محمد متینی

Trichostrongylid helminths play a significant role in economic loss in livestock and human health. Due to the need to knowledge of the latest status of helminth infection of domestic ruminants, for proper planning to prevention and control, this study was conducted to determine of Trichostrongylidae helminths .

A total of 334 intestines and abomasums purchased from slaughterhouse of Sanadaj, Kurdestan. The samples were placed in 10% formalin separately and examined in the Parasitology Laboratory of Sanandaj and Hamadan Medical School. All nematodes identified using the appropriate keys. The results were recorded in a form along with information such as livestock type, sex, farming location .

Totally, 178 sheep samples (53.29%), 93 goat samples (27.85%) and 63 cattle samples (18.86%) were studied. The prevalence of intestine infection was 18.31% and abomasum was 81.69% and the overall infection in this study was 20.95%. Only two samples (0.6%) of Trichostrongylus sp. were isolated, most of them were female. The most isolated species was T. longispiculis. The highest percentage of isolated worms was Ostertagia ostertagi (22.18%). Most cases of intestinal nematode were Nematodirus abnormalis (14.28%) and in abomasum O. circumcicta (18.57%.)

Although Trichostrongylus infection has decreased in recent years; a 0.6% prevalence were found in present study. However, infection with other Trichostronegilids in the studied animals has a relatively high prevalence. Due to the economic loss in livestock and the possible role of these parasites in transmitting to humans, appropriate control and treatment measures should be taken

Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world, with resistant cases spreading. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ferulago angulata extracts and essential oil on Trichomonas vaginalis protozoan.

In this study, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts and essential oil of F. angulata aerial parts were prepared and tested to determine the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and the percentage of growth inhibition (GI%). The tests were carried out on two clinical isolates of T. vaginalis under aerobic conditions and against metronidazole and control.  The tests were surveyed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation.

After 24 hours, the MLC of methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts and essential oil were 250, 500, 250 and 500 μg/ml, respectively. The MLC of ethyl acetate and hexane extracts were reduced to 250 and 125 μg/ml, after 48 hours. GI% at Sub-MLC for extracts and essential oils were 24.3% to 93.2%, after 24 hours, and from 51.6% to 95.1% after 48 hours. Also, the mean MLCs of metronidazole after 24 and 48 hours were 9.3 and 4.6 μg/ml.

The results of this study showed that F. angulata has anti-trichomonial potential. Thus, more investigations it is necessary to purify the constituents of essential oil and extracts. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments will clarify the antimicrobial potential of the plant to make a more correct judgment.

Hydatidosis is one of the most important zoonotic infections that is a health-economic concern in endemic areas. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hydatidosis in Arak, Iran.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 456 individuals attending health centers in Arak in 2020. Blood samples were taken from the subjects and tested for anti-Echinococcus antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-immunoglobulin G test. The collected data were then analyzed.

It was revealed that 6 out of 456 subjects had anti-Echinococcus antibodies (1.3%, 95% confidence interval: 0.3-2.3) The mean age of the participants was 58.8±19.9 years, and frequencies of seropositive individuals were 1.6% and 1% in men and women, respectively. Moreover, 5 (1.4%) and 1 (1%) urban and rural residents were found seropositive, respectively. According to the results, 93.4% of the participants were unaware of hydatid cyst disease and 21.5% of the cases had contact with dogs (P<0.05). It was found that 213 (46.7%) individuals used only water or saltwater to wash vegetables, and all seropositive subjects were observed in this group (P=0.01).

The results of this study showed that the seroprevalence of hydatidosis was significant in Arak. Therefore, due to the health importance of hydatidosis and its endemicity in this area, it is necessary to adopt health measures to control and prevent this parasitic infection.

Hydatidosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in the world. The main issue of the treatment of this disease is elimination of protoscolices during surgery to prevent from causes of secondary cysts. The aim of this study was to evaluation of scolicidal effects of Cornus mas (C mas) and Lavandula officainalis (L officainalis) extract in vitro.

In this experimental study livers containing hydatid cysts were collected from Hamadan abattoir and transferred to parasitology laboratory. Under sterile conditions, protoscolices were removed from the cyst. Hydro alcoholic extracts of C mas and L officainalis were prepared. Then protoscolices was exposed with concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/ml at 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Finally the percentage of living protoscolices was examined by light microscopy and vital eosin staining.

