محمدحسین زاده

Christian or religious existentialism is a theological school that is mainly influenced by existentialism. The most important achievement of this theological school and other schools influenced by it, in addition to epistemic obstruction, is subjectivism. Based on this achievement or characteristic, we are in an epistemic impasse and we cannot achieve knowledge with the source of reason and narrative reason and the method of intellectual and narrative or historical research in the field of religion Therefore, in the research of religion, instead of an objective approach, one should use a subjective method. In this article, we explain and evaluate the existentialism research method, which is a subject. Then, by exploring the works of Kierkegaard, his followers and commentators, we will categorize and evaluate the most important teachings on which the theological school of Christian existentialism is based and founded with a special title and arrangement. This attitude faces many criticisms; for example, we can point to the ineffectiveness of subjectivism in research, especially religious research.

Among the interpretations of mental existence, only a few of them have ruled on the existential contradiction between the acquired knowledge and mental existence; Gholamreza Fayyazi’s view is the latest among them. One of the consequences of this recitation is the reconstruction of the representative apparition (al-shabaḥ al-muḥākī) theory and the substitution of representative correspondence (al-muṭābiqaẗ al-ḥikāyī) instead of substantive correspondence (al-muṭābiqaẗ al-māhawī) in the famous recitation. Fayyazi has argued on the ontological distinction between the acquired knowledge and mental existence in two ways:  the inner vision and the argument of correlation. This article has explained Fayyazi’s interpretation of the theory of mental existence in seven parts. The critical examination of this interpretation led to the conclusion that the theory of the unity of the knower and the known does not require that acquired knowledge be other than "mental form" from an ontological point of view; In addition, it was concluded that it is not correct to replace the representative correspondence instead of the substantive correspondence; because, it lacks the criteria necessary to explain the presentation and the correspondence between the mind and the object.

When dividing the acquired knowledge into concept and judgment, not only concept is one of the divisions, but the source of division is also a “concept”. The principles of division necessitate the source of division and the division not to be conceptually identical. Accordingly, in order to remove the problem of the “oneness of the source of division and division” or “the division of the thing into the self and other-than-the self”, the “concept” in the source of division must be different from the “concept” in the division. This paper examines Muslim logicians’ most important explanations in this regard and analyzes Mullā Ṣadrā’s standpoint in comparison to theirs. Moreover, based on his statements and the principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, concept has been explained as the source of division, division, and divided in two modes: the first is quiddative reading, which requires the division of concept (absolute acquired knowledge) into two simple types of “concept” and “judgment” and signifies their whatness. The second mode deals with realization and existence, which demonstrates the reliance of judgment on divided concept and is derived from Ibn Sīnā’s statements in this regard.

Nowadays, according to the global population growth, building and automobile generation are increasing. Hence, the vehicle collision to structures is increasing too, and these events may cause more vulnerability on structures. That's why, these structures need to be re-evaluated for strengthening and rehabilitating, but this issue is usually ignored and neglected. For this reason, in this study has been made an effort to determine, the rate of concrete structure vulnerability under vehicle collision on corner and middle columns with 10, 60 and 100 km/h speeds with19 seismic records simultaneously as incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Also this speeds may be define as low, medium and high speeds. At initiation, by ETABS software and according to Iran's seismic design code of buildings (4th edition) a concrete structure with intermediate moment frame system was designed. Then to obtain the force-time spectrum, the vehicle collision and a concrete structure was simulated by LSDYNA software. After that this building was analysed under several force-time spectrum and 19 seismic records in near field. After that the fragility curves due to incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) were drawn. Finally, according to failure indicators from HAZUS standard, the probability of damage from vehicle collision and 19 seismic records on corner and middle columns was evaluated. Then it was specified, the collision causes permanent deformations on structural elements and increasing in vehicle speed will increase the horizontal displacement of story and reduces the base shear, as well as increases the rate of damage on structure finally. For instance, the rate of displacement ratio from vehicle collision to concrete structure with 10, 60 and 100 speeds, which indicates the rate of damage, applied on structure is equal 0.00152, 0.00515 and 0.023.

Like most Muslim philosophers, ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī considers the principle of causality as a necessary proposition and counts it among the primary self-evident propositions, deeming its denial as departing from human nature. He views the principle of causality as irrefutable and distinct from the issue of basis of need. In line with this perspective, the main focus of the current research is to present and examine the most significant epistemological discussions around the principle of causality, with an emphasis on ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī's viewpoint. The key epistemological issues related to this principle are crystallized in its epistemological characteristics. Therefore, after reviewing various interpretations of the principle of causality in the introduction, we examine its epistemological characteristics (such as necessity, primary self-evidence, irrefutability, and analytical or compound nature) and elucidate its reasoning.The accomplishment of this study lies in the impossibility of establishing a real proof to demonstrate the principle of causality. Any argument put forth for its establishment, even if based on probabilities, is just to bring it to awareness or dialectical. This is because the validity of any argument, whether for or against, is based on accepting this principle, and without it, no argument can be established.

