smart contract, it should be deemed as void in USA territory. Finally, if the purpose of a smart contract conclusion was illegal, undoubtedly that contract will be invalid in both Iran and USA territory.

Trade liberalizations of 1970s caused financial crises in some countries. After the global financial crisis of 2007, the viewpoint to financial stability has been changed and countries considered the stability of the financial system in whole instead of financial stability of each bank. To this aim, they based banking regulation on macroprudential policy. The haste of countries caused ignoring the theory of bank regulation based on macroprudential policy. In case of uncertainty in banking activities causing market failure, developing a framework for macroprudential policy will not be possible. This research is done through library sources and based on analytic-descriptive approach. The main question of the article is what is the theory of banking regulation based on macroprudential policy? Accordingly, some of the banking activities cause negative externalities that threaten financial stability. The regulator should identify the negative externalities and draw a proper legal framework based on macroprudential policy for the purpose of market failure correction.

Agility in the organization of the administrative system is one of the important concerns of the administrative system, which is emphasized in the administrative transformation policies announced by the Supreme Leader, the roadmap for the reform of the administrative system. The administrative system of each country is the organization that regulates the activities to achieve the lofty goals of the country, which, while creating coordination between different sectors, provides a suitable platform for solving the problems and issues of the people and facilitating public flow.Accordingly, considering the importance of the subject of the present study, the identification of obstacles to the implementation of the program for the agility of the administrative system is in accordance with paragraph 10 of the policies for the transformation of the administrative system. The research method is applied in terms of results, descriptive in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data type. The statistical population in this study is 250 employees working in the Expediency Council that based on simple random sampling, 152 people were selected as a sample. The tools used in the research include a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (above 0.7). Data were analyzed by SPSS software. In the descriptive statistics section, mean and standard deviation were used. In the inferential statistics section, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data and KMO and Bartlett tests were used to evaluate the adequacy of sampling and confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman test. Findings showed that the obstacles to the implementation of the administrative system organization agility program in accordance with paragraph 10 of the administrative system transformation policies are: barriers related to executives, structural and content barriers, barriers related to human-financial resources and barriers caused by the environment And beneficiaries. These results are significant at the alpha level of 0.05.

The ban on financial assistance for purchase of own shares, is rooted in the prohibition on a company acquiring its own share that the latter stems from the ban on distribution of capital to shareholders under capital maintenance rules. Although long ago the giving of financial assistance was absolutely forbidden, gradually along with the modification of commercial transactions and the influence of financial assistance on the development of business the absoluteness of this ban was set aside. However, legal systems have variously regulated financial assistance in such a manner that in some countries like England and European Union, financial assistance is principally proscribed with some limited exceptions, and some countries like United States have leniently addressed this issue so that up until the company is not insolvent, giving of financial assistance cannot be impeded. In Iranian Law, the legislator has not enacted an explicit rule for financial assistance and none of the current regulations provide any solution for this issue. Therefore, this essay studies the leading legal systems and suggests a solution consistent with Iranian law.

According to certain evidence, the coming down gradually of the verses of the Holy Quran is obvious. Knowing the order in which the verses were come down has an effect on discovering the God’s intention. The role of Qur'anic verses and continuous or discontinuous cultural and social evidences in discovering God's serious intentions has always been emphasized. This appeared mostly in the form of distinguishing between Meccan and Madani verses and distinguishing exceptional verses; But commentators have also paid attention to order the coming down of verses. Hadiths have also been recorded about knowing sequence the coming down of verses, and the majority of Quranic commentators and scholars have relied on these hadiths and reports. But most orientalists and a number of Muslim commentators have relied on ijtihad and have stated criteria worthy of consideration in this regard. This article aims to strengthen the way of Muslim commentators and briefly evaluate the views of orientalists towards them. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical and based on ijtihad in hadiths and historical sources, which has resulted in the preparation of a reliable table of the path of authenticating historical hadiths and reports and a selection from among them; In this way, after collecting all the tables and by applying the methods of hadith studies and finding the tables of Sahih al-Sandah and reflecting on context the coming down of the verses and their content, we can obtain a reliable foundation of order the coming down of the verses and strengthened the view of the Muslim commentators.

Because of their position and power regarding soul, property, and honor of people, the conduct of judges has crucial or fatal effect on the life of clients of courts. Therefore, some threats and issues threaten the position of judges. Moreover, the personal conduct of judges can influence the entire judicial system and monitoring their conduct is therefore an unavoidable course of action. With respect to the difficulties and increasing complexity of judgment, some working groups in Judicial Branch and High Disciplinary Court of Judges in the studies countries have been established to investigate the number and nature of faults and reports of regulatory bodies and to take further measures including in-service trainings for judges in order to avoid and control the offences, and teach the ability to overcome the problems and failures. Hence, every judicial system is supposed to utilize precise investigations and experiences of other countries to achieve the desired objectives of judicial branch, and to provide opportunities and strategies for correction of professional conduct of judges. In the studied countries, a set of ethical codes for judges is provided in which principles are defined and clarified on which the judges should rely on. Precise and detailed monitoring of commercial and economic activities of judges are ordained which are not noticed in Iranian Judicial System, and the nature of social and economic transitions of Iranian society urges ordaining such regularities, whereas in the law of monitoring the conduct of judges in Iran which is ratified in the recent years, such aspects of this issue has not been the concern of Iranian legislators.

