محمدرحیم رهنما

Ecological city theory is an answer to many needs of modern urban planning. The ecological city usually has a dense texture and one of its most important strategies is building high constructions instead of expanding the city. It requires building at height, changing the pattern of urban construction. High-rise construction is justified by emphasizing ecological principles and in the form of mixed uses. So that in the big cities of the world, famous buildings have been built by observing the principles of ecological design. The ecological design standards are met in these buildings to receive the ecological rating of the building. One of the most important standards approved by the international community is the sustainable international standard HQE, which means "high environmental quality". HQE is an indicator of the evaluation of the ecological level of buildings based on French standards. This approach considers buildings with all their components and throughout their life cycle, and due to its flexibility, it can be used for all buildings; that is, from new buildings and renovations. This approach can be effective in all different climates.The large number of high-rise buildings in Mashhad shows dynamism, rapid growth, and a willingness to invest, making Mashhad the second largest metropolis in the country after Tehran in terms of this type of construction. The high-rise construction that Iranian metropolises, including Mashhad, have experienced in the last decade has led to the construction of more than 40 high-rise buildings scattered across different parts of Mashhad in less than a decade. This issue has been increasing in recent years. In the future, however, this trend can affect the city of Mashhad, whose population and number of tourists are always increasing, with various problems such as lack of energy (as we saw in the winter of 2022) and favorable infrastructure, congestion, traffic, and various types of pollution. The current towers are built without specific plans and rules, but based on limited criteria that can be implemented in almost all regions. But the question is: What are the criteria of ecological design based on international standards in high-rise buildings and how can the trend of high-rise construction in the city of Mashhad be pushed towards green high-rise buildings? This study was conducted to improve the level of construction quality and reduce the consumption of resources and energy waste in the large part of buildings and high-rise buildings in Mashhad. An attempt was made to clarify the fundamental principles and design criteria of green high-rise buildings and to partially present the perspective of ecological thinking in the current situation by comparing it with three exemplary high-rise buildings in Mashhad city. All of these towers are famous but have different uses and are built in different urban areas with different detailed designs.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to identify the principles and criteria related to high-rise construction in the form of ecological design principles and to analyze the status of high-rise buildings in Mashhad. The statistical population consists of three famous and important high-rise buildings out of 40 high-rise buildings in Mashhad. The data required for this research is based on exploratory theoretical foundations and has been collected through both documentary and field studies. The method of this study was HQE (high environmental quality). Therefore, in order to address the issue comprehensively, after categorizing the two external and internal environments, the objectives in four groups were selected for high-rise buildings. The group of goals of ecological construction and ecological management, in the first category, is related to the surrounding environment, and the group of goals related to comfort and health is related to the second category and the internal environment of the building. Within the framework of these four categories of goals, a total of 14 micro-goals were considered. After defining these goals, other micro goals were defined in the form of indicators (40 indicators).

The selected buildings, which are the famous towers of Mashhad and were selected from different urban areas with different detailed designs, were examined and analyzed based on the questionnaires. Then, the degree of conformity of the studied buildings with ecological design indicators was checked.Armitage Tower: This building received a score of 2.32 for ecological construction goals, 2.06 for ecological management goals, 3.5 for comfort goals, and 3.41 for health goals. This building received a good score in the health and comfort section, while ithas been in an average condition in the ecological construction and ecological management sections.Baran Tower: This building received a score of 2.02 for ecological construction goals, 2.66 for ecological management goals, 3.35 for comfort goals, and 3.5 for health goals. Like the Armitage building, this building received a good score for the health and comfort section, while it is in an average position in the ecological construction and ecological management sections.Darvishi Hotel Tower: This building received a score of 2.02 for ecological construction goals, 2.66 for ecological management goals, 3.35 for comfort goals, and 3.5 for health goals. Like the Armitage building, this building received a good score for the health and comfort, while it is in an average position in the ecological construction and ecological management sections.Therefore, it can be said that in most of the four main groups of goals related to HQE, all three towers were in a good condition (scores between 3 and 4) only in the group of goals related to health, but in the other groups of goals, the condition of the towers is different.

Comparing the scores related to the degree of compliance of the studied towers with the defined indicators shows that there is no ecological considerations in the construction of these towers and the lack of equipping the towers with high energy efficiency equipment (such as solar cells, solar water heaters, water purification, and recycling systems and sewage, most of which are expensive and imported equipment) not because of the lack of financial resources, but because of the lack of attention and awareness of the tower builders and the fact that these items are not prioritized for them.The results of the study of high-rise buildings in the city of Mashhad showed that the towers of the city of Mashhad have performed poorly in terms of various dimensions of ecological design in the main axes of ecological construction and ecological management, and the indicators of energy supply required based on renewable sources, garbage recycling, waste water and sewage, use of native materials, rainwater management and recycling. Even the existing limited cases also lack a targeted plan. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of the research, which is to improve the quality of construction and reduce the consumption of resources and energy waste in the huge part of high-rise construction in the city of Mashhad, the following suggestions are presented:Approval of ecological design rules and regulations by the management authorities of Mashhad and encouraging investors and tower builders to comply with these rules;Application of incentive regulations, discounts on construction violations and tax discounts for tower builders in order to implement ecological design rules and regulations;Setting up and forming the ecological management department in Mashhad municipality and checking the legal permits for the construction of high-rise buildings through this management;Paying attention to environmental criteria in order to reduce energy consumption in high-rise buildings in urban planning laws, detailed plans, and action criteria;Revision of the urban construction approach and related laws;Attention to the negative economic, social, cultural, environmental and legal consequences if ecological construction standards are not used;Additional studies to take advantage of global experiences in order to enrich local literature in the field of ecological urban planning, green architecture, green building and the new trend of high-rise construction in Iran.