This paper discusses the nonlinear dynamic behavior of nanocomposite microplates reinforced with carbon nanotubes in contact with static fluids. Equations of motion are derived using the first-order shear deformation theory of plates and considering the size effects and large deformations. Effective mechanical properties are determined by applying the law of mixtures. By use of the Galerkin method, the nonlinear equations governing motion are discretized and the numerical solution is obtained. The results have been verified and the effect of micro-plate geometrical characteristics, small size parameter, fluid height and weight fraction of the carbon nanotubes studied on natural linear and nonlinear frequencies and the dynamic response has been evaluated. The results indicate that the natural frequency of the system decreases with increasing fluid height. The reinforcement of microplates by carbon nanotubes also results in a softening of the stiffening behavior of the spring and a substantial bending of the response curve. Depending on the excitation frequency, this bending may result in jump instability. By examining the time response, phase, and Poincaré map of the system, periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic vibration behavior can be observed.

Policy-making on the teaching of ethnic and local languages, like any other issue, cannot be based only on value and normative guidelines and without considering the requirements of the environment and strategic considerations. For this purpose, a research was conducted with the aim of identifying the driver factors and influential actors in the issue of teaching ethnic and local languages in Iran. In order to identify the driver factors, we used the method of “Cross Impact Analysis”  using Micmac software, and for "actor analysis" we used Mactor software. As the most important to prevent the important group of "ethnic activists" from falling into the coalition of opponents of the political system; To continue the alliance with"Convergents who want to increase the ethnic share"; And also, in order to neutralize the factors of "ethnic nation-building" and "ethnic divergence", it is suggested that the policymaker should put aside his relative inaction in the issue of teaching ethnic and local languages and take control of the field with a deliberate action. However, the educational program of ethnic and local language and literature should not have the characteristics of "public" and "standardization" which is the main demand of "ethnic fighters" with the aim of nation building. On the other hand, the desired educational program should be "elitist", with the aim of identifying and flourishing talents and considering the preservation of different varieties of native languages as the linguistic heritage of the country and away from being influenced by foreign varieties.

Suhrawardī has leveled five criticisms in order to demonstrate the inefficiency of the Peripatetic theory of definition and, in return, has suggested another method for defining things. This method, which is known as the “conceptual definition”, is based on a common sense understanding of the meanings of words. According to this method, words are defined through providing their conceptual bases in the view of linguists or the people of language. Here, the author firstly explains Suhrawardī’s method of defining things and then examines it critically. The critical analysis of his view reveals that the logical conclusion of his criticism of the Peripatetic theory of definition is the correction of this theory through employing intuition rather than leaving the definition of things based on their quiddity aside and advocating the theory of conceptual definition. Moreover, Suhrawardī’s theory of definition, as a replacement for its Peripatetic counterpart, suffers from several problems. Therefore, even if Suhrawardī’s objections to the Peripatetics’ theory of definition are accepted, his own method in this regard is not acceptable by itself. At the end of this paper, the author explains and criticizes the views of a contemporary researcher of Suhrawardī’s ideas who believes that the relationship between Ibn Sīnā’s and Suhrawardī’s logic of definition is one of completion rather than difference.

There are different ways to design energy dissipators. According to the type of performance of these elements, it is better to adopt the design method according to the consumed energy in order to determine what load should be considered as the design load for the energy-dissipating elements so that these elements have the best seismic performance. One of these methods is the use of energy-based performance index. This method is usually used to design pall friction dampers. In this research, it has been tried to use this method for a 12-story reinforced concrete structure of friction dampers, viscous, and seismic isolators of the lead rubber support type, and their performance is investigated. Based on this, for the earthquake records, the energy-based performance index has been calculated and the optimal design load has been calculated for these three energy wasters. Structures with optimal design load are subjected to dynamic loads and the contribution of elements in energy loss and their fragility curve have been evaluated. The results show that in a constant spectral acceleration (Sa), the probability of exceeding the specified performance level of a structure with a friction damper that is designed on this basis is lower than other structures. Also, in the acceleration of the design, the seismic isolator has wasted more energy than the other two structures.

Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) are one of the most important and widely used lateral load-bearing systems. The reason for this is easier execution than reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls, faster construction time, and lower final weight of the structure. However, the main drawback of SPSWs is premature buckling in low drift ratios, which affects the energy absorption capacity and global performance of the system. To address this problem, two groups of SPSWs under cyclic loading were investigated using the finite element method (FEM). In the first group, several series of circular rings have been used and in the second group, a new type of SPSW with concentric circular rings (CCRs) has been introduced. Numerous parameters include in yield stress of steel plate wall materials, steel panel thickness, and ring width were considered in nonlinear static analysis. At first, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was validated using three sets of laboratory SPSWs and the difference in results between numerical models and experimental specimens was less than 5% in all cases. The results of numerical models revealed that the full SPSW undergoes shear buckling at a drift ratio of 0.2% and its hysteresis behavior has a pinching in the middle part of load-drift ratio curve. Whereas, in the two categories of proposed SPSWs, the hysteresis behavior is complete and stable, and in most cases no capacity degradation of up to 6% drift ratio has been observed. Also, in most numerical models, the tangential stiffness remains almost constant in each cycle. Finally, for the innovative SPSW, a relationship was suggested to determine the shear capacity of the proposed steel wall relative to the wall slenderness coefficient.

Muslim philosophers have been influenced by the views of ancient Greek philosophers in the issue of generality (generic) and partiality, so that the essence of the views presented in the Islamic era can be seen in the opinions of Plato and Aristotle. Avicenna, like Aristotle, has denied the theory of Forms (theory of Ideas) and rejected Plato’s view about the general and partial issue. Unlike Avicenna, Suhrawardī has accepted the Platonic theory of Forms, but he has denied the Platonic generality in the issue of generality (generic) and partiality and has had a common opinion in explaining of “generic” (Arabic: کلی) with Aristotle and Avicenna, which means that he, like Avicenna, considers generality to be the same of mental concept as independently subsistent. Of course, Shaikh al-ʿIshraq (Master of Illumination) has opposed Avicenna in some minor aspects of this issue and has presented innovations. This article has explained Suhrawardī’s point of view on the issue of generality (generic) and partiality by an analytical-descriptive method and studied the reason of his tendency to Peripatetic explanation of the “generic”. Suhrawardī’s critiques of Sinavi’s approach have also been explained in this analytical study, and their impact on Mullā Ṣadrā’s critique on Peripatetic’s theory has been shown. Also, Mullā Ṣadrā’s encounter with Suhrawardī’s view on the issue of generality (generic) has been analyzed.

Is it possible, in Islamic philosophy, to achieve a kind of definition by limit or an essential definition (al-taʿrīf bi al-ḥadd) for the Necessary Being through the application of logical rules? Many scholars’ answer is negative since they hold that an essential definition is limited to quiddity while the Necessary Being is not a kind of quiddity. Although some of Ibn Sīnā’s statements show that in some cases, like the relative aspect of the soul’s faculties, he has provided a real definition by limit for things that are not quiddity, he did not offer an essential definition for the Necessary Being and in this case, he was satisfied with a “conceptual definition”. The main idea of the present article is that IbnʿArabī and Mullā Ṣadrā have extended this Avicennan logical idea in their philosophical system. The result is as follows: IbnʿArabī has presented two solutions to define the Necessary Being and Mullā Ṣadrā has added one explanation to IbnʿArabī’s solutions.

One of Mūllā Ṣadrā’s logical innovations based on the theory of the primacy of existence is that “the definition of an object is unique to its recent differentia”. Mūllā Ṣadrā believes that in order to achieve true unity in composite quiddity, it is necessary to gather all the previous genuses and differentias in existence or in the same recent Form and differentia; in other words, in the recent Form and differentia, they are merged and depreciated. One of the consequences of such an attitude towards the recent Form and differentia - as the provider of the true unity of the composite quiddity - is that the previous materials and genuses are integrated in a simple way in the recent chapter, but each one, in a detailed way (that is, with actualities multiple) are not the constituents of the compound object and are considered outside of its truth. The inevitable result of the above point is that the inclusion of previous genuses and differentias in the definition of quiddity is not as an intrinsic component of that, but as equipment or branches of quiddity. Ṭabāṭabāʼī, as one of the most important commentators on Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view, did not accept this view and proposed three objections to it: 1) it is not appropriate to be content with the differentia alone; while the “definition” must be detailed 2) the exclusion of previous genuses and differentias from the truth of the object requires a revolution in essence 3) The exclusion of the genuses and differentias from the truth of the object is in conflict with “dress after dress” in the substantial motion. This article, after a brief reference to Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view on the uniqueness of the definition of an object through its recent differentia, presents Ṭabāṭabāʼī’s threefold criticisms with a critical attitude. Examination of these three criticisms led to the conclusion that none of Ṭabāṭabāʼī’s criticisms is correct and that Mūllā Ṣadrā’s intention is to exclude the genuses and differentias present in the detailed order, not the genuses and differentias mentioned in the brief and simple order of the recent differentia. Also, during the study and response to Ṭabāṭabāʼī’s criticisms, some of the hidden dimensions of Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view, such as the affirmative actuality of the genuses and the previous differentias.

