محمدرضا سروش

Metronidazole is a commonly used antibiotic for pigeons, but improper usage can lead to adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of oral metronidazole on the biochemical parameters of pigeon blood. Thirty adult pigeons (regardless of sex) were purchased from local bird shops in Shushtar and randomly assigned to three groups: a control group a group receiving 25 mg/kg body weight of metronidazole, and a group receiving 50 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase), liver enzymes (AST ALT ALP), and kidney function indicators (uric acid, creatinine, BUN). In addition, liver and kidney tissues were sampled for histopathological evaluation.Results showed that oral metronidazole significantly increased levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase (P<0.05), indicating elevated oxidative stress. At 50 mg/kg, there was a significant increase in liver enzymes AST and ALT (P<0.05), while the 25 mg/kg group showed no significant difference from the control. Similarly, uric acid, BUN, and creatinine levels were significantly elevated at 50 mg/kg, but not at 25 mg/kg. Histological analysis revealed dose-dependent damage, including liver necrosis, hyperemia, hepatic artery enlargement, and renal glomerulonephritis at the higher dose.In conclusion, while metronidazole is effective, the 50 mg/kg dose leads to significant oxidative stress an organ damage in pigeons. A lower dose of 25 mg/kg appears safer and may be preferable. Further studies are recommended to comprehensively understand the drug’s risks and therapeutic potential in avian species.

Old Qaen stands as a prominent city in Quhistan (South Khorasan), having undergone significant transformations during the Islamic period. Although the city is frequently mentioned in historical chronicles, accurate information regarding its ancient location has been sought through archaeological excavations. The analysis of pottery recovered between 2012 and 2016 by Rajab-Ali Labbaf has provided archaeologists with essential data concerning the founding and various historical phases of the old city of Qaen. The objective of this analytical research was to identify the pottery types present in the area, establish the settlement chronology, and examine its connections with other regions. To achieve this, 177 potsherds from the excavations were initially classified, and subsequently, 55 representative pieces were selected for detailed typological and chronological study. Research findings concerning pottery reveal that Qaen was established in the early Islamic centuries and persisted through the mid-Safavid period, with the Seljuk period identified as its most prosperous era. The quality of pottery produced in this region was on par with that of other notable pottery centers in Iran. However, the lack of golden pottery (zarrin fam), silhouette, and enamel (Mina’i) ware points to a shortfall in the expertise of Qaen’s potters regarding these types. Additionally, Qaen has established significant trans-regional links with regions including Khorasan, Sistan, and Jazmurian.

In the Esmaeili forts, although the living conditions were not very favorable and most of the time they went to war and conflict and defended them against the central power, but nevertheless, all kinds of arts, especially pottery, maintained their artistic degree and prestige. The fifth to seventh centuries, which coincided with the rise of the Seljuks and then the Khwarezmshahs, reached its peak. In the field of pottery, in addition to new styles in production, technique and decoration, the heritage of the past was used and not forgotten. In this article, the pottery of the added role of Qayen Mountain Castle, which is located 2.5 km southeast of Qayen city, is studied. This fort is one of the famous forts in Qohestan region (South Khorasan), which is important during the Islamic era, especially at the same time as the Esmaeili gained power in this region and its location is in an important communication area that extends from north Khorasan to south Khorasan. The pottery of the Islamic period obtained from this castle belongs to the Middle Ages (Seljuk) to the late Islamic (Safavid), however, most of the pottery belongs to the Islamic Middle Ages (fifth to eighth centuries), which in terms of decoration They are divided into glazed and unglazed groups. Among unglazed pottery, pottery with added role has a lot of abundance and variety. In fact, the importance of this type of pottery in the area of Qayen Mountain Castle, compared to other contemporary castles in the region, has caused this issue to be addressed. Pottery shows the connection between Iranian art over time. In examining the pottery motifs of Qaen Mountain Castle, these questions are: 1- What is the most important reason for attributing pottery with the added role of Qaen Mountain Castle to the Islamic Middle Ages (especially the Seljuk and Khwarezmshahi periods)? 2- What are the unique features of the added pottery patterns of Qayen Mountain Castle and can a special classification be considered for these motifs? Considering that few studies have been done in this regard so far, so this article tries to identify and classify the role of stamp additives in the pottery of Qayen Mountain, in a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach and based on objective observations andExamining the samples obtained during the demolition of Qayen Mountain Castle from 2006 to 2009 (about 3000 pieces) will give a logical answer to this question. The results show a very wide variety of motifs, dimensions and placement of the role of additives in the pottery of Qayen Mountain Castle, which can be combined with human designs of animal, plant and other phenomena. Features include sun, stars, crosses and geometric patterns. These decorations are mostly used to decorate the upper part of the body of pottery, and most of the motifs used in these samples are grooved (strip) geometric patterns on the body of the pottery and combine them with added patterns in a simple or combined form inThey are arranged and arranged together.

The complications of sulfur mustard (SM) in lungs, eyes, and skin of exposed survivors have already been studied. This study evaluates health problems of other than the usual affected organs in survivors with severe respiratory injuries.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 292 chemical warfare veterans with severe pulmonary complications due to exposure to sulfur mustard were examined by two physicians in 2016. Health problems in the veterans were recorded and a clinical examination was performed. Data using SPSS software version 2016 and Chi-square test and Lambda correlation coefficient were analyzed.