Shopping tourism serves as an economic-social phenomenon that plays a significant role in the economic development of tourist destinations. This type of tourism is not only deemed as an economic activity but also as a part of the travel experience. Shopping tourism is recognized as a combination of two global industries: tourism and retail. It describes purchasing at various travel destinations acting as a driving force for generating employment, income, and both direct and indirect benefits. This research aims to model the shopping pattern of pilgrims and tourists residing in 3- and 5-star hotels in Mashhad. This is an applied study that uses a descriptive-analytical method. For the descriptive section, central tendency-dispersion indices, and for the inferential section, structural equations were used. The statistical population consisted of the religious tourist population in Mashhad, (n=31,188,664 people). Of this figure, 9,792,252 people stayed in 3-star hotels and 776,552 people stayed in 5-star hotels. A sample of 380 people was selected using the Cochran method. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Amos software. The findings suggest that psychological factors are explained by 43% through social and cultural indices and they are one hundred percent influenced by three underlying factors, i.e. marketing mix factors (price, distribution and product), and cultural-social and individual factors. The results show that tourism development should be informed by a comprehensive planning process that is tailored to the consumption needs and purchasing patterns of pilgrims and tourists to improve the quality of travel, the tourist-friendliness of the city, and ultimately higher number and quality of pilgrim trips.

Introduction :

In recent decades, the rapid growth of urbanisation has brought problems, one of which is the intensification of the rate of physical-spatial changes and the inefficiency of urban tissues. This process of population increase, a decline of social status, and disorder in the spatial-physical, economic and functional organisation in urban neighbourhoods that play an essential role in the life and decay of the city brought along this intermediate neighbourhood of Khajeh Rabi in Mashhad; it is one of the neighbourhoods that in recent decades has been associated with issues such as poverty, physical and social erosion, and a decrease in the standard of living. have not had their quality of life, the existence of one of the most important cemeteries in the city will also lead to the possibility of abandonment and degradation of the quality of this fabric, for this reason, the implementation of a comprehensive and sustainable plan for the regeneration of this neighbourhood to improve the quality of life of the residents is essential. Is. Therefore, this research has been carried out to present scenarios of urban regeneration in the Khajeh Rabi neighbourhood in Mashhad until 2033 and compile strategies for realising urban regeneration in the Khajeh Rabi neighbourhood.

The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and library studies. For this purpose, the research variables are collected in the theoretical foundations section. With the method of structural analysis (in this method, the influence and effectiveness of the research variables according to the scoring range from 0 to 3, where 0 means no impact, one means weak impact, two means moderate impact, three means high impact and p means potential direct and indirect impact) were ranked. After that, the statistical population was selected from the elite group with a sample size of 20 people from among urban planning experts, the municipality of Region Three, university professors and doctoral students, and with surveys conducted in the form of a cross-effects matrix questionnaire, the influencing variables were identified, and The key drivers were selected from variables with high impact and uncertainty. In the next step, with the interviews conducted with 10 people from the experts of the 22 Bahman Facilitation Office in Mashhad, the possible states of the key drivers and the existing situation were identified, and compatible scenarios were determined using the method of interaction analysis in the scenario wizard. Finally, by identifying the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats that show the current situation and the resulting scenarios, using the SWOT model, the strategies for realising the desired scenario and controlling the disaster scenario were determined.

The findings in Mikmak show that the data has 74% validity, and the distribution of variables in the effect-direct dependence map indicates the existence of an unstable system in the field of regeneration in the Khajeh Rabi neighbourhood. Variables that are identified and predicted as key drivers in Mik Mak software can play a role in guiding the Khajeh Rabi neighbourhood system towards sustainability, including access to services, facilities and social facilities, equipment and infrastructure; the type of development is the network of roads, investment in the process of renovation and improvement of the neighbourhood, the type of management, the type of planning, the type of participation of residents, the rules and regulations of neighbourhood regeneration and the implementation of the project. The findings in the wizard scenario in the output of the urban regeneration system network diagram of the Khajeh Rabi neighbourhood indicate that the drivers of investment in the renovation and improvement process, the type of residents’ participation and the rules and regulations of the neighbourhood’s regeneration are more important than other drivers in this neighbourhood. They are reliable and able to control the system effectively. The output of the compatible scenarios, the scenarios in two favorable groups with 289% compatibility include: including: access of all residents to services, facilities and social facilities, full development of neighborhood equipment and infrastructure, intermediate development and smart growth in the neighborhood, organization of the road network in All dimensions (traffic, asphalt, etc.)), the allocation of incentive packages for investment in the renovation and improvement process for all residents, good urban governance in the neighborhood regeneration plan, formulation of a comprehensive neighborhood regeneration plan, capacity building and institution building in all dimensions, monitoring the full implementation of neighborhood regeneration laws and regulations and the use of professional consultants in the formulation and implementation of the neighborhood and disaster regeneration plan with 356% compatibility, including: lack of attention to access to services, facilities and social facilities, lack of development of neighborhood equipment and infrastructure, scattered growth and unplanned growth, lack of Incentive packages, top-down planning, failure to formulate a comprehensive redevelopment plan, lack of capacity building and institution building, lack of monitoring of neighborhood redevelopment laws and regulations, and failure to implement redevelopment plan.

