محمد فهیمی نیا

One of the most crucial steps in ore exploration is the recognition of geological patterns and features. These features contain mineralogy, lithology, alteration, rock texture, etc. This stage has always been associated with many challenges. Among the challenges of this stage, we can mention the time-consuming and costly nature of this stage and the need for high expertise and human resources to recognize these patterns and features. In recent years, deep learning and machine learning have been adopted in earth sciences. In this research, by using the architecture of U-net, ore and waste were separated, and the grade pattern was identified using the core box images. For this purpose, iron minerals were segmented using binary image segmentation, trial-and-error methods were used to optimize the network, and finally, the model's accuracy for identifying ore was 91%. The IoU metric was utilized for further evaluation; this metric is a suitable criterion for the final evaluation of the image segmentation model, which has reached 75% in recognition of iron ores. For the final evaluation of the obtained model, the grade outputs of the model and the XRF analysis results of one core were compared. The network error was evaluated at 9%, which shows the good accuracy of the obtained model according to the real data.

Waste management as an inevitable byproduct is one of the most critical environmental issues in any society. Its management is essential for preventing environmental pollution. The aim of this research is to examine the management of production waste in the Azadi Sports Complex.

This research is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and empirical study that utilizies questionnaires, field visits, weight analysis, sampling, and determination of the physicochemical characteristics of waste. The questionnaire includes questions about the production rate, source reduction, separation, recycling, collection, storage location, transportation outside the complex, and final disposal of waste.

The amount of waste generated from the Azadi Sports Complex was 449.87±4.83kg/day, with the highest waste production observed from the Wrestling Federation (95.37 kg/day) and the lowest from the Kung Fu Federation (12.75 kg/day) and the clinic (12 kg/day). The results of the physicochemical characteristics indicated that the average moisture content was 47%. Combustible materials accounted for 67% with a high calorific value of 12807 kcal/kg, and the ash content was 42%. The dry and wet wastes were collected daily, mixed together, and stored together in an enclosed area.

The results showed that the waste separation, recycling, and storage practices in the Azadi Sports Complex are unsatisfactory. Additionally, there is no existing program for waste reduction at the source or recycling. Therefore, the establishment of a proper waste management system to mitigate the waste volumes in this complex is necessary.

Currently, in order to adapt to the existing water crisis in the country and ensure sustainable water supply and distribution management, the implementation of proper management methods based on sustainability principles is one of the most fundamental needs. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating water and wastewater management in small businesses in Qom city with the perspective of drought and environmental threats caused by water shortage in 2021.

The present research is a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was conducted after field survey and statistics obtained from the Water and Wastewater Department on 223 trades related to 67 guilds in the city of Qom. The amount of water consumption, wastewater production, and the management of water and wastewater in businesses were studied with a focus on drought and environmental threats resulting from water scarcity, and the results were reported descriptively.

Considering the amount of water consumption, businesses were classified into four categories. It was determined that businesses in category one, 96.82% of businesses with an average consumption of 246.2 ± 574.2, category two businesses, 17.47% with an average of 6142.3 ± 2823.19, category three businesses, 36.4% with an average of 121.2 ± 5.40, and category four businesses, 83.5% with an average water consumption of 821.215 ± 28.355 cubic meters per month, were in terms of efficiency, respectively, in businesses from one to four, 08.61, 25.56, 33.33, and 46.38% of businesses lacked a specific plan for water conservation

The results show that the management of water and wastewater in businesses in the city of Qom does not have favorable conditions. Considering the decrease in rainfall and drought, it seems that the issue of water supply may be the biggest challenge in this city. Most of the businesses under study lack a specific plan for water conservation, and water resource managers should make decisions regarding compensating for water scarcity and preventing water quality degradation while accurately estimating and evaluating water resources and consumption.

