محمد شجاعی

The purpose of this research was to identify the dimensions and components of the career development path of managers and commanders and provide a conceptual model for it.

The research method, from the point of view of the objective, was practical, and from the point of view of the nature of the information and the method of analysis, it was a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative), which used the "classic Delphi approach" in the qualitative part and the descriptive method of causal correlation in the quantitative part. became. Factors and components were extracted using the classic Delphi approach using the dominant opinions of experts. The statistical population (qualitative part) includes all the opinions of 15 experts in the form of a classical qualitative approach based on the rule of theoretical saturation and in the form of a targeted sampling. Also, the participants of the quantitative part of this research included the staff of the organization's headquarters in Fars province, which according to Morgan's table, is estimated at 150 people.

According to the review of previous researches and referring to the documents of the organization in question, the dimensions and components affecting the path of career development were identified, which includes 37 dimensions and 119 components. And finally, 6 dimensions (individual ability and leadership, training, evaluation, job rotation, quality of life and extra-organizational factors) and 42 components were approved by the experts as factors affecting the career development of managers and commanders during three Delphi stages. And the results of the research showed that all 6 dimensions have a positive and significant effect on the career development of managers and commanders, and finally, according to the influence coefficients of the variables, the galaxy model was presented.

In order to help and develop the career development path of managers and commanders, Faraja organization can by strengthening individual and leadership capabilities, pay attention to the issue of employee training and optimal performance evaluation, as well as proper job rotation, pay attention to the quality of life of employees, and consider extra-organizational factors. Take a firm step in this direction.

A review of the sterilization principles in operation

Declaration of the method of sterilization and disinfection of facilities and instruments. 

Studying The literature has been published related to the sterilization approach and process.

Understanding and properly performing sterilization and sanitization techniques are critical for reaching a successful surgery.
Sterilization is a precise term that means destroying all microorganisms in or on an object, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi. Sterilization can be done through chemical or physical methods, with various advantages and disadvantages including speed, application, complications, and costs. There are a lot of dos and don'ts in this procedure. 
The product's sterility assurance level is the probability that a viable microorganism is present on a product after sterilization. For sterilization, they mostly use steam under pressure, dry heat, and ethylene hydrogen oxide gas According to a classification, the equipment is classified into three critical, semi-critical, and non-critical categories. Essentially, critical equipment is those items that, if contaminated, are associated with a clinical risk of infection due to contact with the bloodstream or sterile tissues and, it is a must to be sterile to lead a good operation.  This category includes surgical instruments, catheters, needles, and implants, which must be sterile. Semi-critical equipment comes into contact with mucous membranes or healthy skin, such as tracheal tubes, laryngoscopes, and esophageal probes. These items and instruments must be sterilized. Non-critical equipment are those that only come into contact with healthy skin. , such as stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs, and wheeled beds for patient transfer, these items can be disinfected with medium-level disinfectants. 

Reaching a certain sterilization needs accurate monitoring during the preparation of equipment for sterilization. It should be done scientifically to prevent infection and unwilling tolls. 

The ever-increasing growth of the population has caused an increase in the demand for travel and subsequently, the use of personal vehicles has increased significantly. This has multiplied the pressure on the existing transportation networks. Issues and problems related to transportation, such as congestion, increase in lost time, accidents, violations, environmental pollution, reduction of energy resources and the rapid growth of transportation demand, increase in the number of cars regardless of infrastructure and culturalization and Proper education has made transportation optimization one of the most important issues facing most developed and developing cities. Regarding Saweh, it can be said that it is a developing and fast-growing city due to the special conditions of more than other parallel cities suffer from traffic problems. Research using the descriptive-analytical method and with the cooperation of 23 elites, experts and custodians of Shahr-Saweh traffic, who with the help of the two-stage Delphi technique and using the SWOT model, the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities of Shahr-Saweh's transportation system. It was found that the combined strategies have been identified and finally, by forming the QSPM matrix, the proposed strategies have been prioritized. According to the findings, the strategic position of Saveh traffic has been in a defensive position, the overall goal of this strategy is to reduce system weaknesses and neutralize threats. The most important priority is the need to use intelligent transportation control and management systems.