The results show that the creation of cultural, leisure and sports spaces, such as the construction of a library and park for all residents to access social services, facilities and facilities, the use of barren lands and investment to create tourist places and the creation of commercial and branding centres near the tomb of Khajeh Rabi For intermediate development and smart growth in the neighbourhood, high-quality flooring of sidewalks With the support of the municipality to organise the road network, the support of the private and public sector in the construction of houses and giving loans to the people and investing in creating new jobs in the neighbourhood, for the allocation of incentive packages and the renovation and improvement of the neighbourhood for all residents, spatial justice in handling the neighbourhood by the municipality. For good urban governance, attracting investors’ participation through the granting of incentive points for the renovation of the neighbourhood for capacity building and institution building will be the most important strategies for the regeneration of the Khajeh Rabi area.

Currently, urban spaces in Iran cannot meet the needs of people as a social being. Iranian see these spaces only as a path to go through and not as a space that they can enjoy. These spaces are facing many challenges, one of which is that most of these spaces face after the modernist views in the urban area is the degradation of their influence on the presence of people in this space. The formation of inefficient urban spaces should be considered as one of the consequences of this approach.
Urban spaces are facing several challenges like sociability. Sociability also has an important impact upon sustainable urban development. Various studies have mentioned the criteria of sociability, but examining the evaluation method and contextual characteristics will lead to a better understanding of this issue. Considering these points, this research tried to explore the sociability of space in neighborhoods that have a pre-designed physical pattern. Research indicators included 22 variables in five categories: physical, spatial arrangement, social, functional, and environmental comfort. The studied area was Sjjad neighborhood of Mashhad, focused on neighborhood units located in Amin and Mina.
This study considered in this evaluation the intra-neighborhood differences and the need to address them, and the way the neighborhoods have been shaped (automatically or pre-designed). It claimed that the sociability of the space in the neighborhoods depends on the process of their formation, and officials should pay attention to the issue. Taking the above points, this study tried to see if there are any differences between the public spaces of the neighborhood in terms of sociability. Considering the shape of the neighborhood (pre-designed physical pattern), it also tried to find out which indicators play more important roles in the sociability of the space.

To achieve the goal of the research, descriptive-analytical method was applied. Questionnaire, field observation, and spatial and statistical analysis were used for collecting the required data. Through documentary studies, the criteria and indicators related to the sociability of urban spaces were determined. Then, 385 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the residents of the neighboring units in Sajjad neighborhood (focusing Amin and Mina) to see the availability of public spaces. Spatial analysis methods such as spatial autocorrelation indices and focal statistics, as well as inferential statistics methods such as the Yeoman-White-Navy test, and the spatial arrangement method were used to show the differences between public spaces.

Documentary studies showed that the Sajjad neighborhood of Mashhad first Pahlavi era was in the form of gardens and belonged to Hossein Malek. Then, these gardens have been changing regularly. The data collected through the questionnaires and the general result of the comparison between the willingness to attend in neighborhood units of Mina and Amin showed that Mina has a better condition than Amin in this regard. Moreover, the results of Yeoman-White-Navy test showed that there is a significant difference between the variables in the two neighborhoods residential units.
The result showed that indicators pertaining to the functional factor and activity influence significantly on the success of public spaces regarding the attendance of people. Indicators related to functional and activity diversity, and mixing and diversity of uses were recognized as the most important influencing criteria. The field studies and the focal statistics showed that in 75% of the area, there are only one to three uses and in 10% of the area, there are more than 8 uses. The results related to the mix of use indicator showed that public spaces such as parks in the Amin and Mina neighborhoods do not have a suitable status (between 4 and 5 uses). The highest indicator of diversity of use belongs to educational spaces and commercial uses close to Sajjad Boulevard. The graphs of arrangement analysis showed that the space configuration indicators in the Amin and Mina neighborhoods are not in a good condition compared to the status of the entire area. Nevertheless, neighboring units compared to each other, Mina neighborhood unit shows a better condition. It even in some parameters, its average is higher than the average of the whole studied area.

This study showed that Sajjad neighborhood has a planned physical pattern, but the attendance status in its neighborhood units (Mina and Amin) is not the same. That is, Mina neighborhood units has a better condition than Amin neighborhood units. This can be interpreted as having a detailed plan does not necessarily mean not possessing local differences, and public spaces at the neighborhood level are strongly influenced by local issues. Investigations showed that since such criteria as population distribution, types of uses, variety of uses, and hierarchy of roads are influenced by the physical plan, they do not play a role in creating differences in the sociability of spaces of neighborhoods. On the contrary, such criteria as the status of urban furniture and related services and spatial arrangement criteria have the greatest impact on the intra-local differences in the sociability of spaces.
The findings of this research can be used for improving the sociability of public spaces. Among the things that can be considered in this regard are: paying attention to intra-local differences and identifying different aspects of these differences; paying attention to the outer features of neighborhoods when arranging the elements and considering the inclusion of people’s taste and psychological aspects, and taking into account the significance of spatial arrangement criteria in sociability. The authors of this study believe that paying attention to these criteria can increase the sociability role of spaces in physical designs.

