محمد سمیعی

The question why Mussadiq failed in leading Iran National Movement and why he could not finally achieve his aims is one of the most important questions that researchers on Iranian contemporary history are dealing with. Using situational analysis this research attempts to find out shortcomings of Mussadiq's political actions which enabled the opposition to remove him from power. Up until now researchers provided diverse answers to this question. Some highlighted his failure in safeguarding the unity of his allies; others highlighted his weak political leadership; some others raised his trust in the US government as a reliable mediator between him and the British government; a group found his main problem to be giving free space to the Toodeh communist party; and finally another group asserted that his main shortcoming was rooted in his trust to the unorganized masses of people. All the five cases are true, although none reflects the main cause of his failure. After scrutinizing the situation, this paper concludes that the main cause was his uncertainty between two contradicting political roles: being a liberal Prime Minister or a revolutionary leader.

The Objective of this research is to provide a model to calculate flood discharge values with a certain return period by using the geometric features of the watershed and by providing multivariable models.To understand flood occurrence in the Gorganrood watershed, we studied 11 hydrometric stations in Golestan province. Various influential parameters, including physiographic factors, vegetation, land use, soil science, geology, and weather including 31 independent variables were selected in this research. Data analysis and flood modeling were done by the multivariate regression statistical method. In this way, flood regional models using the Enter method have higher accuracy and precision than the models obtained using the Forward method. In general, 13 variables out of 31 independent variables included in the multivariate regression test have been identified as the most important and influential factors in the occurrence of floods in the Gorganrood watershed. The effective variables include: Gravel's coefficient, percentage of the area of permeable formations, watershed slope, concentration time, watershed area, flow velocity, percentage of land area with a north direction, percentage of land area with a south direction, percentage of pasture land area, percentage of agricultural land area, percentage Waterway density is ranked 3, as are average annual temperature and maximum annual rainfall.

By using these relationships (models), it is possible to obtain the values of the maximum instantaneous discharge with a return period of 2, 10, 5, 25, 50 and 100 years in the basins without statistics under the sub-basins of Gorganrood.

Indigenous knowledge systems of human livelihood in various fields, all born out of the effort for sustainable living in the environment, are highlighted. The documentation and collection of this knowledge is often the responsibility of ethnographers. One important area in ethnographic research is the documentation of indigenous knowledge in the preparation of food using various plants in their habitats. Therefore, given the diverse effective practices in the preparation of indigenous foods from wild plants and the fading of associated indigenous knowledge in recent civilization acceleration, it is essential for ethnobotanists to document this valuable knowledge. In this study, the focus was on the study of edible plants and the methods of cooking various foods using them in the Sefid Cheshmeh village of Golestan province.

This study is of ethnographic nature, and the method of selecting participants or samples has been purposeful sampling, which continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The data for this research were obtained through open and semi-structured interviews, and efforts were made to gather information through participatory observation as well. Regarding participatory observation, it is necessary to mention that researchers were involved and participated in the collection of plants, preparation, and cooking in a way.

The results showed that local communities use different parts and products of plants for various nutritional and medicinal purposes, sometimes using food as medicine. In this study, 19 local foods that were prepared from plants by indigenous people were identified and examined. Among them, 11 foods were purely for nutritional purposes, and 8 foods had both medicinal and nutritional uses. Additionally, it was found that indigenous people cook special foods for occasions or specific seasons. The foods are as simple as possible and cooked quickly for family members to meet their physical needs. Given that food and its cooking methods are among the most important intangible cultural heritages and endangered among human societies, these studies can play a crucial role in preserving cultural and biological diversity..

Ethnobotany is the method of showing how local people make use of plants. Considering their use for the survival and livelihood of different communities since the past confirms the dependence on and connection with plants. In this study, Miran Castle area of Ramian city has been investigated regarding the richness of plant species and local people's indigenous knowledge.

The required information was gathered in the form of semi-structured interviews and participatory observation and interviews were conducted with local experts. In this research, we selected the species of 10 plant families that people had more knowledge about and the number of quotes was more than other plants.

The results confirmed a various knowledge and use of plants so that out of 15 selected plant species, 10 species had medicinal-edible uses, medicinal purposes, 3 for fodder, and 2 species had toxic properties. In addition, the study showed that the local people named the plants according to their morphological characteristics and ecological needs, also, they knew well where the plants grow, the way they were harvested, and used as food, medicine, tools, and shelter for living their lives.