Realizing the importance of accidents and taking into account the location of Saveh city and the lack of consistent studies in this regard, the present research tries to investigate the accidents of Saveh city and prioritize accident-prone areas with the help of GIS and spatial analysis.In this research, while showing the two-year accidents of 1400 and 1401 on the map, taking into account the type of accidents, the spatial analysis of the accidents has been carried out using the Kernel density function, the nearest neighbor index, the global Moran index, and the general statistic G (coefficient). Finally, by using Enslin's local Moran's index, we classify roads according to the type of accident.Based on the findings of the research, four areas including Azadi Square, Shahrdari Square, Beheshti Boulevard and Sepah Boulevard have the highest number of urban accidents.According to the results, it was found that more damage accidents occur in main roads and high traffic roads including markets and commercial and medical centers, and the most fatal and injured accidents in the city are in the beltways of the city, where both the speed of vehicles is higher and the combination of heavy and light vehicle traffic. There is happening. The best solution to reduce casualties and damages in Saveh city is to build a ring road from north to east in order to separate the traffic of light and heavy vehicles, as well as to make the police monitoring of urban roads more intelligent.

Today, one of the main problems of urban societies is the establishment of security, security is an integral part of human life and a basis for the promotion and progress of other aspects of life, one of the most important factors that threaten and impair security and the social, economic and cultural aspects of societies are urban crimes. As one of the most widespread crimes in most societies, including Iran, theft has become a problem and a big anomaly. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the theft hotspots in Saveh city. This research is an applied research in terms of its purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its method. The statistical population of the current research consists of all types of theft crimes in the time range of 1400 to 1401 in Saveh city. The data of the research was obtained from the Police Command of Central Province and Justice of Saveh City. According to official police statistics, 4,522 cases of theft occurred in the city in 1400 and 4,500 cases in 1401. The obtained information has been analyzed using ArcGIS software and using the nearest neighbor test. The results of the spatial distribution of theft crimes in Saveh city showed that there are five crime hotspots in the city. The findings showed that the pattern of spatial distribution of theft crimes in Saveh city is clustered both in general and by the type of theft. Investigating the trend of crime fluctuations in Saveh showed that the distribution of crimes decreases from the city center to the outskirts of the city, and in fact, the average and middle center of all theft crimes is located in the city center.

Transfusion of blood components is one of the therapeutic measures that today has a special place in the treatment and saving of the lives of patients. However, the adverse effects caused by blood components transfusion may harm patients and impose high costs on patients and the health care system.

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the data related to adverse reactions following blood transfusion such as: time of onset of symptoms, type of symptoms, severity of symptoms, hemolytic reaction or type of complication were collected among 55839 patients who were admitted to Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan city, and had been received blood products during the years 2020-2021. The results were compared with the American Association Blood Bank (AABB) standards.

The total number of patients who suffered complications after receiving blood components is 48 patients, 32 patients (62.7%) are women and 16 patients (33.3%) are men. The average age of the patients is 59.70 ± 18.68. Allergic reactions with 26 cases (54.16%) and Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (FNHTR) with 17 cases (35.4%) are the most common reactions found.

Allergic reaction and FNHTR are the most common complications after receiving blood components. The incidence of these complications in this study is lower than the statistics announced by AABB. The most common clinical symptoms manifested in patients are chills, hives, itching, restlessness, and fever.

Dioctophyma renale(giant kidney worm) included to the order of Ascaridida and family of Dioctophymatidae is a large nematode that causes a rare disease in dogs and humans. Usually found in a moderate climate. In this clinical report, we observed dioctophymosis in a pure breed of dog. A six years old German shepherd dog was referred to a vet hospital in Tehran, Iran, by a history of hematuria and abdominal pain.As a consequence of clinical examination, hematologic work, ultrasonographic evaluation, and urinalysis, the dictiophymosis was diagnosed. Then by unilateral nephrectomy and removing the D.renale, the dog was ameliorated. This disease is hardly ever diagnosed and treated. Because of the zoonotic property of this illness, diagnosis and treatment before necropsy findings are important. Imaging techniques like as sonography, as well as laboratory tests such as urinanalysis, have been shown to be effective diagnostic tools. According to our knowledge,it is the first report in Iran from a pure breed in a temperate and arid region.

There has long been a dispute between jurisprudents and scholars as to whether a wife is entitled to the right of lien in the marriage contract or maintaining it lacks Sharia basis or scientific acceptability. The reason for the discord among the scholars is the resemblance of some of the rules of marriage to those of exchange. Thus, a great number of jurisprudents have considered the marriage contract an exchange or as an exchange and have compared dowry and woman’s body with objects of exchange in a sale contract. Finding a solution to this deep-rooted discord may be the key to resolving part of the couples’ current dissensions. The result of the research indicates that the right of lien in the marriage contract, unlike the right of lien in transactions, has no acceptable Sharia backing and is repugnant to consolidating the foundations of family and the stability of family relations. The consensus of jurisprudents in different eras, due to the existence of narrative documentations, has been a document-based consensus and is not established. The present research has been conducted implementing a descriptive-analytical method with reference to library resources.