One of the major challenges the country has faced in recent decades, due to urban population growth and changes in economic and political contexts, is food security. Various laws, policies, and plans have been adopted and implemented over the years; however, the issue of food supply and food security remains unresolved. The Supreme Leader has repeatedly emphasized the importance of this issue and outlined principles and solutions that could be instrumental in addressing this challenge. This study examines the texts of documents (laws and policies) and leadership statements on food security. Using the thematic analysis method, the themes were extracted within the framework of food security dimensions and subsequently compared based on the principles of good governance, a key approach to achieving food security. The findings highlight that a common theme across documents and statements is the emphasis on leveraging modern knowledge, technology, and innovations to enhance production levels. Additionally, accountability, efficiency, effectiveness, and justice are identified as key principles for achieving food security through good governance, as emphasized in the leadership's statements. These principles should guide the formulation and implementation of policies and laws.

One of the effective approaches to realizing food security is the good governance approach, in which the issue of food security can be managed in an efficient manner based on the principles of participation, strict monitoring, adherence to the law, as well as the establishment of justice and equality. The city of Mashhad, due to its location, has different economic, agricultural, socio-demographic, cultural and geographical characteristics. Its population consists of immigrants, nationals, pilgrims, urban and rural residents and different income and ethnic groups. Also, about a third of its population is made up of residents of informal settlements. Due to these characteristics, the issue of food supply is an important and multifaceted issue in Mashhad. The current research is qualitative research and has been conducted with the help of ISM structural-interpretive modeling method. Therefore, using the opinions of experts and experts to identify, localize and level the factors affecting the food security of Mashhad city in the framework of the good governance approach was done in the form of a Delphi interview. Based on the findings of the research, the components were placed in eight levels, and the most effective component, which is located in the independent area in the two-dimensional device of the degree of dependence-power of influence, is the component of "Efficient and accurate monitoring of the food distribution process" from the components of the management field.

the current research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating possible scenarios in the formation of the ecological city of Shandiz, the tourist star of Khorasan Razavi province, in the horizon of 1410. To achieve this goal, six main steps of scenario writing were followed and quantitative and qualitative studies were carried out. done. At first, in the form of a questionnaire (in two dimensions, the degree of influence and uncertainty), 24 experts in the field of ecological city were asked for their opinion. By means of descriptive and inferential statistical tests, the effective factors of prioritization and then the critical drivers that shape the scenarios were determined. In order to determine the logic of the scenarios, develop the scenarios, examine the consequences and also determine the strategies, an interview was conducted with 20 experts who were selected by the theoretical saturation method with the semi-structured interview tool. The results of the research show that the three scenarios of ecological tourism stars, the unstable orbiting machine tourism city and the Iron Forest are conceivable for the future of Shandiz city in relation to the ecological city. Finally, strategies have been presented for the city of Shandiz to reach the desired scenario.

nvestigating the relationship between urban green space on air pollution and respiratory mortality in Mashhad using linear regression was done in 2018.

The study method in the present research is descriptive-analytical, which investigated the relationship between variables using GIS and TerrSet software. Therefore, in the first step, after receiving air pollution concentration data from 23 air quality control monitoring stations in the city of Mashhad and applying the necessary corrections to it with the interpolation method in GIS software, the distribution and distribution of pollutants was prepared in the form of a map. In the second step, the statistics related to Mortality due to respiratory death was received from Ferdous organization of Mashhad city and the distribution and density map of respiratory deaths was drawn. Finally, the obtained maps were called in TerrSet software and the relationship between variables was measured using the linear regression option.

The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the north and northeast, carbon monoxide in the north and central areas, and the concentration of respiratory deaths in the northeast were higher than in other places. The relationship between air pollutants and respiratory mortality with urban green space using linear regression also indicated that the variable of green space with nitrogen dioxide has a correlation coefficient of 0.11, carbon monoxide has a coefficient of 0.03 and respiratory deaths has a coefficient of 0.046.

The results showed that despite the low correlation coefficients, the increase in urban green space has led to a decrease in air pollution and the number of respiratory deaths in Mashhad.

Innovation: 

Among the most important innovative and practical aspects of the research, we can mention the spatial distribution of respiratory deaths in Mashhad in 2017 and its relationship with urban green spaces.

The Tissues of the city is considered one of the elements of the urban form effective on the occurrence of theft crimes. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the effect of urban context on spatial-temporal patterns of robbery crimes in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models. The statistical population includes theft crimes in Mashhad in the period of 1390-1400. In order to analyze the data, Geoda and ArcGIS software and spatial-statistical models such as Moran's spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal cube model were used. The results of the research indicate that 58.9 percent of theft crimes have occurred in fine fabrics. In fact, uses with an area of 50-75 square meters have the highest amount of theft crimes. Investigating the effect of urban context classification on theft crimes showed that 60.43% of the thefts occurred in peripheral contexts (marginal areas of Mashhad city, areas 4, 5, 7, 15, 16 and parts of area 13). Also, 19/2% of crimes are in checkered patterns (localities located in the west of Mashhad), 14/6% in star patterns (the central part of the city and around the holy shrine of Razavi) and 5/7% in middle patterns (area 1 and parts of the region 2) has taken place. Investigating the spatial-temporal cube patterns of theft crimes in Mashhad city showed that in the peripheral contexts the pattern of theft crimes is of the type of new and scattered hot spots, which indicates the intensity of theft crimes in these areas, but in the checkered contexts, the pattern of crimes is of the type of cold spots is an increase that shows that theft crimes in these areas are increasing in recent years.

Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city

Tourism is one of the global issues that well expresses the combination of economic, social and cultural affairs. This study aimed to investigate the driving factors of the mixed marketing on the desire for shopping among pilgrims and tourists who stay in 3- and 5-star hotels in Mashhad. Different measures of central tendency were used to describe descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for inferential statistics. The number of religious tourists in Mashhad have been reported to be 31,188,664 people, so out of the population, 9,792,252 resided in 3-star hotels and 776,552 resided in 5-star hotels. The sample size was determined 380 participants according to Cochran’s formula. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. In analysis of structural equations, the proposed model for investigating the relationship between marketing stimuli and pilgrims buying behavior presents fit indices. The results showed that mixed marketing factors have an effect on individual factors (occupation, economic status and personality). To change consumers’ buying behavior, as the first priority, psychological factors such as attitude, motivation and purpose of purchase should be taken into consideration and as the second priority, socio-cultural factors such as education, family, and social roles should be considered. The third priority was to simultaneously pay attention to individual factors such as job factors, economic status and personality, and mixed marketing driving factors such as product, price, promotion and distribution in Mashhad. This way, it could impact positively the quality of travel, the image of city as tourist-friendy city, and increase the number and quality of travels.

Brownfields refer to deserted unused areas where redevelopment seems to be impossible due to the environmental pollution. Hence, this essay tries to address the planning of redevelopment of such fields in Mashhad’s Abkooh Sugar Factory. This 28.5 Hectare factory is built in northwest of Mashhad and in the vicinity of district 4 of municipality of zone 2 adjacent to Qaem Freeway and Mahad-Ghoochan road. Adopting a descriptive- analytic methodology, we firstly examine the Outreach areas and the operative system of the existent and required activities of the area. Then we had semi-structured interviews with 12 expert knowing all about the area to present some suggestions according to the theoretical and documental discoveries. This was done to find the optimal option amongst all the proposed ones. The proposed options were mostly presented and assessed based on the combination of several compatible uses. This was aimed to appropriately use the considerable extent of the area. Finally, the expert agreed on 7 options to be established in the area. Then four basic criteria (city construction, تحقق پذیری, economy and identity) for assessing the uses have been taken into account. Each criterion consists of some sub criteria. In this stage, 15 questionnaires were designed and delivered to other experts to evaluate the criteria and proposed options. The results gained in AHP framework showed that the first priority is to construct a commercial-administrative center and in the next place is the building and opening of some tourist attractions.

Livable cities are places for social life, the creation of beauty, the presence of all residents in the public space without pollution and traffic. Social principles and its values have a special position in livable city. The thresholds of social satisfaction and identity values are very important in livable city. The main goal of this research is analysis on Mashhad metropolis livability with emphasis on culture and social sustainability indicator. The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. Based on the GIS Software, maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators according to the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones were drawn. For mental indicator, including 15 questions, questionnaire have been applied for a sample size of 402 persons in all zones of Mashhad. The results of this research show the zone Samen (13) of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of culture and social sustainability indicator, followed by zones 8. By contrast, zones 2, 4 and 7 have the worst conditions in terms of culture and social sustainability indicators.

The main purpose of the present study is to assess urban resilience to floods in the study area western cities of Mazandaran also the present study tries to determine which of the cities in the situation is suitable in terms of resilience. Research method In the present study, the type of applied research and the nature of the research are descriptive-analytical. Library-field methods including observation and questionnaires (closed and spectral) were used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is the western cities of Mazandaran province including Nowshahr, Chalous, Hatchiroud, Kojoor, Marzanabad, Clarabad, and Abbasabad, which according to Cochran's formula, 384 have been selected as the sample size. The validity of the research was confirmed by university professors and its reliability was 0.87% according to Cronbach's alpha test for analyzing SPSS information and data by descriptive statistics (mean frequency distribution) and inferential methods (one-sample t-test and analysis of variance). Unilateral) has been used; Findings show that the studied cities are in different conditions of resilience. By considering all four dimensions of resilience, it was determined. Nowshahr is in first place with the highest average in terms of resilience against natural hazards. Chalous, Abbasabad and Salmanshahr are in the next place. According to the results obtained, the city of Kojoor has obtained the lowest average in the last rank in terms of resilience.

1- Identifying the position of the Lorestan province in terms of tourism and agriculture rather than its competitors (Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Hamadan, Khuzestan, Ilam, Isfahan, Markazi) in competitiveness debate according to sources and internal capabilities of the province of Lorestan. 2- Identifying effective macro environmental factors that influence the development of the province 3- Proportional strategic mapping indicating proportional strategic equilibrium between sources and potentials of the province of Lorestan with macro-environmental factors and identified objectives in the development vision document of the province.