Although nowadays the necessity of freedom of speech for safeguarding the health of a political system is not normally denied, still, there is no overwhelming consensus over the necessity of safeguarding the freedom of speech in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Perhaps the most important reason behind this shortcoming is that those thinkers who have been promoting freedom of speech used imported arguments. Whereas it is quite possible to base our argument for freedom of speech on the Islamic obligation of enjoining good and forbidding evil. This obligation which is known as a public responsibility in the Constitution has a very important political dimension that entails safeguarding freedom of speech for citizens. Basing freedom of speech on this obligation would guarantee an expansion of freedom of speech and reduction of its limits and would remove the obstacles in the way of political criticism, and would allow the elites outside the government to promote their thoughts and opinions which will be useful for society. In addition, it can be shown that this obligation outlaws any censorship of political writings. However, basing freedom of speech on the arguments that originated and formed in the Western civilization such as individualism has not been successful.

During the WWI and after violating the neutrality of Iran by hostile powers, Iranians experienced horrible consequences of war and after several years of drought and food shortcomings, famine and pandemics killed millions of Iranians. Total occupation and overt violation of neutrality by foreigners gradually resulted in a huge number of casualties that would not happen in peace conditions and undoubtedly the foreigners’ operations were among the causes of the 1917-1919 famine in Iran. Surprisingly, there is almost no trace of the horrible event in Iranians’ collective memory. The main question of this research is how we can compensate for this matter by using the standard definitions of war crimes available in international law and in this way help to reside this bitter experience in the collective memory of Iranians and the people of the world. This paper, examining the documents and memoirs of that period, shows many of those events, based on present international regulations and even of that time being “war crimes” or “crimes against humanity”. It concludes that although filing an international lawsuit to pursue is actually impossible because of political exigencies, using the legal terminology is necessary to register this historic catastrophe in the collective memory of Iranians and humanity as a whole.

Accessing the information that the elderly of different communities have , is one of the ways to restore traditions that are in danger of destruction. The purpose of this study is to identify the trees, their organs used by forest edge users and the by-products of this ecosystem. Information was recorded in the two ways of conversation in the natives' place of residence and participatory observation, and through field surveys, herbarium samples of tree limbs were collected and identified with reliable sources. For each tree, the local name, organ, used, medicinal properties and how to use them were recorded. In this research, 10 species of trees that were used more by local people were selected. The words expressed in their language for the parts of trees are completely narrative and are named according to their use. They are aware of the vegetative form, places where trees grow, different properties and ways of using tree limbs and how to exploit forest by-products and they use it in their lives.

During last half a century, particularly after the Islamic Revolution, Islamization of science and particularly humanities has been among important philosophical discussions, and still a lot is being published on this issue. This paper attempts to identify the exact subject of the discussion, and to show although objective science tries to make distance from every biases, even according to the realists who give priority to the correspondence, the impact of different worldviews on the objective theories they offer still can remain. Islamic worldview is no exception, and as sciences of different historical periods have been effected by the prevalent worldview of the time, it can be effected by the Islamic worldview. Then the theory of impossibility of Islamic science is refuted by the case of mind body dualism in psychology believed differently in Islamic and materialist worldviews. It is noteworthy that science can become Islamic in a natural way and not according to policymaking. Science cannot be Islamized using censorship or mixing it with propositions from the Quran and Hadith. At the end it is concluded that although science can become Islamic, Islamization of science based on censorship and similar artificial means is not fruitful.

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations; however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infects the gastrointestinal tract via the angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor, expressed on the ileum and colon enterocytes. Usually, gastrointestinal symptoms manifest later than respiratory symptoms. Concern for fecal-oral transmission has been raised following the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in fecal samples for prolonged periods, even after respiratory clearance. In this review, we summarize the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on the gastrointestinal system.