The purpose of this research was to determine the difference of educational methods of Reggio Emilia and High Scope effectiveness on creativity and social skills of preschoolers. Data was collected in the framework of semi-experimental research design of pre-test, post-test with control group kind and by performing Torrance test, form B (pictorial one) and Gresham & Elliot' social skills test (SSRS). The statistical population of the research includes all the 4 and 5-year-old preschoolers of Tabriz during 2019-2020. The sample included 60 preschoolers that 40 people were selected as the experimental group and 20 people as the control one by convenience non-Random Sampling. After holding educational methods of Reggio Emilia and High Scope classes for three months and data analysis with ANCOVA, the results showed that the educational methods of Reggio Emilia and High Scope were effective on creativity and social skills of new learners. Further, the results of follow up test showed that the most effective educational methods on preschooler's creativity relates to the educational approach of Reggio Emilia, also, in increasing social skills, high Scope method has the most efficacy

Limitation of shareholders liability to the extent of their shares in a limited liability company, could expose creditors to the risk of default of their claims. Therefore, Legal Capital as a traditional solution has been devised long ago to protect creditors rights against limitation of company shareholders liability. According to Legal Capital rules, the procedures as to provision of minimum capital by shareholders and its maintenance during the business activity of the incorporation can sufficiently secure creditors rights. Nevertheless, this issue has been questioned nowadays and in some legal systems a modern approach to Legal Capital has been established. By means of covenants and insolvency law, this recent approach attempts to introduce alternative solutions which are believed to have obviated the shortcomings of Legal Capital and enhance the protection of creditors rights. In conjunction with the study of traditional and modern approaches to Legal Capital, this essay puts forward a recommendation on amendment of current Iranian Law and recognize an intermediate approach to be the most proper solution for protection of creditors rights in Iranian Law.

In this study, factors affecting energy consumption and fuel choice of households in Mahabad were studied. Most of the previous studies related to energy consumption by households have emphasized the importance of effective factors in the consumption sector, and determinants of energy choice in households are largely neglected in this regard. According to the literature, this study aimed to identify the dominant model of energy choice and consumption in households of Mahabad, northwest of Iran. For this purpose, it considers the changes that the pattern of energy choice and consumption may be steadily incurred. For this purpose, a variety of energy sources used in households such as LPG, electricity, and kerosene are discussed for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, and household appliances. Besides, in choosing and consumption of household energy, demographic variables including household size, gender, age, education level, and income group were studied. For this purpose, logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain quantitative data from 821 households in Mahabad. The results of the received data showed that if other variables are fixed, the income level may lead to a change in the consumption of LPG and electricity. Contrary to other independent variables, the age could have a significant impact on the choice and energy consumption by households. These findings can help to better understanding the factors influencing the energy choice and consumption of a household in other cities and can be useful to support policymakers in their consumption patterns.

In this study, we investigate the effect of school privatization and its management on the quality of education in Iran. This research is applied in terms of purpose and causal-comparative in terms of method. The statistical population of this study is governmental and non-governmental schools in Buchan city that 5 public and 5 non-governmental schools were randomly selected. In order to evaluate the quality of education, the average scores of students in these schools were used as a criterion. The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between privatization and educational quality in the absence of efficient management and privatization reduces educational quality and turns these schools into It has become an economic enterprise, but if there is efficient and effective management in these schools, it can lead to a sense of competition and increase the quality of education in these schools.

Countless fields have been adversely affected by the consequences of worldwide spread of Covid-19 and the companies are no exception. One of the current challenges the companies are coping with these days, is convening their general meetings. In this respect, the Iranian authorities, as well as authorities in other countries, have issued orders and rendered decisions on providing the infrastructures necessary for holding virtual general meetings and restricting the physical gatherings. With a positive perspective, the spread of this virus can be viewed as a groundwork and motive for acceleration and improvement of the technical infrastructures as well as legal instruments required for convening virtual general meetings which has been a turning point in the process of digitalization of lengthy, inefficient and paper based process of general meeting convention. In this Article, following the assessment of regulators and executive authorities’ reaction toward the pandemic in Iran and other countries, the possibility of convening virtual general meetings is analysed. It furthers to conclude that the challenges as to physical gathering of shareholders in general meetings can be dealt with by way of convening virtual general meetings and employing digital signature, subject to observation of all the legal standards.