 Dyslipidemia is a well-recognized and preventable risk factor for Coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this population-based study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its some related factors in urban adults in Jahrom, Iran.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted among 891 adult aged 30 years or older in urban population in Jahrom, Fars province, Iran. Data such as sex, age, education level, marital situation, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. The p< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

 Overall, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 78.1% (95% Confidence Interval: 75.4-80.8%) in the participants. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was 46.8%, 40.0%, 41.6%, and 42.8%, respectively, among in study subjects. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly higher in women (83.6%) in compare to men (71.5%, p= 0.001). Sex (female), overweight and obesity, were risk factors for dyslipidemia.

 Dyslipidemia is a major health problem in south of Iran. Therefore, screening programs should be carried out in the urban area of Jahrom for early detection of dyslipidemia. Focusing on overweight and obesity are essential to changing lifestyles among subjects with dyslipidemia.

The rise of chronic and incurable diseases on the one hand and the development of medical technology and new equipment on the other hand presents many ethical challenges to the medical team. One of these challenges is euthanasia or euthanasia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of physicians regarding euthanasia.

 This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was performed on 55 physicians working in medical centers of Jahrom in 2019. Data were collected using demographic form and euthanasia attitude scale (EAS) and analyzed by SPSS 24 software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

 27 (62.8%) of the physicians participating in the study were male and 28 (65.1%) were married. On average, they also had a work experience of 3.86 ±2.59 years, with 77.8% having 5 years or less. The mean score of total attitudes toward euthanasia and dimensions of ethical considerations and appreciation for life were above average (p<0.05). Also, there was no significant statistical relationship between attitudes toward euthanasia and demographic characteristics in physicians.

The results of this study showed that physicians' attitudes toward euthanasia, ethical considerations and life esteem are moderate.

Neurotransmitters (NTS) are endogenous chemicals secreted from neural terminals into the synaptic cleft of the chemical neurons in order to affect their receptors. NTS play vital physiological role as stimulatory, inhibitory or modulatory compounds.

This review was aimed to summarize the roles of the most important NTS which regulate food intake in the avian species.

Over 40 neurotransmitters are known as regulatory agents that control ingestion behavior in mammals and birds. Acetylcholine (Ach), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NEP), histamine, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), glycine, serotonin and glutamate have been identified as the mediatory agents about regulation of feeding behavior in birds. Based on the molecular weight and the type of efficacy, NTS have been categorized into the two main groups including “the small molecular weight fast-effective NTS and the large molecular wieght slow-effective neuropeptides. Various physiological functions have been presented for NTS and it seems many other unknown effects and even possible interactions among them are still questionable. Appetite control, mediatory role of ingestion behavior and regulation of food intake have recently been highlighted among various roles of NTS in chicken.

Food intake regulation is a complex physiologic process that is under the control of the central and environmental signals. Considering of the involvement of feeding behavior in other major physiological processes such as the growth, immunity and production, it is necessary to realize the role of different mediators which are affecting and modulating food intake in avian species.

The metabolism of many fats, including free fatty acids and oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the association between circulating ox-LDL and acute myocardial infarction.

The case control study conducted on 43 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 43 volunteers who had no signs, symptoms or history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease and matched to patients for age and sex (control). We used ELISA kit (company of Mercodia, Sweden) to measure circulating ox-LDL. The data recorded and then analyzed by SPSS software version 16. Statistical significance was considered as p-value less than 0.05.

Two study groups significantly were no differences as age, sex, smoking, family history of ischemic heart disease, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, and disease existence. There was a significant difference between the mean concentration of ox-LDL in AMI and control group as it was higher in the patients (2.14 ± 1.67 µg/ml) than the controls (1.03 ± 1.18 µg/ml, p= 0.001). Using logistic regression analysis and entering variables of study in the model, ox-LDL factor was independently associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (OR= 1.74, CI95%: 1.23-2.45, P= 0.002).

Elevated ox-LDL is associated with the acute myocardial infarction and may also be helpful in the early detection of myocardial infarction.