Calculation of variograms and spatial continuity is one of the first and most important processes in geostatistical modeling, which is a long and experience-oriented process. Due to the complexities of calculating experimental variograms, interpretation and fitting the appropriate model are always the main challenges in this field. This article presents an intelligent variogram modeling method using deep learning that can increase the speed of variogram modeling and also prevent common errors in manual variogram model fitting. In this method, two convolutional neural networks are used. The first CNN network converts the initial data into a 2D simulated map based on various variogram models. For this purpose, it is necessary to train the first network with initial data and their corresponding simulations. The output of this model is entered into the second convolutional neural network as input, and the variogram parameters (including range, azimuth, ratio, and nugget effect) are predicted. In this article, the proposed algorithm is implemented on synthetic 2D data and the parameters of the CNN models are optimized. The accuracy of the proposed model was 97 %, and then the proposed algorithm was used for variogram modeling of Nouchon area geochemical data, which included the elements Cu, Zn, and Pb. the accuracy of the obtained model compared to manual fitting was 90%.

Visual pollution is one of the important components of the man-made environment in urban spaces. The purpose of this research was to investigate the visual pollution of workshops in Qom city using Expert Choice software and then the occupational ranking was done in terms of visual pollution.

This study was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study conducted in 670 trade units associated with 67 urban trade unions. The data collection tools were local visits, database preparation and completion of a questionnaire based on urban-environmental aesthetic criteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the visual pollution caused by the occupations and workshops of Qom.

The results showed that, in terms of total visual pollution, the units of oil changes with a total score of 1, materials and construction materials with 0.988, Smoothies with 0.980, Mechanics with 0.973, ceramic makers with 0.944, Chips and grills with 0.933, mosaics with 0.914, carwash with 0.885, stones cutting with 0.872, carpet with 0.870, trowel and blacksmiths with 0.857, burners with 0.830, battery makers with 0.825, iron manufacturers with 0.872 and manufacturers of general blinds and blinds with 0.753 were inadequate.

In order to reduce the number of visually impaired businesses in the short term, continuous inspections of businesses must be undertaken and, in the long run, by organizing the program, the polluting industries must be transferred out of the city.

With the increase in complexity of mineral deposits, understanding the grade variability is of high significance in getting enough information about the deposit, preventing financial losses and identifying optimized plans during and after exploitation. Likewise, mineralogical variability, grade, alteration, … can highly effect metal recovery. Modeling these parameters is seriously substantial in order to have an optimized exploitation of the mine and to minimize the risks and costs. This study used the dataset of 91 drill holes from Sari Gunay epithermal gold deposit located in north-west of Iran to model gold grade and the recovery resulted from leaching tests. Initially, the oxide and sulphide zones were distinguished using Indicator Kriging and Simulation. Then the gold grade and recovery in each zone were modeled with the application of sequential Gaussian simulation and the developed block model. The grade-recovery curve was then drawn to estimate the total tonnage amount of the deposit which was related to the sulphide zone in more than 70%. Then with the help of recovery simulation data, the grade×recovery was considered a preferable parameter in depicting the curve and estimating the reserve.

Consideration of safety principles can decrease the risk of incidents, damage, human and financial impacts, and guarantee a high effectiveness and efficiency and consequently, continuous productivity in an organization. The most important step in providing an optimal safety condition is analysis of the present safety conditions in an organization. In this regard, the present study aims to evaluate the safety risk in the faculties of Qom University of Medical Sciences.

The population of this HSR research includes the Faculties of Health, Medicine and Paramedicine, Dentistry, Nursing and Midwifery, the Iranian Traditional Medicine, and Health and Religion of Qom University of Medical Sciences. This research was performed in 2019, and it has investigated the safety risk resources (fire and explosion, the objects and individuals’ falling, electricity incidents, and secondary risks). The research was performed in three phases including: 1) system analysis, 2) recognition of the safety risks, and 3) evaluation of the safety risk in accordance with the US Military Standard (MIL-STD-882).

