محمدرضا بهادری

Inefficient use of limited water resources, along with increasing population and increasing water demand for food production has severely threatened agricultural water resources. One way to overcome this problem is to improve water productivity by introducing new crops that tolerate water stresses such as quinoa. In this study, the effect of water stress at different stages of plant growth (vegetative, flowering, and grain filling) was studied on plant parameters, yield, and water productivity of quinoa (cv. Titicaca). This study was conducted under field conditions and the treatments were performed as a block experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Experimental factors were: treatment without water stress or full irrigation (F) and water stress treatment (D) at 50% of the need for full irrigation at different stages of quinoa growth. The application of deficit irrigation during different stages of plant growth decreased stomatal conductance, leaf area index, leaf water potential, seed yield, and water productivity, while deficit irrigation increased the green canopy temperature. According to the results of the present study, the flowering stage of quinoa was very sensitive to water stress leading to produce lower yield compared with the amount of yield obtained when vegetative and or grain filling stages are under water stress conditions.

Observations indicate that Iran is the latest commercial partner of five central Asia countries (CA). Also, Khorasan Razavi province (KRP) has the most share Iranian export to CA among other provinces, while this share recently has been reduced severely. Therefore, developing the economic diplomacy of Iran and, especially, KRP with CA has undeniable importance to non-oil export increase and reducing the effects of economic sanctions which has been studied in this research. For this purpose, statistical sample has been determined using snowball method and questionnaires distributed between experts of KRP chamber of commerce and Iran foreign affairs representative in northeast (n=25). SWOT matrix was applied to analyze data. Results indicated that, being the hub of foodstuffs production, having professional exporters and nearby CA, are main strengths, low quality of exported goods, marketing weaknesses and exporters negative competition are main weaknesses; plenty of water resources in some CA, cultural communions and CA inaccessibility to international waters are main opportunities; fluctuations of trade laws in CA, existence of powerful rivals and problems of foreign exchange transfer are main challenges of developing the economic diplomacy of KRP with CA. Finally, notice to being hub of foodstuffs production and having most negative water balance among other provinces and notice to potential market of CA equal to 73 million peoples, having high share of agricultural lands to total square and plenty of water resources between CA, developing the economic diplomacy of KRP with CA through foodstuffs export and abroad cultivation of agricultural products with high water requirements were suggested.

The freedom of speech right is one of the civil political rights of human beings and one of the most accepted principles of human social life in the teachings of Islam and international treaties. On the one hand, in the present age, the focus of the debate on freedom of speech is its limits, and on the other hand, the relationship between the components of tradition and modernity is one of the serious concerns of researchers and scholars. Therefore, this article intends to explore and delineate the boundaries of freedom of speech in international documents and their balance with the teachings of the Holy Quran as the first source of Muslim legislation, to examine the limits of freedom of speech and in this direction, considering that in the field of freedom of speech and its borders has been one of the oldest challenges of human beings in different periods of history with the structures of power and the ruling system. By focusing on the story of Moses in Pharaoh’s reign, this study discusses the boundaries which set out in international documents. Accordingly, and by considering the increasing number of regional and trans-regional meetings on freedom of expression and the increase volume of micro and macro limitations of freedom of speech in international documents, at first have mentioned the most important trans-regional treaties and then compares them with the Qur'anic teachings of the story of Moses prophet and Pharaoh. The results of this study indicate that among the limits of freedom of speech in these documents, only the limit of “protection of the rights of others” can be invoked, and other limits, despite many efforts in the international arena, are very general and vague limitations which threatens and restricts freedom of expression.

Today, concrete plays important role in civil engineering and construction industry. From the past until now, increasing compressive strength, durability and workability have been among the most important components considered by concrete technology researchers. Due to the fact that water is one of the most important components of concrete mixes and forms a volume of 15 to 25% of concrete, its quality plays a key role in concrete. One way to increase workability and strength in countries such as China and Russia is to use magnetic technology in concrete construction. In this way, using magnetic technology, magnetic water is produced and used in mixing concrete. In the present paper, an attempt is made to review the studies and experiments performed in connection with the use of magnetic water in concrete mixes.

Mubahatah is fiqh term that is derived from the expression “bahatuhum” in a single hadith in al-Kafi’s book. Hadith “mubahatah” is valid in terms of chain of the transmission. therefore, it has been invoked in fiqh books. As a result of ambiguous meaning of mubahatah, Jurisprudences are divided into two groups on the meaning of this term. Some have translated it as a “false accusation” and based on this hadith they permit accusation of heretics. On the contrary, some have interpreted it as “convincing and providing firm proof” against the oppositions, thus reject any act that may prepare ground skepticism and heresy. Based on the results of analysis of the text, the view of the second ground was rejected and upon analysis of signification of this hadith with emphasis on such moral reason as supported by the Qur’an and hadiths, the opinion of the second ground was also rejected. Thus, acceptance of this hadith is tantamount to undermining the religion and providing a false picture of the ethical teachings of Islam, and therefore, despite its valid chain of transmission, this hadith is invalid.