Hypertension is an important public health complaint in world. Inadequate hypertensive control was associated with complications as myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke and renal failure. The aim of study was to determine prevalence of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Jahrom.

This cross sectional study was done on 1000 Iranian subjects aged 3o years or older who was selected through multi stage sampling method. Eight hundred ninety one subjects referred and studied. Subjects who had either systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg or taking blood pressure lowering medications was defined as hypertension. Hypertensive patients who were under treatment and their blood pressure were less than 140/90 mmHg were determined as controlled.  

Of the total 315 hypertensive patients, 47.9% were aware, 39.4% were under treatment, and 16.2% had controlled blood pressure. Blood pressure was controlled in 36.3% of treated hypertensive patients. In the adjusted model, diabetes mellitus and older age was associated with higher awareness, and also, older age positively was associated with treatment.

In study population, the prevalence of awareness, treatment, and control had not adequate state.

Long-lived trees are living environmental resources. They are important in this regard because they have undergone different climatic conditions. These trees are the genetic treasure of nature. During the registration of long-lived trees in Zanjan province, 48 ornamental and fruit trees were recorded. Twenty one trees were ornamental including species from juniper, willow, pistachio, oak, European nettle, plane, and poplar. Some characteristics including DBH, total height, trunk height, canopy area, health status, and geographical position were recorded. Maximum and minimum DBH belonged to plane and European nettle trees, respectively. Seven trees including pistachio, willow, European nettle, and plane require urgent attention due to injuries. In addition, the only long-lived white poplar tree is a native cultivar of the province and may be cut due to private ownership. Registered oak trees also lack natural regeneration. Willow and plane trees are present in farms and residential areas, and without exception, have the benefit of proximity to permanent water resources. Only in one case, people were cutting down small branches of trees to ward off calamity from children, livestock, and so forth.

Today, the greatest victims of violent and undesirable messages of media are children and youth. One of the ways of immunization against the effects of video-games is media literacy education to this group. Because, media literacy education can be develop critical thinking in its audiences. The present study, consequently, intends to determine efficiency of media literacy learning in lowering violent behaviors evinced by players of violent video games.

In this study, a number of 100 adolescent violent video gamers who referred to Qom game nets were selected by random sampling method. They were asked to fill in questionnaires on their demographical information, and Attitudes Towards Violence then were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group and control group. After arrangement of courses required for media literacy acquisition, educational intervention was undertaken intervention group. To analyze the data SPSS software was used

Results showed that neither groups had significant differences in their average attitude to violence scores in pre-intervention phase. After termination of intervention phase in one month, however, results showed that there is a significant difference in average attitudes towards violence scale in intervention group as to control group (P=0.0001): positive attitudes to violence were diminished in intervention group.

Acquisition of media literacy can reduce effects of video games on attitude to violence level of young players. This is essential to lodge basics of media literacy in textbooks and produce preventive programs in this regard.

Rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to many urban problems, including the unbridled growth of cities. One of the strategies for providing housing and preventing the effects of horizontal development is the vertical development of cities and the construction of Housing is an apartment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high buildings on construction density and land use in the study area. For this purpose, the statistical population of Golsorkhi Street and Dostgar Ave in Chalous city, using the Cochran Type II formula, was selected as 214 individuals. The research type is descriptive-analytic and the required data are gathered by field questionnaire. The applied research method is descriptive-analytic type and the required data are gathered by field questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire items was examined by a number of researchers and its reliability was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha test of 0.74. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test and ANOVA were used. Finally, TOPSIS technique was used to rank high-level components. The results show that, among the components of the study, the components of satisfaction with the quality of life environment (4.78), the satisfaction level of educational services with (3.90) the highest mean numerical values It is On the other hand, walking safety components (2.9) and satisfaction of the quality of housing (2.8) lower the mean Likert spectrum as numerical desirability of the test was calculated. Spatial analysis The study of the effect of high buildings on construction density and land use in the studied area in 7 components showed that the safety components of walking 0.95 and satisfaction with the quality of life environment 0.95 had the highest effects of high ranking and access to administrative services 0.64 and the rate Satisfaction with recreational services 0.70 has the least impact.