Based on the results of system analysis, 228 risk resources were identified in the studied faculties. The results of evaluating the safety risk based on a two dimensional risk matrix (probability- severity) showed that 39 resources have a low and acceptable risk, 71 resources have a high and unacceptable risk, and 118 resources have a medium-level risk.

According to the findings, in spite of the widely accepted assumption of safety of the educational environments, there should be more attention to safety issues in these environments. It is suggested to design a risk management model for identifying and evaluating the risks in these environments and proposing practical solutions for decreasing the safety risks and providing a safe environment.

The effluent from the active sludge treatment plant of Qom Shokoohiyeh industrial flows into surface water and reuse of water in industrial process is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of aluminum sulfate, chlorofluorocarbons and poly aluminum chloride in removing turbidity and other parameters in industrial wastewater before entering RO in Shokoohiyeh Qom industrial refinery. This study was applied in a laboratory scale using a jar-test and experiments based on varying concentrations of coagulants (200, 400, 700, 800, 1000, 1200 mg/L) and pH=2.4.6.7.8.10 has been done. Steady mixing, slow mixing and stagnation have been performed and factors such as turbidity, pH, COD, BOD5, EC, SVI and TSS have been investigated. Coagulants are effective in removing turbidity. The highest removal rate was for polyvinyl chloride (95%) and the least amount of turbidity removal was in chlorofacry (50%). The highest and lowest levels of pH were detected at pH=2 (72%) and pH=8 (10%), respectively. The lowest BOD5 removal efficiency in poly aluminum chloride was 88% at pH=4 and the highest removal rate of BOD5 was found in chloroformate coagulant with pH=4 (96%). The highest COD reduction was observed in poly aluminum chloride at pH=9 (89%) and the lowest COD reduction was observed at a concentration of 800 mg/L alum with 34%. The highest reduction in electric conductivity in poly aluminum chloride with 87% and the lowest amount of electrical conductivity reduction occurred at a concentration of 500 mg per liter of alum with 12%. The highest total removal of suspended solids in chlorofacrylic coagulant was 88% and the lowest amount was removed in chloroform with up to 18%. The maximum amount of sludge deposited at  pH=9 (240 mg/L) in aluminum chloride and the lowest amount of sludge deposited at pH=2 (5 mg/L). The use of coagulant materials can increase the purification efficiency, eliminate opacity and return water to the cycle. PAC and Alum coagulant have high efficiency in removing turbidity and other wastewater treatment parameters that can be used to treat wastewater for RO systems.

Rural wastewater management is recognized as one of the pillars of sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess needs and prioritization of establishment of rural wastewater management facilities in order to supply a safe and alternative water source in the provinces of Iran experiencing severe water stress. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was carried out in rural areas of the provinces with severe water stress (South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Isfahan, Yazd, Semnan, Qom, Sistan and Baluchistan) in 2017-2018. In this study, the number of sample rural areas was calculated by Cochran method and the determination of the sample rural area was done by stratified sampling. The data related to the sample rural area was collected using a validated constructor questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the difference among all the studied provinces in terms of their priority in establishing rural waste water management facilities to provide a safe and alternative water source was very low. The provinces of Isfahan, Semnan and Fars were rated at 76 out of 100, while the provinces of South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan scored 71 points. With emphasis on comprehensive decision making criteria based on sustainable development, the results of this study showed that the provinces with severe water stress have a high priority regarding the establishment of rural sewage management projects in order to provide a safe and alternative water sources.