Public understanding, an important subject that is less discussed in the available literature, is under scrutiny by the book entitled Science, Society, Development: Papers on Public Understanding from both Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. Using critical rationalism as its main analytical approach, the book attempts to make a correction on the notion of science in the public perspective and also about the definition and necessity of public understanding. Despite the success of critical rationalism in enlightening the public about science, this approach alone is unable in clarifying non-scientific motivations such as political and economic interests behind propagating science. To prevent this shortcoming, we could consider besides critical rationalism some other approaches which help us and the public detect non-scientific motivations and to distinguish between genuine attempts and those who look at science as a means. This paper also discusses some formative points and suggests four complementary additions to the book. Overall, the book is an in-depth and valuable attempt on this subject.

< p >In recent years the notion of development has expanded to include besides the economic dimension variety of other dimensions, one of which is subjective well-being. This paper attempts to find and analyze Iran’s ranking among other countries in subjective well-being based on Gallop findings. The findings show that in subjective well-being Iran is in crisis, while its ranking in other indicators of development based on Gallop’s and World Bank’s findings is better. To understand this gap between the subjective and objective well-being measured by other indicators of development, including GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, and freedom from corruption, three analyses has been suggested: historical-cultural, political discourse and media sphere. In conclusion, for overcoming the crisis of subjective well-being in Iran the cultural policies should be revised, the political discourse must change to a moderate and more sympathetic discourse with free space for healthy competitions, and the monopoly of the state in radio and television should be removed to give different groups of the Iranian elites the opportunity to work in line with national interests to convince the public of the realities of the status quo.

Marketing and advertising are changing and they have revolutionized both the form and performance of communication technology, especially the use of social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and YouTube. The present study sought to identify social media marketing promotion strategies using a mixed research method (quantitative and qualitative) and finally design a model for social media marketing promotion on Instagram. The research community in the qualitative sector was experts in the field of digital marketing. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the qualitative data and descriptive statistics, confirmatory statistical analysis, and structural equations were used in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the data obtained from the researchers’ semi-structured in-depth interviews were manually coded in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, and at the end, a model was designed. The findings of the quality section showed that content marketing, viral marketing, and marketing with influential people were the most important promotion strategies on Instagram. Finally, in the quantitative part, a very important index of the second root of estimating the variance of the approximation error was used. The value of this index was equal to 0.09, which can be said to have a good fit model, and as a result, this indicates that the questions were in line with the theoretical constructs.

The release of information without scientific basis about the new corona virus (2019) pandemic has now become a global anxiety. The aim of this study was to analyze the performance, planning and flexibility of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in response to the new coronavirus (covid-19) Pandemic crisis to produce and disseminate evidence-based information.

This was an organizational study which was done by descriptive methods. After announcement of a call for Covid-19 research project from the website of Tabriz University of Medical Science (TUOMS), a new policy was arranged for review process. The time and production of evidence were the major factors for this experience. Electronic arbitration methods and virtual discussion were used. Quantitative data was performed in MS Excel version 16 and the results were presented in the form of tables and graphs.

Due to the urgency of aggregating the evidence, the review process was done by the scientific team during a maximum of 72 and by the ethical team within 24 hours (excluding the spent time by the principal investigators), 64 research and technological projects were prioritized. The shortest possible review process, the interactive approach of reviewing and problem-based nature of the approved topics were among the most important achievements.

This experience showed that cohesive organizational activities in the field of research and flexibility of the processes can play a significant role in dealing with epidemics and crises in order to overcome obstacles, challenges and for production of scientific evidence.

Today, the importance of using social media and marketing has grown more widely in organizations; as such, organizations that manufacture sports products are no exception. However, the role of brand equity in sports marketing through social media has received less attention. also the necessity of research in this field. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social media marketing efforts on the sport products consumer response by moderating brand equity. The statistical population of this research is Kharazmi University students who use the telegram.   Given that the statistical population was estimated to be 400 people, the Krejcie and Morgan table were used to obtain the sample size, which is based on the sample of 195 individuals. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data and the effect of variables was investigated. The findings showed that social media marketing efforts affect brand equity and consumer responses, as well as brand equity has affected consumer responses, and brand equity is also moderating the effect of social media marketing efforts on consumer responses.

The author starts his discussion by referring to the difference between the East and West's approach to women's coverage and its changes to the present World. The author believes that Islam has preferred the eastern atire-style of women, but the West returned to its Greek heritage, where the role of the capitalist system and the centrality of selling more and more goods are serious. Because of the influence of orientalists' views on Muslim scholars, it is necessary to study the Western approach to regarding this issue in three stages (pre-colonial, colonial and post- colonial). The commonalities and differences among these three approaches are examined in this paper.