The non-uniform stress distribution that occurs in a tension member adjacent to a connection, in which all elements of the cross section are not directly connected, is commonly referred to as the shear lag effect. This effect reduces the design strength of the member because the entire cross section is not fully effective at the critical section location. This phenomenon has long been taken into account in various structural codes, however the rules of the codes used are somewhat conservative and it seems that they need to be reviewed. In this research, a series of steel box section connected through two wings and plate sections were studied through finite element method using ABAQUS software, and the ultimate member capacity was obtained. It can be seen that in this regard the relationship between the rules is somewhat conservative and optimized relationships have been proposed to address this issue. Parameters used include connection length, axial force eccentricity, and weld size. The results show that the length of the connection, the gusset plate thickness and also the eccentricity have a significant influence on the shear latency coefficient.

A change in the philosophical foundations of logic requires a change in the approach to dealing with its problems, and sometimes a change in the problems themselves. One of the important issues of logic is the structure of the definition and the role of various “genus” and “differentia” in the “limit definition” and how they are arranged. According to the theory of the primacy of existence, this article rereads and explains Mūllā Ṣadrā’s view on the “limit definition” and analyzes how he deals with the views of most philosophers. An analytical study of this issue led to the conclusion that the theory of the primacy of existence and its derivatives has led to a different approach in Mūllā Ṣadrā’s philosophy in which the “last differentia” provides the true unity of composite quiddity and the former genuses and differentias in the form of simplicity and In short are included; accordingly, Mūllā Ṣadrā has explicitly stated that in “complete limit” it is not necessary to observe the order between the components of quiddity, but it is a matter of admiration. In this innovative approach, the “limit definition” of quiddity is merely the last differentia, and each of the earlier genuses and differentias in detail with multiple realizations, as most philosophers have drawn, are not part of the object and are outside its truth; as a result, the mention of previous genuses and differentias in “limit definition” is superfluous to the truth of the object.

The construction of urban infrastructure structures such as bridges, tunnels, etc. located on the fault line is inevitable in many cases. Therefore, various solutions have been proposed to reduce the damage to national vital arteries. In this research, grid caisson foundations have been used for the bridge foundation system to reduce the destructive effects of fault propagation. First, the three-dimensional finite element numerical model was validated using experimental models. By comparing the deformation of the ground surface due to normal fault between the numerical and laboratory models, a maximum difference of 5% was observed, which had a good agreement. Then, a parametric study was performed to influence the parameters such as foundation thickness, foundation stiffness, relative position of the foundation relative to the fault outcrop, and the connection of the bridge slab deck on the overall performance of the bridge. The results of numerical studies showed that mat foundation cannot meet the overall stability of the bridge under normal fault. The grid caisson system had better performance. This system was able to withstand large tectonic deformations. Indeterminate of the structure has caused negative effects on the elements of the structure. While reducing the degrees of structural indetermination, it reduces the stress on the pier members and the deck of the bridge slab. The use of loose sandy soils resulted in more contact of the foundation with the subsoil, and its differential settlement was less than in the case where dense sandy soils were used.

In this study, the effect of sun tracking on the performance of an evacuated tube solar cooker is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, sun tracking is manually performed in time intervals of 5 min. Moreover, in another experiment, the solar cooker is placed towards the south with a tilt angle of 30º. In this research, the evacuated tube solar cooker is utilized to boil water. In addition, the comparison of the performance of the solar cooker in the fixed and movable situations is conducted from the energy and exergy viewpoints. The results indicate that the time required to boil 800 gr of water in the experiment in which the solar cooker is in the fixed situation is 2 h and 25 min. However, the sun tracking by the solar cooker reduces the mentioned time by about 1 h and 5 min (44.83%). Using sun tracking, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the solar cooker also increase about 4.92% and 0.57% in order.

Recent earthquakes have shown that, besides the seismic forces, the interaction between faults and structures could cause extensive damage to the surface and underground structures. Field observations showed that the need for design measures and regulations for fault loading due to fault movement in areas with active faults seems necessary. In this study, the three-dimensional finite element model in Abaqus finite element program to study the behaviour of a 9-story steel structure with a moment frame system based on three types of mat foundations, piles group, and diaphragm walls was used on sandy soil. The performance of the structural-foundation system was evaluated taking into account the structural and geotechnical performance goals such as the drift ratio of floor levels, displacement of the foundation and distribution of bending moment and shear force along with the pile and foundation. In this study, the position of the foundation relative to the fault line and the foundation type were considered as key parameters. The results of the analysis showed that the best performance in reducing the ratio of the permanent drift ratio of the floors related to the structure with the diaphragm wall system. This was in the case that the edge of the foundation is tangent to the fault line, this value reaches 1.62%. Also, in most cases, in small amounts of fault movements, the mat foundation system had a smaller difference than the other considered foundation system in this study.