One of the major environmental impacts of energy use is air pollutant emissions such as greenhouse gases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between energy consumption in small urban businesses and their air pollution in small urban businesses in the city of Qom in 2015.   In the first step, by referring to Qom chamber of trade, a list of all urban jobs from 67 trade :::union:::s was prepared and then, a total of 223 workshops were selected randomly and visited. Means consumption of electricity and gas were calculated by referring to the related gas and electricity offices in Qom. The amount of pollutants produced from energy consumption was calculated by using the software available at the Abraxas Energy website.   The results showed that the average monthly consumption of 9098.86 kwh and 41669.35 cubic meters of gas in the small businesses of Qom, on average produced 50.995 of carbon dioxide, 78.963 kg of lead compounds, 52.39 kg nitrogen compounds, 8.403 kg carbon monoxide, 5.02 kg volatile organic compounds, 1.996 kg nitrogen oxides, 1.781 kg mercury compounds and less than 1 kg per month particulate matter and SO2.   Any attempt for reducing energy consumption, in addition to its economic benefits, can be a basic measure to reduce environmental pollutants. Implementation of proper management plans for reducing electricity and gas consumption is a major step in this direction.

Introduction and purpose: Noise pollution is an important health problem in most industries, especially in the small inland industries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the noise pollution in turning and polishing shops in Qom, Iran, and compare it with the sound standards in the country. In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, noise assessment was performed using the local measurements to evaluate occupational exposure with a dosimeter (CEL 320, Casella CEL, Inc., New York) in 20 turning shops and 20 polishing shops. Then, the equivalent sound balance was calculated for a work shift and compared with the sound standards In Iran. The results showed that the average equivalent sound levels in turning and polishing shops were 93.1 and 100.4 dB, which were unauthorized in comparison with the national sound standards. Furthermore, the noise pollution outside the shops was reported beyond the standards of the relevant region. It should be noted that regarding the evaluation of hearing sensitivity, 86.1% of the workers did not have a hearing test. In addition, sanitary inspections were not carried out in 83% of the shops. However, 64% of the shops were not upgraded and the participation rate of the shop owners was 53% in the improvement measures. According to noise pollution in turning and polishing shops and the effects on workers and the public, noise control methods are proposed, such as the provision of personal protective equipment, reduction of labor time, correct choice of machines, and installation of noise-reduction tools. With respect to noise pollution, the correct locating of shops and organizing noisy industries were proposed.

Today, workshop industries play an important role in urban development by creating effective employment in urban areas. It has been stated that these small industries can cause environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the contaminations caused by the workshops in Qom in 2016.
The present study was descriptive-analytic-cross sectional. First, all of the city's businesses were listed in 67 relevant :::::union:::::s. After identifying the polluting businesses, a total of 223 classes of all :::::union:::::s were randomly screened. Sewage, solid waste, air, sound, soil and landscape pollution were investigated. According to 15 specialists and using Expert Selection software, each pollution type and rating of each class were weighed and determined.
The results showed that the wastewater, solid waste, air, noise, and landscape pollution with a score of 0.399, 0.259, 0.169, 0.097, and 0.027, respectively, are important. Accordingly, in terms of the total contamination of the studied occupational units, authorized dealers of car sales, carwash, guest house, carpet cleaning, bath, brick plants, chalk plants, gemstones, chelokbaby, mosaic making, lathes and blacksmans, iron doors and window making, general blinds and shuttering, ceramic making, wood processing industry, mechanical, polishing with a total score of 1, 0.889, 0.881, 0.872, 0.709, 0.644, 0.644, 0.641, 0.62, 0.609, 0.582, 0.569, 0.552, 0.546, 0.518, 0.499, and 0.499 had unfavorable status, respectively.
In order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by these businesses, continuous monitoring and inspections should be carried out in the short term. Moreover, the polluting industries should be relocated out of the city in the long term.