In both extracts the highest scolicidal effect was observed in 60 minutes. L officainalis extract at concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg / ml were 47%, 57%, 75% and 94%, respectively. Also C mas extract at the same concentrations 47%, 56%, 63% and 87% were observed. while the lowest of scolicidal effect for L officainalis and C mas in 5 minutes was observed 41%, 43%, 50%, 58%, and 41%, 43%, 46%, 51% respectively.

The highest scolicidal effect of L officainalis extract compared to C mas is probably due to the active ingredient of L officainalis, which can achieve better results by further study and identification and purification of effective material in its.

Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted parasitic disease in the world. Due to its importance and the need for recognizing its prevalence and epidemiology, this study was conducted to determine the rate of T. vaginalis infection in women referred to Health Centers in Arak, Iran, in 2020.

In this cross-sectional study, from 630 women undergoing genital examinations, a sample of the vaginal swab was prepared, kept in a special container, and transferred to the laboratory within 2 hours. Furthermore, a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and clinical signs of patients was completed. The samples were examined using two methods of wet smear and culture in a Diamond medium. The obtained data were recorded and analyzed.

According to the results, 41.5% of the participants were in the age group of 25 to 34 years. The prevalence of trichomoniasis in the study population was 0.9%. The rate of infection was not related to age and education level; however, it was related to the marital status of patients (P<0.003). The most common symptom in patients was vaginal discharge, which was present in 67.1% of the women. Infection of patients showed statistically significant differences with different intensities of vaginal discharge, consistency of vaginal discharge, as well as itching and burning. The minimum lethal dose of metronidazole was determined to be 6.2 μg/ml in 24 hours and 1.6 μg/ml in 48 hours.

The prevalence of trichomoniasis in this population was relatively low and was associated with marital status, clinical symptoms, discharge and consistency of vaginal discharge, as well as burning and itching. Moreover, the investigated samples were sensitive to metronidazole.

Hydatid cyst is one of the most common parasitic diseases of humans and livestock, which is caused by the larval stages of the Echinococcus granulosus parasite. The disease is present in all parts of the world, including Iran, and it is important for health and economics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hydatid cyst in the slaughtered livestock in Sarpol Zahab and sero-epidemiology of human hydatidosis in this city in 2018.
Materials &

  In this descriptive- cross sectional study, a total of 1000 cattle: 1000 sheep and 1000 goat were slaughtered in Sarpol-e Zahab city in Kermanshah Province. Hydatid cyst organs were evaluated macroscopically, physical examination and cutting, as well as completing the questionnaire. Also, 736 blood samples were collected from people referring to the health centers of Sarpol Zahab city. Demographic data including age, sex, and occupation, history of contact with the dog and area of living were collected by questionnaires. Samples were examined by ELISA method after transfer to laboratory. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and chi-square test.

Anti-Ecchinococcus granulosus IgG was detected in 8(1/1%) out of 736 sera including 5(62.5%) males and 3(37.5%) females. There was no significant relationship between serum positive and area of living, educational level, gender and contact with the dog. The prevalence of hydatid cysts in livestock was 261(8.7%). The infection rate of hydatid cysts in sheep, cattle were 188 (18.8%), 45(4.5%), and 28 (2.8%) respectively. There was a significant difference between the infection rate in sheep with goat and cattle (P <0.05). The prevalence of hydatid cyst in female livestock was 53.6% and in males was 4.7%, which was statistically significant (P <0.05). The prevalence of hydatid cyst in the liver of sheep, cattle and goats was 84.04%, 86.7% and 89.3%, respectively.

The Present study shows lower prevalence of hydatid cyst in Sarpol Zahab compared with those reported in other parts of the country. Therefore, it seems that health measures and raising awareness of people play a major role in reducing of human hydatid cyst. On the other hand, the prevalence of hydatid cyst in the livestock is relatively high. Therefore, disrupting the life cycle of the parasite between the final and intermediate host by controlling stray dogs and proper eliminating the offal seems to be necessary in controlling hydatid cyst.

Toxocariasis is a common infection between humans and animals, which can be considered as a health issue in vulnerable populations due to its indigenous nature to the country and the region.  Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of contamination with Toxocara canis infection and exposure to its parasite in children.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 621 children aged 2 to12 years referred to health centers
in Kermanshah, Iran. After sampling and recording the demographic characteristics, the samples were tested for anti-T. canis antibody (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and Fisher's exact test.