Regulation of food intake is an important part of poultry and livestock breeding management which controlled by several factors such as neurotransmitters. Serotonin is one of the important and effective neurotransmitter regulated birds appetite. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of central serotonin and 5HT2c serotonin receptor on feed intake in female layer-type chicken Bovans by introcerebroventricular (ICV) injection of PCPA (parachlorophenylalanin: a brain serotonin depletive agent) and SB242084 (5HT2c antagonist serotonin receptor). A total of 33-one day old chicks, adapted to the experimental condition for three days, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n=11). Treatments included: control, ICV injection of normal saline; PCPA, ICV injection of 1.5µg PCPA, and SB242084, ICV injection of 1.5µg SB242084. Following three hours of food deprivation, the 5-days old birds received ICV injection of treatments that were dissolved in normal saline containing Evans blue. Amount of the food consumption and percentage of food intake based on body weight were recorded at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post injection. Results showed that treatments had no effect on the amount of food intake and the percentage of food intake on the basis of body weight at the different experimental time-points (p>0.05). In addition, the average feed intake was not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Overall, results of this study showed that serotonin and its specific 5HT2c receptor had no significant effect on food intake in 5-days old layer type Bovans chicks.

The virus is widely distributed and prevalent in colonies infested by the mite. Using RT-PCR based assays, the virus infections in honey bees can be detected and quantified in a rapid and accurate manner. Infected honeybees from colonies suffering with symptoms of depopulation, sudden collapse, paralysis, and varroa infestation, used in this study, originated from 23 provinces of Iran. Bee samples were collected between July - September 2011 and 2012. Altogether, samples from 156 apiaries were collected and submitted for virus screening. From each apiary, 100-500 adult worker bees were sampled. RNA extraction and RT-PCR were performed with QIAGEN kits. The primers lead to a fragment of 434 bp. The PCR products were electrophoresed in a 1.2 % agarose gel (stained with ethidium bromide). Following the RT-PCR reaction with the specific primers, out of the 156 apiaries examined, 34 (21.8 %) were infected with DWV. This is the first study of DWV detection in Iranian apiaries. We have looked into the occurrence of the DWV and identified differences in the distribution of the virus in the collected samples from different geographic regions of Iran. The spread of V. destructor has been implicated in a dramatic increase in the prevalence of DWV and it is likely that this virus will become predominant in infested areas. The role of V. destructor in DWV transmission and the appearance of wing deformities in newly emerged bees also deserve more intensive investigation.

Propofol is an alkylphenol that belongs to the non-barbiturates anaesthesia drugs. Because of its appropriate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic characteristics, Propofol can be administrated as total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). This study was aimed to determine effect of total intravenous anaesthesia by Propofol on serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride, and also its influence on electrocardiograph parameters in dogs. A total of 10 adult cross-breed (including 5 male and 5 female) dogs were randomly selected and pre-anesthetized by intravenous diazepam (0.5mg/kg). After 10 min, animals were anesthetized with 5 mg/kg Propofol, and anaesthesia was maintained with a constant infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/min Propofol for one hour. Before and at 30 and 60 minutes following induction of anaesthesia, serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured, and electro cardio graph (EKG) strip was taken. Propofol had no significant effect on serum cholesterol and glucose concentrations. Serum concentrations of triglyceride were increased at 30 (P

Diabetes mellitus type 2 and pre-diabetes are triggered by a variety of factors such as obesity, lipid disorders and hypertension. The aim of study was to determine diabetic and pre-diabetic risk factors.
Material and In this case-control study, a total of 29 individuals were enrolled in the diabetic group, 140 individuals in pre-diabetic group and 169 age- and sex-matched individuals (normal fasting blood sugar) in the control group. Anthropometric indexes and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Blood samples were taken from the three groups for measuring triglyceride, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein. Relationships between variables were tested using chi-square test, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression models. P With logistic regression, the important risk factors in pre-diabetics were hypertriglyceridemia (OR= 2.90: 1.54-5.46) and high LDL cholesterol (OR= 4.42: 1.35-14.40) compared to subjects with normal blood sugar. In diabetics, the important factors were body mass index (OR= 1.15: 1.03-1.28), hypertriglyceridemia (OR= 3.43: 1.35-8.67) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (OR= 1.03: 1.01-1.06) compared to subjects with normal blood sugar. On the other hand, diastolic blood pressure (OR= 1.04: 1.01-1.08) was the important factor in diabetic patients compared to pre-diabetes.
According to the results of this study, attention to high body mass index, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL and blood pressure can be effective on prevention and reduction of pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus.