For strategic development and description of the objectives, resources, abilities and macro-environmental factors Meta-SWOT analysis technique has been used. Data and information needed have been provided using document and survey methods (questionnaire). A sample of people has been 40 experts in fields associated offices and academic researchers who have been chosen targeted. Findings/

The results indicate that the funds allocated to the province in legislative bodies, the country's macro management, international sanctions, lack of private sector investment, ethnicity in the province and negative publicity are considered as the most important factors of the development of Lorestan. In regional competitiveness debate in the discussion of regional tourism, the provinces of Isfahan with a score of 4 out of 5 possible scores and Kermanshah with a score of 3 have been identified as the most important competitors. From agricultural aspect, the provinces of Khuzestan with a score of 80/3, Kermanshah, Isfahan Points 3 of 5 possible points have been identified as the most important regional competitors for the province.

Considering the available resources and capabilities of Lorestan Province in terms of tourism and agriculture, with planning and proper management in the final development document of the country, the 1404, it can be in a better position in terms of development in the region.

Increase in urban population has led to the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of cities, which has led to an increase in energy consumption, including electricity. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of Karaj’s form on electricity consumption and the length of power network lines as carriers. The required data of this applied and descriptive-analytical study was collected through the library resources and going to organizations. The statistical population is 173 neighborhoods of Karaj city. The geographic weight regression (GWR) tool was used to determine the spatial variation between the independent and dependent variables. The results showed that the form of Karaj city highly compacts the neighborhoods of Regions 5, 1, 7, and 2, but the neighborhoods of Regions 3 and 4 have a spiral state due to the villas and the high infrastructure of the villa gardens in part of the city. Based on the results obtained from local weight regression, the population density index as one of the important indicators of city form has the highest impact on electricity consumption in Karaj (R2 equals 78). That is, the city form index, according to this index at the 95% confidence level, justifies 78% of electricity consumption. Moreover, the entropy index as one of the indicators of the independent variable (city form) with (R2=0.66) has the highest impact on the length of Karaj electricity network lines. Therefore, the results showed that the form of the city of Karaj has a spatial relationship of more than 0.50% on the electricity consumption and the length of the lines of the power grid of the city.

AbstractIntroduction More than half of the world's population now lives in cities. The most important spatial manifestation of urban population growth is the physical growth of cities. Many surrounding villages have been integrated into the physical fabric of cities, which has led to marginalization, destruction of agricultural lands and the fragmentation of the physical fabric city. Today, land use change is accelerating along with the rapid growth of urban land and has an important role in urban land use changes. Therefore, land use change is a process during which human activities change the natural landscape .Since land use change is considered as irreversible change, access to up-to-date statistics and information and awareness of the change process are important factors in planning and decision making. In this part, land use maps that show the current conditions and how to use the land are important. The scattered and widespread trend of Zahedan city in the last hundred years needs to be studied and monitored. The aim of this study is to investigate the trend and predict land use changes in Zahedan city using satellite images and Markov chain model in the years 2000 to 2040.MethodologyThis research is descriptive and analytical in nature and quantitative in terms of methodology. In this research, the images of ETM sensor, Landsat 7 related to 2000 and 2010 and Operational Land Imager (OLI) Landsat 8 satellite in 2021 have been used .satellite imagery data with 30 m resolution for 17 July 2000, 13 July 2010 and 16 May 2021 were downloaded from the US Geological Survey.Then, data were prepared for analysis using ArcGIS and TerrSet software. Subsequently, samples of land use were digitized into four classes using the Digitize option in TerrSet software. After that, digitized land uses were categorized into four classes in TerrSet using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The quality and usability of classified images of 2000, 2010 and 2021 were estimated by accuracy assessment Then, Land Change Modeller was used to predict land use changes from 2021–2040. ConclusionThe concentration of more than half of the world's population in urban areas by 2021 and the multiplication of urban land growth have made land use change an environmental challenge. This study was conducted to investigate land use change in Zahedan. What further emphasizes the need to analyze land use change and predict its future is the development of the surrounding city, outside the process of comprehensive planning and suburbanization, which is a serious threat to agricultural land.For this purpose, land use change study was performed in three periods of 2000, 2010 and 2021 and four floors using Landsat 7, 8 satellite images with a resolution of 30 meters and Markov chain model. Finally, based on the results, future land use change for 2021 to 2040 was predicted in ArcGIS and TerrSet. The forecast result was compared with the 2021 map to validate the evaluation method using kappa index statistics. The result of kappa coefficient (85%) was acceptable. Findings show that among the four land use categories, during the period 2021-2000 in the study area, 4049 hectares of land use (including built-up area and agricultural lands) occurred, which is equal to about 202.4 hectares in Is the year. The largest increase in land use in barren lands, 6154 hectares (26.8%) and then built areas, 3875 hectares (93.19%) in the same period and the largest decrease in land related to grassland and agricultural lands 174 hectares (-26.6%). It is predicted (2021-2040) in the study area of 1546 hectares of land use change, equal to 81.3 hectares per year. During this period, the construction area increased to 571 hectares (7.1%) and grassland to 4 hectares ((9. 72%) and gardens and agricultural land to 11 hectares (-2.3%) and barren lands to 960 hectares (-7 / 5%) is reduced. It seems that according to the forecast of the comprehensive plan of Zahedan city during the three periods of 64, 84 and 94 and determining the directions of city development, there are no special requirements for controlling the development of the city by managers. Because the increase in population and the expansion of suburbanization in the northeast of the city has led to the destruction of agricultural land and irresponsible development and resulting from the rent of government organizations involved in urban management has led to a kind of scattered surface in the lands around the city.Keywords :Land use change, city development, Landsat, Markov chain, ZahedanResults and discussionBy analyzing land-use change not only in the past and present, but also for predicting the future, The extent of expansion and destruction of resources can be determined by identifying appropriate land use patterns and directing possible changes in the right direction. Therefore, urban growth simulation can provide a better understanding of the future effects of land use policies. Accordingly, land use change in the city of Zahedan with an area of 85 square kilometers, was measured using Landsat 7.8 and LOI for 2000, 2010 and 2021 in TerrSet and GIS software. Then, these changes until 2040 were predicted using the Markov chain. The results of land use changes for the period 2021-2000 show an increase of 93.2% in residential lands and a decrease (- 26.6%) in orchards and agricultural lands. Given that the population growth rate shows a decrease in the years 2000 to 2021. But the population growth index in the form of urban development occurred to the outer regions. Slums make up about 42% of the total population of the city and this is a serious threat to agricultural land in the northeastern part of the city.