Out of 621 tested serum samples, 8 samples (1.3%) were positive for anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies. Of these, 5 and 3 samples were from male and female patients all living in urban areas. It is noteworthy that none of these individuals had a history of earth-eating, as well as touching or playing with the dog. However, a dog was kept at one of the child's home.

The results of the study showed a relatively low prevalence of toxocariasis infection in children, although the findings confirmed the establishment of the parasite transmission cycle in the region. Therefore, considering the importance of hygiene issues, it is necessary to develop and implement strategies for controlling and preventing the infection in the definitive hosts of the parasite in order to reduce the incidence of human infections.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Moreover, there are reports indicating the increasing rate of refractory trichomoniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Ferula gummosa on T. vaginalis. To this end, the chemical compositions of Ferula gummosa essential oil were identified in this study.  The essential oil, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of F. gummosa were prepared and subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and growth inhibitory percent (GI%) determination against two in vitro axenic cultured T. vaginalis isolates in comparison to metronidazole. Moreover, the chemical compositions of F. gummosa essential oil were identified using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Ethics code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1396.885 After 24 h incubation, the MIC of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract was 125 µg/ml and for that of essential oil was 500 µg/ml. The GI% values were 50% and 70% for the extracts at a concentration of 62.5 µg/ml and the essential oil at a concentration of 250 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the metronidazole MIC values were 12.5 and 6.2 µg/ml for T. vaginalis isolates. According to the results obtained from the chemical identification of F. gummosa essential oil composition, three main compounds of its essential oil include β-Pinene (28.7%), α-Pinene (10.7%), and β-Eudesmol (6.5%). The results showed that the compounds in the essential oil and extracts of F. gummosa had a significant antitrichomonal activity. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate these compounds and conduct further research on their effects on T. vaginalis parasites.

Hydatidosis is one the most important zoonotic infections that is a critical issue of health economics in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence level of hydatidosis and parasitic disease encounters in Hamadan. This cross sectional study was conducted on 1000 individuals referring to health centers in Hamadan in 2017. The samples and demographic data had been collected before the serum samples were subjected to anti-Echinococcus IgG antibody detection by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Fisher's exact test. Out of the total participants, four subjects (two males and two females, 0.4%) were considered positive for anti-Echinococcus antibody. Two of the seropositive individuals were residing in rural and the other two subjects were living in urban areas. In addition, about ninety nine percent of the cases had no knowledge of hydatid cyst disease. Three of the seropositive subjects had a history of contact with dog (29.3%). Moreover, they used water for washing raw vegetables (36.2%). The prevalence level of hydatidosis in this area is lower than that of other regions in Iran. However, it is a must to implement management and prevention programs to control and reduce the infection levels in the country due to the endemicity and health economics importance of this issue.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide that refractory trichomoniasis is increasing. The aim of this study was evaluation of extracts of Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica against Trichomonas vaginalis.
The extracts of P. atlantica including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and hydroalcoholic were extracted by maceration. Five T. vaginalis isoleates subjected to extract suscebtibility testing using diferent concentrations consist of 62.5, 125, 250,500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 µg/ml after 48 hrs incubation under aerobic condition and at 35.5 °C. Susceptibility test was performed in duplicate and repeated two times for each isolate.
The extracts had potent activity against T. vaginalis. After 48 hrs incubation, the utmost activity was related to ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract with the lowest MIC of 125 µg/ml and mean MIC of 337 and 387 µg/ml, respectively. The minimum activity was related to methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract with the least MIC and mean MIC of 2000 µg/ml. The results of MLC and MIC tests were exactly compatible and they indicate the activity of the extracts on the parasites. The T. vaginalis isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, MICs ranged from 3.1 to 6.2 µg/ml and a mean of 4.2 µg/ml and a standard deviation of 1.5 µg/ml.
The results of this study showed that the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of P. atlantica have a significant activity aganst T. vaginalis parasite. Therefore, future studies are needed to identify the compounds of the extracts and their antimicrobial properties are evaluated in vivo and in vitro.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of this infection among women in Bahar city, Iran, and evaluate drug susceptibility of the isolated parasites.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 850 females visiting the health centers of Bahar city, during 2016. The diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection was carried out by using wet mount and Dorset culture medium. In the next step, the obtained parasites were transferred to Diamond Medium and after the preparation of their pure cultures, they were placed under laboratory and aerobic conditions to test their drug sensitivity.
Four (0.5%) isolates of T. vaginalis were obtained from the participants. Drug sensitivity of the isolates after 48 h ranged between 1.6 and 25 µg/ml, with the mean and standard deviation of 12.6±8.26 µg/ml.
We found that the prevalence of trichomoniasis in the studied women in this region is lower than most parts of Iran. Due to the importance of this infection, this prevalence rate is significant and needs proper diagnosis and treament.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world, which is one of the causative agents of vaginitis in women. This research was the first study that conducted to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in Karaj city.
This study was carried out on 967 women referring to health treatment centers in Karaj city in 2016. Trichomonas vaginalis, was diagnosed using vaginal discharge sample, wet mount, gram stain, and culture on Dorset medium. Candida and bacterial vaginitis was also diagnosed based on direct staining of smear.
Out of 967 individuals, 11 persons (1.1%), were diagnosed positive for Trichomoniasis. One sample (0.1%) were positive by gram staining, 5 samples (0.5%) by wet mount, and 11 samples (1.1%) by Dorset culture method. The highest infected individuals with T. vaginalis (1.6%), were in the age group of 35-44 and in the group with primary education (3.2%). In this study, the relationship between trichomoniasis and education level of the participants, was statistically significant (p=0.003). The most clinical signs and symptoms observed in individuals with trichomoniasis, was reported to be vaginal discharge and itching (90%). The prevalence of candida and bacterial vaginitis, were 11% and 14.5%, respectively.
The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of trichomoniasis in the studied population is relatively low. But, considering the importance of sexually transmitted infections in community, implementation of appropriate health strategies for the promotion of public health, is necessary for the control of these groups of infections.