Inroduction & Opioidergic system has crucial role on central regulation of food intake in mammals and birds. This study was designed to investigate role of opioidergic system on opioid-induced feeding behavior in 3-h food-deprived (FD3) neonatal layer-type chicks.
Material and 144 chickens allocated into3 experiments, each with four treatment groups. In Experiment 1, birds were ICV injected with D-Ala2–NMe-Phe4-Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO, µ-opioid receptor agonist) (125, 250 and 500pmol). In Experiment 2, chickens were ICV treated with D-Pen2,5Enkephalin,D-Pen2,D-Pen5Enkephalin (DPDPE, δ-opioid receptor agonist) (20, 40 and 80pmol). In Experiment 3, the effect of ICV injection of U-50488H -, κ opioid receptor agonist (10, 20 and 30nmol) was investigated in chicks.Cumulative food intake recorded until 3-h post injection.
According to the results, ICV injection of µ-opioid receptor agonist significantly diminished food intake (P≤0.05). Also, injection of δ and κ-opioid receptors agonist significantly increased food intake (P≤0.05). ICV injection of DAMGO significantly decreased food intake whereas DPDPE and U-50488H increased food intake (P≤0.05).
These results suggest that central opioidergic system has important role on feeding behavior.

Children are subject to more impacts by media violence due to their less mature cognitive development and experiences compared to adults. As a method to immunize individuals against media’s impacts, media literacy is able to develop critical thinking in its audience. The present study, consequently, intends to determine efficiency of media literacy learning in lowering violent behaviors evinced by players of violent video games.
In this study, a number of 100 adolescent violent video gamers who referred to Qom game nets were selected by random sampling method and divided into two groups: intervention and control. They were asked to fill in questionnaires on their demographical information, Ahvaz Aggression Inventory, and Attitudes Towards Violence. After arrangement of courses required for media literacy acquisition, educational intervention was undertaken in three sessions as group discussions and lectures for intervention group. To analyze the data, parametric tests such as independent T, paired T, and chi-square were used employing SPSS software V20.
Findings: Results of independent T-Test showed that neither groups had significant differences in their average aggressiveness and attitude to violence scores in pre-intervention phase. After termination of intervention phase in one month, however, results showed that aggressiveness cases and positive attitudes to violence were diminished in intervention group as to control group (P=0.0001): Acquisition of media literacy can reduce effects of video games on aggressiveness level of young players. This is essential to lodge basics of media literacy in textbooks and produce preventive programs in this regard.

The process of decision-making on DNR order is unique and complicated, since it is the only medical decision to be made prior to treatment with consultation and cooperation. Nurses are critical staff of medical team, who have a major role in the patients’ health and whose attitude toward DNR order is of great importance. Therefore, we would try to study their attitude through this study. In 2017, a descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted with 144 nurses working for hospitals related to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences by using random sampling. Our data-gathering tool has been demographic questionnaire and Dun standard survey. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21.00, using descriptive statistics (percent, mean and standard deviation) as well as inferential tests (T-test, chi-squared test, and Man-Whitney). Man-Whitney indicated that participants had a positive attitude to DNR order ( ), i.e. there was a meaningful relationship between DNR order and the nurses’ gender and clinical experience‑ women had a more positive impression than men towards DNR order ( ). Also, the longer their clinical experience was, the more positive their attitude toward DNR order became ( ). This study proved that most nurses had a positive attitude toward DNR order, so considering that nurses are a significant part of the medical staff, we suggest law bestowing them more authority in this regard are legislated by the Ministry of Health

Heart disease - a disease pandemic and the leading cause of death worldwide and is Iran and a healthy heart and prevent cardiovascular disease not only reduces pain, suffering and disability of millions And prevent waste of resources and increase productivity, economic growth and prosperity is Therefore, it became effective teaching methods and educational pamphlet on knowledge, attitude and performance of public facilities in Yazd We compared the risk of cardiovascular disease.
An interventional study (field trial) is in 1390 over 160 people from Yazd Employees of government agencies (educational intervention in 79 educational videos and pamphlets in 81 others) having been conducted. The questionnaire collected information on the reliability and validity as it was approved in two stages before and two months after the delivery of educational films and pamphlets, data collection and after data entry in SPSS software using statistical tests, T-test, Chi square and Pearson correlation were analyzed.
The results of this study, the mean differences in knowledge, attitude and practice of education in both training groups was not significant (PConsidering that both teaching methods and educational pamphlet on knowledge, attitude and performance Have an impact on how the video was their attitude and performance, Both can be concluded that an effective way of improving knowledge, attitude and practice about risk factors for cardiovascular disease is The movie is recommended educational programs as well as office automation through the network be used CD.