Simulation of the rainfall-runoff process is the most important step in water engineering and water resource management studies. Exploitation of surface water and underground water resources, river management and flood warning requires prediction of river and runoff discharges of the watershed. In this study, Extended Kalman Filter-based Neural Network (EKFNN) method was used for rainfall-runoff modelling. Then, the results were compared with the Gene Expression Planning method, which showed good performance in rainfall-runoff modelling in most recent studies. The data used in this study is related to daily runoff and rainfall of the rain gauge and hydrometric stations of Malayer plain which includes Peyhan, Marvil and Namyleh stations, during the period of 2001 to 2013. The results indicated that the EKFNN model was superior to GEP model in daily river flow modelling in Malayer plain. In addition, the speed of implementation of the Gene Expression Planning model was greater and was able to present results in a short time. Finally, EKFNN model was selected as the superior model for Malayer plain.

In this research, the effect of heating rate on oxidation kinetics of magnesium powder particles under non-isothermal conditions was studied. For this purpose, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) was done on magnesium powder particles at three heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 K min-1 up to 1000 °C under air atmosphere. Also, in order to better understand the oxidation process of magnesium powder, three temperatures were selected according to the DTA curve at a heating rate of 20 K min-1. Then, samples of magnesium powder were heated up to these three temperatures with heating rate of 20 K min-1 and were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for phase and microstructural analysis. Then, kinetic studies were performed using some isoconversional methods such as Starink and Friedman as well as direct and indirect fitting methods. The activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (lnA) for oxidation of magnesium powder were in the range of 327-956 kJ mol-1 and 45-135 min-1, respectively. The reaction models for heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 K min-1 were obtained to be A3/2, R2 and D1, respectively.

Venture capital investment is one of the most important and most effective means of financing new businesses. In this type of investment, during the medium-term or long-term relationship with entrepreneurial enterprises while financing and providing management support for these types of businesses, investors terminate this relationship in different ways and exit the entrepreneurial enterprise at the time they find their benefits obtained. They seek to control and influence company decisions in order to maintain the capital and ensure the profit at the time of exit from investment. Given the fact that the amount of venture capital investment is generally less than 50% of the value of the entrepreneurial enterprise, the most important means of achieving this opportunity is to agree on the appointment of the board of directors and the protective provisions contained in the investment contracts, which are discussed in the present paper. It is concluded by providing an explanation of the legal materials governing joint-stock companies that the possibility of applying these agreements, in line with what is globally customary in the venture capital investment industry, is present in Iran as well.

Staphylococcus aureus is a highly versatile pathogen of a large number of domestic ani- mals, including avian species. There is limited information about S. aureus isolated from companion and wild birds in Iran.

The aim of this study was to determine drug resistance and random-amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) pattern of S. aureus isolated from birds referred to the pet birds’ clinic of University of Tehran.

During the study period, 53 isolates of S. aureus were recovered from companion birds of var- ious species using standard bacteriologic procedures and the respective drug resistance patterns were deter- mined for a panel of 30 antimicrobial agents by agar disk-diffusion method. RAPD-PCR was performed with two different 10-bp oligonucleotide primers in a duplex-PCR procedure.

The findings of this study demonstrated that S. aureus resistance to oxacillin, clindamycin and methicillin were 58, 53 and 53%, respectively. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) was found among all isolates. The MDR pattern was variable and ranged from 0 to 17 drugs. In total, all 53 isolates generated 43 different resistance patterns. In RAPD-PCR, five different patterns of A, B, C, D and E were found. Among 53 isolates, 20, 62, 3, 9 and 3% belonged to RAPD patterns of A, B, C, D and E, respectively.

This study showed the widespread antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus isolated from pet birds; in particular, the presence of MRSA isolates. The value of RAPD-PCR for epidemiologic monitoring of S. aureus in pet birds also was noticed

In Iranian legal system investment bank including the financial institutions, is subject to paragraph 1 of article 21 of the market law, which provides a variety of financial services in the capital market. This company is the most complete form of financial institution, that is, it is able to provide the total services that other financial institutions provide in accordance with Article 28 of the same, the law of operation is under the supervision of the organization. And public assemblies, managers, inspector-auditor and specialized committees of the company are required to observe and enforce the laws and regulations. After obtaining a license to establish and issue a license, the company will start legal life according to the laws and regulations and is governed by the Statute of the Securities and Exchange Organization approved by the Joint Stock Company or by a public corporation , Therefore, it was necessary to review and review the system of inspections of commercial companies in accordance with the general rules of commercial companies in the Commercial Code, the amending bill and other laws and regulations related to capital market law. Considering the significant impact of investment banks on the supervision of these companies in accordance with existing laws, in addition to the customary internal inspection system in stock companies, several regulations have been approved by the Stock Exchange and In the same direction, the investment bank is required to submit to the organization periodic reports of specific issues in due time that along with these reports, the Securities and Exchange Organization also monitors the activities of investment bank through its inspectors. In addition, the central bank has been trying in many ways to oversee investment banks In order to prevent banks from entering the field of business and finance, making banks and credit institutions more attractive, banks are required to sell their shares in investment banks.