Giardia lamblia is one of the main causative agents of debilitating diarrhea and occurs in endemic and epidemic forms among children and travelers all around the world. The aim of this study was determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of giardiasis among hospitalized and health care centers patients of Hamadan city.
This study was accomplished on people admitted to the hospitals and health care centers of Hamadan during 2014 to 2015. After getting informed consent and recording of demographic data and clinical symptoms, faucal samples of volunteers were examined, using direct wet preparations and the suspicious samples were tested by formalin-ether and trichrome staining procedures. The data were analyzed with Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
From a total of 4066 (2004 male and 2062 female, with a mean age of 32 years) examined people, 64 (1.6%) were infected with G. lamblia. The incidence rate for males was nearly twice as great as females (2.09% vs. 1.05%) (P Although the results showed the relatively low prevalence of giardiasis in Hamadan (1.6%), but due to complications of giardiasis such as malnutrition and failure to thrive, especially in children, promotion of public health especially providing safe drinking water must be considered for the prevention and control of the infection.

Candida, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial agents are the most important causes of virginities. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis in women referred to health centers in Hamadan city west of Iran.
Material and The cross-sectional study was done on 862 women who referred to health centers of Hamadan. During vaginal examination, sampling from the posterior vaginal fornix and vaginal wall was performed by two sterile cotton swabs. The first swab sample was placed into a tube containing of Ringer serum for wet mount preparation in order to vaginal candidosis and bacterial vaginosis (BV), and the second swab sample was used for preparation of Gram-stained vaginal smear. Candidiasis was diagnosed by observation of pseudohyphae and blastospores and BV was diagnosed by observation of clue cells and also with regard to Hay-Ison criteria. Eventually the data was analyzed by SPSS (version 16)
Vaginitis caused by bacterial agents and Candida species was identified in 104 (12.1%) and 73 (8.5%) of the 862 participants, respectively, by using direct wet mount and direct Gram-stained smear. There was no significant difference between ages, marital status, occupation, husband job and vaginosis. Statistically significant difference was reported between education and bacterial vaginitis (P=0.01).
Based on statistical analysis there are the significant relationship between education and bacterial vaginosis therefore increase of knowledge and awareness about the consequences of vaginal infections plays a key role in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common non viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Plantago lanceolata extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis.
In this study, after collection and drying of P. lanceolata, n-hexanic, ethyl acetate, methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts, they were prepared by maceration. Five clinical T. vaginalis isoleates subjected to extract suscebtibility testing, in comparison of metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) tests were carried out in duplicate and repeated two times for each T. vaginalis isolate.
The results showed that the extracts of P. lanceolata had potent antitrichomonal activity. The most antitrichomonal activity was related to ethyl acetate extract with the least MIC of 500 µg/ml and mean of 1525 µg/ml, after 48 hrs incubation. And also, the lowest antitrichomonal activity was related to hydroalcoholic and methanolic extract with the least and mean MIC of 2000 µg/ml. The results of MLC and MIC tests were identical and this finding confirmed the trichomonacidal activity of the extracts. The drug suscebtibility testing showed that the T. vaginalis isoleates were susceptibale to metronidazole ranging from 3.1 to 6.2 µg/ml with a mean and standard deviation of 4.2 ± 1.5 µg/ml.
This study showed that the extracts of P. lanceolata hav e a considerable activity on T. vaginalis parasite. Hence, further studies are needed to clear more details of antimicrobial properties of P. lanceolata compounds.