Achieving environmental quality criteria is not possible without considering the pattern of physical development. The quality of the place is one of the effective causes in the occurrence of various diseases, however, regarding specific diseases such as cancer, the studies conducted are in the first steps. The present study tries to measure the spatial patterns of cancer deaths in Mashhad and show that 1) What is the pattern of deaths? And 2) to what extent is it related to the quality characteristics of the environment? The study is descriptive-analytical and the study variables include 1) characteristics related to the deceased and 2) characteristics related to the quality of the environment (including air pollution and green space per capita). For this purpose, after developing a conceptual research model, by receiving information related to the deceased and the quality of the environment, a spatial database was created in the ArcGIS software environment. In the next step, using classical statistical models (correlation and t-test) and spatial statistics (spatial autocorrelation, orientation and spatial regression) data were analyzed. The results showed that the spatial pattern of the deceased did not follow the pattern of population distribution and the difference in the spatial pattern of the deceased according to gender and their average age at the neighborhood level. The use of spatial autocorrelation models showed two hot cores in the north and southwest of Mashhad and a cold core around the holy shrine. Which shows the need to pay attention to spatial differences. The results of correlation and spatial regression test indicated that the frequency of deaths in the neighborhoods is related to the average level of air pollution and green space per capita. However, the need for further studies at various intervals is suggested to confirm the findings.

The effect of the city’s form on the emergence of crime anomie is logically discussed in the sense that the  form and the social order of the city, cannot be separated. Rather, they develop in parallel and mutually inspire each other. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of urban form on the occurrence of theft crimes in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is done based on spatial analysis models. The statistical population includes theft crimes in Mashhad in the period of years 1390-1400. In order to analyze the data, ArcGIS, Geoda and Depth map software were used. The results of the research indicate that 58.9 percent of theft crimes have occurred in fine-grained textures. In fact, the regions with the area of ​​51-75 square meters have the highest amount of theft crimes. Investigating the effect of texture classification on theft crimes showed that 60.43 percent of the thefts occurred in peripheral textures (marginal areas of Mashhad, districts 4, 5, 7, 15, 16 and parts of district 13). Also, 19.2 percent of theft crimes occurred in checkered areas (western neighborhoods of Mashhad), 14.6 percent in star areas (the central part of the city and around the holy shrine of Razavi), and 5.7 percent of theft crimes were also committed in middle areas (Region 1 and parts of Region 2). The results of the research indicate that the more land is used, the less amount of theft crimes will occur, so that only 22% of theft crimes occurred in areas with high land-use mix. Investigating the correlation between macro interconnection and theft crimes in Mashhad, showed a positive and significant relationship (correlation coefficient equal to 0.878) between them, which indicates that increasing the interconnection and permeability of the road network, causes the amount of theft crimes to increase. Finally, investigating the effect of urban form on the occurrence of theft crimes, showed that the scattered form pattern with 56.76 percent has a greater effect on theft crimes than the compact form pattern.

A Smart city ensures sustainable economic development and life quality improvement using human and social capitals and communication infrastructures, manages its natural resources consciously, and includes the dimensions of Smart economy, mobility, environment, people, life and government. This study aims to understand the Smart environment component, using future studies approach in order to investigate and structurally analyze the interactions between the environmental drivers in the Mashhad metropolis and present future scenarios.

This is a quantitative survey carried out in 2022 in the Mashhad metropolis. In order to identify the drivers. The opinions of 30 urban management experts and specialists were collected using targeted non-random sampling and were analyzed in the Mic Mac software. For compiling the scenarios facing the Mashhad metropolis in the Smart environment, the questionnaire was given to 20 foresight experts to collect their opinions to score the matrix of the conditions facing the descriptors.

According to the results of Mic Mac software, three indicators, including environmental regulations, raising citizens' awareness and encouraging them to participate, and the environmental supervision and monitoring were the most influential and impressible variables. Variables' places in the "matrix of direct influence" shows that system is unstable.

Just two scenarios (Golden and disaster scenarios) out of 115 possible ones had high compatibility in Mashhad. "Environmental regulations" and "environmental supervision and monitoring" were the most influential factors playing an important role in making Mashhad environment smarter. These two factors are of great importance in making the first scenario more probable and to avoid the second scenario.