Because of high consumption on water in marble processing, issue of water reuse in the process, is essential. Therefore this study was conducted with purpose of survey efficiency of aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, poly aluminum chloride, polymer and lime in removal of turbidity, total suspended solids and total solids of marble processing wastewater.
This study was performed on laboratory scale and using the jar test. The experiments was done based on various doses of coagulant (25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 500 mg/l). Steps of rapid mixing, slow mixing and stable was done, and the factors such as turbidity, total suspended solids, total solids, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were investigated.
Findings: Coagulants efficiency in the turbidity removal was approximately identical. The maximum rates of removal of the turbidity related to lime (99.8%) and a minimum rate of removal was related to aluminum sulfate (86.4%). Poly aluminum chloride and lime were high efficiency in the removal of the total suspended solids. The maximum rates of removal of the total suspended solids related to lime (99.1%) and the minimum rate of removal was related to ferric chloride (57.3%). Alum and polymer efficiency in removal of the total solids was higher than other coagulants. The maximum rates of removal of total solids related to alum (82.5%) and the minimum rate of removal was related to polyaluminum chloride (70%).
Discussion and Use of coagulants can increase the treatment efficiency and accelerates return the water to cycle. Alum and lime have high performance in removal of turbidity, total suspended solids, and total solids and can be used for marble processing wastewater treatment.

The aim of this research was to study the technical feasibility of recycling waste cooking oils (WCO) produced in Qom to biodiesel.
This cross-sectional study was performed in Qom in the first half of 2013. In this study, 147 domestic, commercial, and industrial sources producing WCO were identified, selected, and asked to collect and deliver the WCO produced by them within a week. The samples obtained from the sources were mixed separately at a ratio of one to one, and finally, a WCO sample was obtained from each source. Then, some characteristics of samples such as chemical profiles were analyzed
and the esterification and transesterification process were used to convert WCO into biodiesel. Finally, some of the technical characteristics of produced biodiesel such as flash point, viscosity, density, moisture, and acidic number were determined and compared with the standard.
In terms of basic properties, domestic WCO had the best quality for conversion to biodiesel. Also, in terms of viscosity, density, acidic number and flash point, biodiesel produced from domestic WCO had more favorable conditions. In terms of the percentage of humidity, biodiesel produced from industrial WCO was the best one.
WCO produced from domestic and commercial sources has the potential to be converted into biodiesel with standard features but WCO produced from industrial sources due to their very poor quality needs more pre-treatment processes.

Furnaces as a major process of manufacturing brick and chalk are considered as one of the major sources of greenhouse gases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between energy consumption of the furnaces of brick and chalk and environmental pollutant emissions in the city of Qom.
This descriptive study was conducted of year 2012-2015. General information and entrance permit were acquired by the respective unions in the city of Qom. Ten field visits randomly chosen from either chalk and brick manufacturers were conducted. In addition, further information regarding the energy consumptions from electricity and gas companies was obtained. The amount pollutants produced from the energy consumption were calculated by using software that available on the website: http//www.abraxasenergy.com/emissions.
The calculated emission of pollutants such as: carbon dioxide, nitrogen compounds, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, Nitrous oxide, lead, particulates, sulfur dioxide, cadmium, mercury were 1001000, 1296.82, 185.7, 41.68, 16.69, 15.19, 14.42, 4.84, 2.4 and 0.316 kg/month, respectively.
Based on the level of pollutants which was higher than comparable industries, strategies such as: rationing fuel, forming an environmental monitoring committee and more efficient control of combustion and burner’s maintenance and application of air purification techniques for pollutants prior to their release through furnaces’ stack was recommended.

The establishment of green management to reduce the consumption of resources is now a high priority for the government. Organizational managers play a key role in the implementation of green management plans. The present study was, therefore, aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of managers in Qom University of Medical Sciences towards green management.
According to the aim of study, the present research is considered as an applied crosssectional study. A questionnaire survey consisting of 50 managers of Qom University of Medical Sciences was performed to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards green management, as well as their demographic factors. All stages of research were conducted ethically. Data were analyzed with independent t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS software.
The results of this study showed that the managers mean scores on knowledge, attitude, and performance were 97.04 ±17.28, 32.60 ±7.70, and 29.86±50, respectively. The respective attributable maximum scores acquired were 120, 40, and 40. The data analyzed suggests, therefore, that about 82% of managers had a good (positive) knowledge, and 70% positive attitude to take part in green management plans. However, only around 52% of respondents preferred to take practices about green management. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant relationship between the knowledge and demographic variables in this study.
This study found that managers had a relatively good knowledge, attitude and practice to green management. It should also be noted that besides a proper environmental knowledge and attitude, the implementation of green management system requires the allocation of credit and funding, formation of green management committee, as well as training and cultural programs.