Fasciola is a zoonotic helminth. The study of Fasciola spp. distribution seems necessary for implementation of control programs in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and intensity of Fasciola spp. in the slaughtered livestock of Hamadan slaughterhouse.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 2015. A total of 13607 slaughtered livestock were inspected and Fasciola infected livers were collected and transferred to the Parasitology Laboratory of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Finally, the prevalence rate and intensity of the Fasciola spp. were determined and data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with the SPSS software.
From the 13607 studied livestock, 10846 were sheep, 995 were cattle and 1766 were goats. The overall prevalence of the infection was 0.74%. The prevalence of cattle infection to Fasciola spp. was 1.5%, followed by goats 1.4% and sheep 0.5%. The intensity of infection in cattle was 22.07 ± 26.13, in goats was 17.32 ± 15.22 and in the sheep was 7.62 ± 11.29.
The prevalence of Fasciola in Hamadan is lower than that of the previous study in this area and some studies in the country, but the intensity of infection is high. The present study showed a relatively low enzootic of animal fasciolosis in Hamadan Province. Therefore, because the human fascioliasis has been recognized as an endemic problem in the neighboring provinces, a comprehensive community-based research should be planned to identify the situation of the disease in human population in this region.

Toxoplasmosis is a widely prevalent zoonotic disease, caused by T. gondii. Chickens, consumed widely in many countries, are considered as one of the most important hosts in the epidemiology of T. gondii infection because they could be a main source of infection for both cats and humans. There was no information regarding T. gondii infection in chickens in this area, therefore, this investigation carried out to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infections in poultry in Hamadan.
A total of 203 birds including free-ranged, caged chickens and 2 turkeys were studied. The poultrie's sera tested by indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) for T. gondii antibody. The bird's brain tissue used for testing for T. gondii tissue cyst. Brain of each bird grinded and suspension were made by normal saline and inoculated to peritoneal cavity of five mice. Peritoneal aspirate examined for tachyzoites after 5-10 days. Data regarding kind of bird, age, gender and raising type were recorded and analyzed.
Tissue cyst of T. gondii was detected by bioassay in the brain of 3 out of the 203 samples (one FR and one caged) by peritoneal inoculation (1%). Seropositivity for T. gondii antibody was 6.1% (12.196). Positive cases were 6 FR hens, 1 caged chicken and 5 roosters. No positive case found in the turkeys.
This study indicates that, both FR and caged chickens may have similar risk of infection to T. gondii and can transmit the parasite to humans.

Intestinal helminthesof dogs are a serious threat to human health and may cause dangerous diseases such as: hydatidosis and visceral larva migrans,thatwhich cause severe complications in human. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalenceof intestinal helminthes of stray dogs in Hamadan city, Iran..
A total of 103 stray dogswere shot in the inner and around of the city in year 2015. Following necropsy, the intestine's contents of dogs were examined for helminthes macroscopically. Then, the collected worms, after washing with saline,were counted and identified according to being Nematode, Cestodeor Acantcephala. Then, collected Nematodes were put in glass containers containing 70% ethanol-glycerine and Cestodes after processing on slides were put in the 10% formalin. To identify the species of helminthes, the Cestodes were stained using carmine acid and Nematodes were cleared in lacto-phenol.
Result indicated that, 74(71.8%)stray dogs were infected at least by one species of intestinal helminthes. The species of parasites were as follows: Echinococcus granulosus 37.9%, Dipylidium caninum 51.5%, Toxocara canis 19.4%, Taenia hydatigena 24.3%, T. multiceps 2.9%, T. ovis 1.9%, Mesocest oideslineatus 4.9%, and Acantho cephala 5.8%.There was no association between insex, season and region with prevalence of intestinal helminthes (P > 0.05). On the other side, there was a significant deference (P This study indicatesd that,infection rate of helminthes in stray dogs is washigh in Hamadan city. These parasites are important in terms of human health and economic aspects. Therefore, it is more essential that public health authoritiesto develop control strategies for stray dog's population.

