محمد فری

Organizing the historical contexts of the city based on the requirements of passive defense due to the relationship between history, people, space and their activities is one of the most basic physical planning processes from the point of view of passive defense. The main goal of this research is to evaluate and examine the physical dimension and its components in the historical context of Urmia from the point of view of passive defense. The current research is longitudinal in terms of time (prospective), in terms of practical results, and in terms of the goal of developing applied knowledge in a specific field, which is quantitative in terms of the research implementation process, and finally in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical goal and terms of the implementation logic The research is inductive. The method of collecting information is both field and documentary. Data collection tools include observation and questionnaires. The Sample size of this research includes 100 specialists in this field, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way from experts. One-sample t-tests were used to analyze the collected data, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the variables, which was evaluated through experts' opinions. Also, DEMATEL's decision-making method has been used to establish relationships between components. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the experts of this subject and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which was confirmed. In this research, the physical, functional, human, access and flexibility components of the space have been used. The results of this research show that according to the results of the Spearman correlation test, the physical independent variable has a stronger relationship with the physical dimension from the point of view of passive defense than other components. Also, the results of DEMATEL model indicate that the physical component has the most relationship and the access component has the least relationship with other components.

Background and objective :

This study aim is to find the optimal location form backup land uses from the perspective of passive defense in Urmia City. This is an applied, descriptive, and analytical study. 

Method :

Data collection was done using documentary data, a field study, and a questionnaire. Participants were 10 experts in this subject, who were selected purposefully. The network analysis process (ANP) was used to analyze the data. A dynamic and comprehensive model was prepared to locate fuel centers, fire stations, and hospitals from the perspective of passive defense. 

Results:

 The findings showed that Ali Gorge neighborhood and a part of the Hezaran neighborhood were suitable places for fire stations. Ali Gorge neighborhood was a completely suitable location for fuel stations. Moreover, the neighborhoods of Ali Gorge and Haft-Asiab were completely suitable locations for the construction of hospitals. 

Conclusion :

It can be concluded that Ali Gorge neighborhood has more suitable conditions than other neighborhoods for locating backup land uses. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this neighborhood by the city managers.

Our cities today face many problems such as traffic, environmental pollution, disruption, and spatial and visual disturbances. Imam Khomeini Street, due to its location in the central context of the city of Urmia and its cultural, economic, social, tourism, administrative and other centers, is witnessing the problem of traffic and air pollution in this urban area. The purpose of this paper is to identify effective land use indicators on urban traffic and to rank the impact of these indicators on urban traffic in line with sustainable urban development. Due to the nature of the subject, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical method and also a qualitative and quantitative study of the two components of land use and traffic. The sample size of this study is the number of users of Imam Street and since there is no exact statistical population Cochran formula has been used and the sample size for this area is 170. In this paper, land use factors affecting urban traffic were identified and compared and ranked using Friedman test, Spearman correlation and ANP. To find the relationship between these two variables, the relationship between these two variables was investigated. According to Spearman test, there is a significant correlation between the diversity of traffic and traffic, and since the Spearman coefficient is between 0.3 and 0.5, Indicates the direct average relationship between these two variables. One of the most important issues in urban planning is the optimal use of land and land use planning and its relation to urban transport. Accordingly, planning a fabric, allocating land to different uses across the city should be such that it is accessible to all people living in the city in the best possible way and in the shortest possible time. The results of this study indicate that the variety of land uses has a direct impact on traffic generation in urban areas and policies should be adopted in order to optimally locate and decentralize activities and land uses located in Imam Street.

Monitoring the safety of huge structures and buildings such as bridges, dams, subways railways and airports as well as energy transmission pipelines and also monitoring places such as borders, security centers etcetera to reduce damages due to natural and non-natural disasters are subjects of particular interest in passive defense. In order to reduce the detriment of the events, various methods are applied such as: the use of accelerometers, radars, and vibration detection systems that operate with GPS to monitor the safety of bridges, tunnels and dams; the use of radars to monitor runways; the use of various wireless communication methods in rail lines, as well as methods to detect leakage of energy pipelines and etc. The safest and most innovative way to achieve this goal is the use of phase-sensitive distributed optical fiber sensor based on Rayleigh scattering. In these sensors, the Erbium amplifier and stimulated Raman and Brillouin scatterings are used to increase the sensing range. In the initial configurations of the sensor, the sensing range was about 6 km by utilizing Erbium amplifier. Maximum sensing range belongs to combination of Erbium and Brillouin amplifiers, which is about 300 kilometers. Along with the high sensing range, the accuracy and sensitivity of this category of sensors attract the attention of researchers and officials of various communities, especially for the purpose of passive defense measures.