Given that no comprehensive studies have yet been conducted on treatment of infectious wastes in hospitals of Qom City, this research was performed with the purpose of investigating the treatment methods used in these hospitals and monitoring the performance of waste elimination devices.
Required information was obtained through in-person visit and observing the current situation, and the variables affecting waste treatment were extracted based on the type of treatment systems, and were collected, and accordingly, biological monitoring tests were designed for the studied hospitals. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.
In this study, from 9 active hospitals in Qom Province, only 3 hospitals were equipped with waste treatment system. In hospital A, growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus spore were observed in 6.25% of the samples, while no microbial growth was recorded in hospital B. The initial investment to buy the machine in hospital A was about four times than that of hospital B.
The findings of this study showed that treatment device of hospital B is more appropriate compared to the devices of hospital A due to complete destruction of spores, lower cost (for purchase), and maintenance.

Nowadays, the rapid growth of industries and production of various products has led to an increase in hazardous industrial solid waste. The aim of this study was to examine how to manage industrial solid waste in industrial zone of Shokuhiyeh in Qom province in 2013. This research was a descriptive, cross-sectional one. The data were gathered by first referring to industrial units and the completion of Iranian Environmental Organization Questionnaire and then analyzing the gathered data. This questionnaire included 24 items covering the quantity, quality, and management of industrial solid waste. In this study, 41 industrial units with a personnel of more than 50 were examined. The category of" chemical and metal industries" produced the highest solid waste and specific solid waste. The elements making up the produced solid waste were plastic (38%) and glass (27.5%), respectively. Among the storage methods, the temporary solid waste storage in baskets (36%) and open-doors method (32%) were the most common ones. 41% of industrial units disposed of solid waste monthly, 31.7% weekly, 24.4% daily and 2.4% in an inconsistent manner. 58% of produced solid waste was recycled, 35% was landfilled, 4.6% was burned up, and 2.4% was disposed of in an unknown manner. The results of this study showed that the collection and storage of industrial solid waste in the industrial zone of Shokuhiyeh is not done in a suitable manner. Moreover, no educational program has yet been done about the management of solid waste in most of the industries. Therefore, it seems indispensable to establish a suitable system of solid waste management in order to organize the conditions of industrial solid waste produced in this zone.

Rural areas of Qom are encountered with problems such as water scarcity, rationing of water in summer and low quality water. The aim of this study was investigation of water consumption pattern, maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors and unaccounted for water in rural areas of Qom and offering some strategies for optimum management of consumption. This is a descriptive – analytical study. 15 out of 111 rural areas of Qom with certain criteria were selected which were representative of the whole areas. Water consumption pattern was determined in selected rural areas. In order to determine the amount of unaccounted for water and maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors, 3 villages of (Dastgerd, Vrjan and Toghrod) which had safe volumetric flow meters were selected. They were representatives of 15 villages. SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis. In 15 Rural areas of Qom, average domestically consumption per capita (LPCD), average general uses per capita (LPCD), average industrial and commercial per capita (LPCD) and total consumption per capita (LPCD) were 173, 4.6, 3 and 180.6, respectively. Average minimum and maximum daily factors were equal to 0.72 and 1.23 respectively. Also, average minimum and maximum hourly factors were equal to 0.63 and 2.43, respectively. The average of unaccounted for water per capita was 28.2% (71.6 LPCD). Average of total consumption per capita (LPCD) and unaccounted for water were high in comparison with the standards of Ministry of Energy. In order to optimize the management of water some strategies are recommended. Strategies such as: training, reduce the water pressure in the network, use of accessories for reducing water consumption, separation of water used in green areas from sanitary uses, identifying, repairing or replacing faulty flow meters, repairing and rehabilitation of water distribution networks and reservoirs and prevention from the creation of illegally connections.