Introduction & Trichomoniasis is one of the most common non viral sexually transmitted diseases caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of the infection and to consider the metronidazole susceptibility of the T. vaginalis isolates.
This cross sectional study was conducted on 670 women attending to gynecology clinics in Qorveh, Kurdistan province, in 2015. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis was performed by using Dorset culture medium and wet mount methods. In vitro drug susceptibility testing was done aerobically after establishment of the isolates in axenic culture medium, Diamond.
From 670 vaginal samples, eight (1.2%) and four (0.6%) of them were positive for T. vaginalis by wet mount and cultured methods, respectively. Fifty percent of the infected individuals aged from 35 to 44 years old and who were illiterate (P Although, the prevalence of trichomoniasis is relatively low in the studied population but due to the importance of sexually transmitted diseases in public health, strategic measurements are necessary to prevent and control of the infections.

Hydatidosis is one of the dengerous zoonotic diseases that cause serious problems for human health, as well as major economic losses for livestock industry. Due to the nature of the parasite life cycle and also the structure of the cyst in human, the control of parasite in community is difficult and its treatment has faced with a major challenge. One of these challenges is inactivating the protoscolices for treatment purposes and preventing secondary cysts. Different chemicals have been used in the treatment of cyst that most of them had serious side effects for the patient. The aim of this study was investigating the scolicidal effects of some herbal extracts in vitro. Liver hydatid cysts were collected from slaughterhouse; the cysts fluid containing live protoscolex was aspirated aseptically and stored at 4°C until use. Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg per ml) of each extract (ginger and artemisia) prepared and protoscoleces placed into incubator at 37oC. The viability of the protoscoleces was determined by eosin staining method at the times 5, 10, 25, 40 and 60 minutes. The methanolic extract of ginger at the concentration of 100 mg/ml leads to kill all of protoscoleces at 40 minutes. While the artemisia extract in none of investigated concentrations had not much effect on the protoscoleces. The study of animal models and complementary tests showed that methanolic extract of ginger can be used as an effective protoscolex for it has high activity.

Introduction & 130 heteroxenous species of sarcosytis with different life cycle and pathogenesis have been recognized. The pathogenic species for humans are S. hominis from cattle and S. suihominis from pig that humans are definitive and cattle and pig are intermedi-ate hosts. Some species of Sarcocystis can cause important economic loss and disease in livestock، and health issues in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in slaughtered Cattle and sheep in Hamadan، west of Iran. In this cross sectional descriptive study a total of 324 cattle and 334 sheep carcasses were examined using naked eye inspection for macroscopic Sarcocysts، and digestion method، for microscopic types of parasite. Muscles from thigh، heart، tongue، esophagus، diaphragm and costal muscles were examined. All carcasses examined by naked eyes and tissues were minced and poured in digestion medium separately and sediment was examined microscopically. The prevalence of microscopic Sarcocystis in cattle was detected in 100% and there was no macroscopic cyst in examined carcasses. However، the prevalence of microscopic Sarcocystis in the sheep was also 100% and the sarcocysts were found in the 48. 34 % of esophagus and 29. 49% of diaphragm muscles by naked eyes inspection. The digestion is found the most sensitive method for diagnosis of Sarcocystis. Al-though 100% of muscles were found infected but the majority of the cysts in the sheep and all in the cattle were as microcysts. That means، the meat should be cooked sufficiently irrespec-tive of meat inspection results.

Assessment of alimentary tract helminthes of rodents has a great zoonotic importance. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of helminth infections in rodents in Hamadan. a total of 100 rodents trapped from different parts of city were transported to laboratory. After anesthetizing by chloroform, the animals were undergone an operation to isolates the helminthes. The isolates were stained by Carmine and identified at the genus and species levels. Furthermore, age, sex, weight of rodent and size of various organs of body were determined. Totally, 62% of the rodents were infected to intestinal helminthes. All trapped rodents were Rattus norvegicus. Six species of helminthes, including three Nematode (45%), 3 Cestode (51%) and no Trematode were isolated from rodents. The infection rate for different helminthes was as follow: Hymenolepis nana 21%, H. diminuta 29%, Heterakis spomosa 43%, Strongyloides sp. 1% Trichuris muris 1% and Cysticercus fasciolaris 1%. in this area, infection rate of alimentary tract helminthes in the Rattus norvegicus, especially zoonotic helminthes, is relatively high, and the rate of Cestodes is higher than those of Nematodes and Trematodes.