Reviewing Iranian contemporary history from the Tobacco Movement up until now reveals that all great economic transformations in the country were followed by important political transformations. This research using inductive method investigates the one-way relationship between economy and politics in all ten major economic transformations occurred in this period of time. For better understanding the relationship between economic and political transformations the theory of relative deprivation is employed. Now in year 2019 the country is suffering from an important economic crisis because of the unilateral US sanctions, and this crisis too will be inevitably followed by a political transformation. The aim of this research is to enable ourselves to manage such a political transformation based on the historical lessons we learned from history. In the end, it is concluded that the best possible outlet will be using democratic means for overcoming the following political crisis. This same solution was employed to overcome a similar crisis happened in year 2012, and the country was saved from violence because a well-participated presidential election took place in the year after and the public believed that a huge political change was possible.

In different periods of Iranian contemporary history from the Constitutional Revolution till the Oil Nationlisation Movement and the Islamic Revolution, masses of people have been one of most effective political forces that played a constructive role in Iranian politics. Since there were no stable political parties in Iran, a gap of a systematic opposition was felt, and this gap has been filled by masses in different occasions. But the character of masses is different from both the individual participants and other political forces, and therefore, understanding actions and reactions of masses need in-depth historical studies. In this research paper beside theoretical discussions, features of masses and the mobilizing powers behind them as well as counter-masses movements have been studied. In sum, it could be argued that although in Iranian contemporary history a few political forces have shown a good ability in mass mobilisation, the clerics, hand in hand with merchants and guilds, have shown the most successful mobilizing power.

The Shah's confrontation with the Islamic Revolution was neither ignorantly nor half-heatedly. It was rather carefully designed and applied based on the Shah's political perspective and a dual strategy. Employing situational analysis and studying the Shah's political logic we can realize that the Shah was seeing two groups of enemies in front of him. The first group of enemies consisted of his strong enemies, i.e. the US and Britain governments whom the Shah was considering his enemies after the post-1973 rise of oil prices and the role the Shah played in that event; whereas the other group of enemies were his weak enemies namely all domestic oppositions including the clergy, intellectuals, leftist and the masses of people. Giving the upper hand in Iranian politics to the foreign powers was in line with a political perspective adopted by many politicians in the Shah generation.The dual strategy suggested that the Shah should be humble in front of the strong enemy because he could not resist his might, while he should oppress the weak enemy using all his military power as well as his secret service, i.e. the SAVAK. In 1977 his opening of the political space and then after few months oppressing the opposition was in line with the dual strategy. In fact, he followed the US advice in opening the political space, and then after ensuring that the US government satisfied, he started to be harsh against the opposition. Also in 1978, appointing Jafar Sharif Imami whose government came to power with the motto of compromise and then suddenly after 11 days declaring curfew and harshly shooting the demonstrators can be only explained based on that dual strategy. An accurate study of the revolution shows that the Shah employed the dual strategy and based all his reactions to the revolution on that strategy.

As a turning point in contemporary Iranian history, the Islamic Revolution has had massive influence on the course of developments in the country if not to mention the situation of international politics. A proper study and understanding of this revolution is an imperative introduction to the understanding of the domestic and foreign policies of today Iran. Unlike this important necessity, research about Islamic Revolution does not have a bright history in China and there are only a few sources on this revolution. This paper is an attempt to study these sources through textual analysis and content analysis. The findings of the paper show that three factors have been influential in developing research works by the Chinese researchers about Islamic Revolution of Iran: Marxism-Maoism ideology; impact of Western approaches to and analyses of Islamic Revolution of Iran; and political, economic and cultural developments along with Chinese foreign policy strategies vis-à-vis Iran.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran a great number of Islamic jurists entered the political scene, an event which made Iranian politics to a great extent under a legalist approach. Considering the structure of law and the way jurists look at reality, they have a different type of personality from other politicians. Using the ideal type method, this article attempts to study Islamic jurists’ personality and their specifications in their worldview, methods and resources. As other studies teach us, this type of personality can impact on their political approach and behavior. It is generally concluded that once Islamic jurists enter politics, they are relatively more definite and more decisive, less compromising, more conservative, more duty-based, more predictable, more technicalist and finally more literalist.