Hospitals have been known to be especial water consumers and the amount of generated wastewater and their contamination is much more than that of domestic subscribers. Despite increasing concerns about hospital waste management،adequate attention has not been paid to the wastewater produced in hospitals. As there is a separate source of drinking water from that of sanitary uses in hospitals in Qom،the pattern of water consumption and wastewater production in these centers provides valuable information in order to meet estimated water requirement and amount of wastewater produced in the hospitals. The amount of water consumption in hospitals was collected from2008to2013 and according to the information extracted from the questionnaires and conversion ratio of water to wastewater، wastewater volume was estimated. Data was analyzed through SPSS 19. software. Pearson correlation test was utilized to determine relationships between variables. After that، strategies for better management of water and sewage systems were presented along with identifying strengths and weaknesses In the eight hospitals surveyed، the average water consumption was found to be 655. 7 Lit/day. bed and bed and 8. 6 liters per square meter of construction area. There was a statistically meaningful relationship between consumed water in hospitals and construction area (p<0. 05). The average wastewater production was estimated to be 567. 6 Lit/day. bed. The predominant method of wastewater disposal is discharge in the well In order to improve the current situation in these hospitals،it seems inevitable to reconstruct water and wastewater facilities،to use wastewater treatment packages and/or to connect waste water of hospitals to City''s wastewater collection system

To implement source separation plan, awareness of viewpoints and participation of waste producers are necessary. The aim of this research is to assess the status of the source separation of municipal wastes and to offer its corrective strategies from citizens’ point of view. This descriptive crooss-sectional study was performed through filling 1400 questionnaires by in-person interview in Qom, Yazd, and East Azarbaijan in the form of a waste management master plan. In this study, awareness of population was assessed using a questionnaire consisting of 31 general and specific questions. To examine the relationship between qualitative variables and cross-tabulations, chi-square test was used at a significance level of 5%. Ninety percent of citizens declared their readiness to implement the source separation of municipal wastes. Most important reasons of citizens for implementation of this plan was better recycling with appropriate quality materials (79%), environmental protection and health promotion (65%) and assistance to municipalities (43%), and the important reasons of plan’s failure from citizens point of view were: lack of or irregular implementation the programs by the municipality (45%), inadequate training of citizens (32%), and poor cooperation of people due to cultural and social problems and/or lack of economic justification (25%). According to the results, high percentage of citizens were aware of separation of municipal wastes plan and knew its advantages, so if reforms are made by the municipal authorities, percentage of participation and cooperation of citizens in this project will favorably increase.

Improvement of education quality of a university depends on the quality improvement of its departments. Therefore, internal evaluation of the department is an effective step in the quality growth of higher education system. The present study was performed aiming at internal evaluation of the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of the Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2010 took place. This study was done using a descriptive cross-sectional method. Four questionnaires, including department manager, faculty members, students, and graduates were used to collect the data. In completing these questionnaires, interviews, observations and review of documents were also done, and they were interpreted and concluded by employing descriptive statistics in the form of frequency distributions and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The scores obtained for the goals and mission, management, and development of the department were 2.2, 2.1, and 2.82, respectively; the ratio of the number of faculty members to students, faculty members’ research activities, and satisfaction of the department were 2.23, 2.1, and 1.12, respectively; the ratio of the number of the students to the existing facilities, and awareness of the goals and missions of the department were 2.1, 1.75, respectively; and the ratio of the courses to the need of the graduates, satisfaction of the educational programs, and satisfaction of the content of the department programs were 1.68, 1.84, and 2.1, respectively. According to the results of this research, there is necessary that university departments attempt to protect and promote the factors, which are in ideal conditions and plan to improve the adverse factors. University officials should provide necessary conditions and resources to improve the present situation and achieve the most desirable level.