Mycorrhizal symbiosis and acid phosphatase production in tress are two important characters to determine the mineralization of organic phosphates into inorganic form. Soil samples from rhizosphere and hairy roots were collected from two Makesh and Fandoglo habitats in spring and summer. Mycorrhizal symbiosis, colonization percentage of hazel‎nut and acid phosphatase activity were measured in soil samples.the results indicated that acid phosphatase activity was higher in Makesh habitat than Fandoglo habitat in both seasons.The results showed that hazelnut had mychorrhizal symbiosis with 48 and 17 colonization percentage in spring in Makesh and Fandoglo habitats, respectively. Colonization percentage in summer was 55 and 22 in Makesh and Fandoglo habitats, respectively. The available phosphate in Fandoylo was 2.5 times more than its amount in Makesh habitat. These differences can be related to the more density of tress and higher mycorrhizal colonization in Fandoglo habitat.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in the world. Some of the researches have suggested that the serum vitamin D level may relate to disease activity. The current study was designed to identify the correlation between serum vitamin D level and the disease activity index (DAI). In this sectional study, 108 patients (diagnosed based on the American Committee of Rheumatology criteria) were enrolled. In all cases after determining the serum vitamin D level and ESR, complete joint examination were done. The normal range of vitamin D was 47.7 - 144 nm/lit. Then, the specified disease activity form (DAS-28) and visual analog scales (VAS) were filled out. The correlation between disease activity index, (based on VAS, tendered or swelled joints and ESR) and serum vitamin D was analyzed using Chi square, Mann Whitney and t-tests. Seventy nine (73.14%) out of 108 patients had normal serum vitamin D and 29 (26.86%) had low serum vitamin D level. The mean age of patients with normal and low serum vitamin D level were 52.22±11.6 and 48.48±12.51, respectively (P=0.075). The mean DAI in normal and low vitamin D patients were 3.75±1.37 and 5.19±1.56, respectively (P=0.00). The mean number of swollen joints in normal and low vitamin D patients was 1.24±1.39 and 3.65±3.3, respectively (P=0.001). The mean number of tender joints in normal and low vitamin D patients were 6.84±4.41 and 9.44±3.62, respectively (P=0.042). The mean ESR in normal and low vitamin D patients were 19.40±12.40 and 37.91±21.72, respectively (P=0.002). Moreover, the mean VAS in normal and low vitamin D patients was 23.29±19.42 and 50.68±30.78, respectively (P=0.003). The more active the RA, the less serum vitamin D level.

Introduction & Zoonotic parasites are large groups of zoonoses among which the most important are hydatid cyst، liver trematodes and sarcocystis. These zoonoses are of considerable importance regarding both human health and economy. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of tissue zoonotic parasites and their epidemiologic status in Hamadan and to estimate the health and medical burden they impose on the society. In this cross sectional study، viscera (including liver، lung، kidney، heart،…) and muscles of 2590 sheep، 420 cattle، and 490 goats were macroscopically inspected for hydatid cysts، liver flukes، cysticercus، and microscopically (for Sarcocystis) in the Hamadan abattoir. The data were presented by descriptive tables and analyzed by c2 statistical test The infection rate for hydatid cyst، Fasciola، Dicrocoelium and Sarcocystis were found 12. 3%، 4. 9%، 6. 5%، and 5. 5% respectively. The high infection rates for hydatid cyst and Fasciola were found in cattle (16. 2% and 9. 5%) and for Dicrocoelium and Sarcocystis were found in sheep (6. 9%). Infection rate of lungs was higher (41. 2%) than liver (36. 6%) and liver and lung simultaneously were 22. 2% in the infected animals. Infection to Sarcocystis and Cysticercus were not found in the cattle. This study indicated that infection rate of tissue zoonotic parasites are relatively high in the domestic animals of Hamadan، however، the rate is lower in comparison to the previous studies. These parasites had imposed considerable economic burden on the society through reduction in the dairy production and increased the risk of infection in the population as well.