Goal: The main goal of this research is the analysis of urban livability based on environmental indicator in Mashhad metropolis. Research

The research method of this research is practical in terms of goal, and is descriptive – analytical in terms of methodology. The sample size used for the questionnaires was 402 persons chosen from Mashhad metropolis with the population of 2766258.

To investigate the urban livability in terms of environment, objective indicators and subjective index (questionnaire) were analyzed. Firstly, Entropy model was used to determine the weight of each index, which is as follows: Carbon monoxide = 0.0035, Particulate matter (PM2.5) = 0.5974, sulfur dioxide = 0.0122, nitrogen dioxide = 0.0019, ozone pollutant = 0.0162, air quality index (AQI) = 0.0038, per capital green space = 0.2515, noise pollution = 0.0394, the amount of household waste = 0.0534, and subjective index = 0.0029.

The zone 9 of Mashhad metropolis is the best zone in terms of environmental indicator, followed by zones 7 and 8, respectively. By contrast, zones 1, 2 and 6 had the worst conditions in terms of environmental indicator, respectively.

The issue of food supply is always considered as one of the important biological issues of humans. Theories, gatherings, researches, studies, and various laws and regulations have been prepared and presented in this direction in order to satisfy the basic human needs with minimum difficulty, but this goal has not been fully achieved successfully. Identifying and knowing the causes of this problem requires knowing and gaining comprehensive knowledge from a theoretical, experimental and research point of view in order to clarify possible gaps and gaps. Therefore, in the current research, these three types of studies have been conducted in the form of three layers of attitude, research materials and methods, in order to identify the dimensions of food security and its evolution, and to examine how it can be adapted to regulations, policies and laws. and by analyzing and reviewing previous researches in this field and comparing these three studies, identify the knowledge, experimental and research gap in the field of food security. Hence, the mixed research method includes library-review study, thematic analysis and meta-analysis. Based on the results of the research, the knowledge base of food security, which includes availability, access, consumption and good governance, is different from the experimental and research base, and there is a deep and significant gap between scientific and research studies. Updating the laws and policies, along with conducting applied research focusing on good food governance, is one of the solutions that can cover this gap.

Carrying out large construction projects will undoubtedly be fraught with many risks. In these projects, risks are often ignored or assigned to departments that do not have sufficient knowledge, resources and capacity to manage them effectively, which reduces the quality of the project and in some cases it causes delays in achieving project goals. Therefore, identifying risks, ranking the factors affecting them and also examining the severity of risks are the necessities of implementing any construction project. To achieve this goal, the present study has examined the construction project of Shohada Square in Mashhad. The present study is of descriptive-analytical type. A questionnaire method was used to collect data. The sample population was 51 experts based on Morgan table. The results of the Chi-square test show that the probability of market, financial and managerial risks in the project environment, the risk of multidisciplinary nature among the risks of the inter-organizational environment, as well as political, social and Economics in the external environment of Mashhad Shohada Square are high. On the other hand, the impact on the objectives of financial risks in the project environment, the multidisciplinary nature in the inter-organizational environment, and the occurrence of inflation in the external environment of Mashhad Shohada Square project were ranked higher than other items. Also, the highest level of risk was identified in the project environment, inaccurate estimation of costs, in the inter-organizational environment, delays in granting facilities, and in the external environment, inflation was identified.

The present study examines the role of Neishabour City in the development of villages around the city. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical information is collected through the library method and then studied using statistical methods of population density and rural growth rate during different decades. The physical growth of Neishabour City has been studied using Landsat 5, 7, 8 satellite images during three periods of time (1986, 2000, 2020).. The results show that the population density of villages located around the west of the city is higher than other places. Besides, the growth of the city, in addition to the planned growth in the north of the city, has expanded unplanned in the west. Up to the year of 1425, %65 of the population of the villages around will be occupied by these residential centers. Based on the population and housing census in 2006, the high quality agricultural lands and residency around the City has caused the integration of 8 villages with a population of 4728 people with the City and be recognized as a part of the urban area. At present, 21 villages are physically connected to the City or are located at a maximum distance of 1000 meters from the City; their population in 1395 was equal to 18574 people that it will reach to 37,826 over the next 30 years

Cities are more dynamic when the smart growth of the city takes into account the well-being of human life in various directions; Therefore, by considering man as the axis of urban development, the importance of his quality of life stands out more. In fact, one of the main goals of urban planning is to achieve a quality urban living environment, which is possible through the implementation of smart growth indicators. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of smart growth on the quality of life of the residents of District 8 of Mashhad Municipality. The research method is descriptive-analytical using library sources and survey data (questionnaire). Also, using Cochran's formula, a statistical sample consisting of 382 residents of District 8 of Mashhad city has been studied.The collected data were checked through one-sample T-test and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the effectiveness. For illustration, the results of the research using the IDW method are displayed on the maps, and the results show the favorable situation of the 8th region in terms of smart growth indicators with an average of 3.19 and quality of life with an average of 3.31. Also, there is a significant relationship between these two variables with a correlation coefficient of 0.311, which indicates the positive impact of smart growth on the quality of life; In other words, in neighborhoods that have favorable conditions in terms of smart growth indicators, residents are more satisfied with the quality of life in those neighborhoods.