The most common problems of chemical warfare victims with severe pulmonary complications were related to musculoskeletal problems 92.1% (low back pain 68.8%), neurological system 88.4%(headache 78.1%), auditory system 81.8%(Hearing loss 62%), gastrointestinal tract 78.1% (reflux 74.3%), kidney and urinary tract (65.1%), cardiovascular (52.4%), immune system disorders (43.4%) and infertility 10.6%. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the veterans were 121.1±14.7 and 79.7±8.8mmHg, respectively. Most of them were under treatment of respiratory corticosteroids (72.2%) and oral corticosteroids (45%). There were no significant relationships between gender, age, frequency of exposure to sulfur mustard, and the prevalence of physical complaints and musculoskeletal diseases, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, and hearing loss (p>0.05).

The most important health problems were musculoskeletal, neurological, hearing loss, and gastrointestinal problems. Moreover, the rate of using corticosteroids was very high while the rate of Infertility was less prevalent than previous studies.  These results will help investment policies aiming at considering future health promotion planning.

 Health is one of the fundamental rights of every human as well as it is a social aim and all governments are responsible for people’s health. This study aimed to investigate the physical and mental health and its related demographic factors in martyr's elderly parents.

 This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on martyr’s elderly parents in Tehran, Iran in 2018. 600 individuals were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data collection was conducted using a demographic questionnaire, the activities of daily living (ADL) questionnaire and world health organization (five) well-being index (WHO-5). Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software through independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test.

 The mean scores obtained for the activities of daily living was 10.07±3.17 and the mean scores obtained for world health organization (five) well-being index was 11.60±5.87. There was a significant relationship between the ability to doing activities of daily living and mental well-being with demographic characteristics including age, gender, marital status, ability to read and write and the number of income sources (p<0.05).

 Physical and mental health status of martyr's elderly parents in Tehran city is in the low level and it has a relationship with demographic characteristics including age, gender, marital status, ability to read and write and the number of income sources.

The rate of out of pocket in health services has particular importance in health system. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of out of pocket and also the satisfaction with reimbursement process.

This study was across- sectional one which was done in 2018. At all 1177 war survivors and their families whom were covered by supplementary insurance were studied and they were selected randomly. In this study the questionnaire which was used in similar previous study, used for collecting data.

At all 1177 veterans, their families and martyrs' families were studied. About 53 percent (622 persons) of them had paid out of pocket for health services during the one year. In reimbursement process the satisfaction of 622 studied persons with the waiting time, providers, service place and repayment process was 33%, 69%, 54% and 39%.respectively. Also the waiting time and situation of cost repayment effected on satisfaction with reimbursement process.

Base on this study results decreasing the rate of out of Pocket Payment and increasing the satisfaction with reimbursement Process are important. For next study it is recommended appropriate project resulted in strategies for improving reimbursement Process.

Historical documents can be the source of solutions for the scholars and researchers in many historical investigations. Even in some cases, they may correct the historian’s reports and narrations or conceal the hidden facts. On the other hand, the findings of archaeological and historical knowledge about the Qohestan district southern Khorasan is the remaining part of the historical Qohestan, part of which was later called Qayenat, are so limited. Hence, the historical documents play an important role in the studies on this district.

In this article, seven government decrees by Ahmad Shah Durrani (1160- 1186/1747- 1772) and his two successors were reviewed and analyzed, which suggest that after Nader Shah’s death (1160/1747) until the of Ā􀇊 qā Moḥammad Ḵān Qājār came to the throne , the district of Qaenat has undergone changes with little reflection in the historical sources; or maybe, some local historians have ignored them for some considerations. These government commands have been introduced and reviewed by the authors for the first time.

This article was written descriptively by the library research methodology with the approach of documents introduction.

According to these documents, during the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani, Qohestan was under his rule and tribute, while it has been so far believed that the Alam family as the local ruler has dominated this region in the mentioned period.

Aims: Asymmetry while walking in people with lower limb amputation induces asymmetry in muscular activity, fatigue, instability in the spine cord, and low back pain. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 12-week corrective training on lumbar multifidus muscle asymmetry and pain intensity in veterans with one-sided below-knee amputation suffering from chronic low back pain.
In this semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design, 20 male veterans with one-sided below-knee amputation at Kowsar orthosis and prosthesis center in Tehran, Iran were selected by voluntary sampling method in 2016. After the initial assessment of the individuals, the selected training was taught to the veterans. The training program was performed during 12 weeks (5 days per week). After completing the training period, the electromyography of multifidus muscles and pain intensity assessment were performed again. Muscle asymmetry was measured in activity of maximum voluntary contraction of the muscles and muscular endurance (Sorenson test). Data were analyzed by dependent t-test.
Findings: Compared with the pre-test, in the post-test, pain intensity significantly decreased, and significant increase was observed in maximum contraction of the lumbar multifidus muscle of the amputation side (p0.05).
The corrective training has a positive effect on the pain intensity in male veterans with one-sided below-knee amputation suffering from chronic low back pain, but it does not affect multifidus muscle asymmetry in maximum contraction of muscle and muscular endurance.

The study is a cross-sectional one and after random sampling 210 was studied. The trained interviewers collected the data through telephone interviews. After entering the data through SPSS software, descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.
Overall 1800 cases including veterans and their families were studied and between them 210 cases had used inpatient services. These cases were selected randomly. The overall mean age was 46.1 ± 13.7 years old, 61.9% was male and 90.5% were living in urban areas. About the inpatient services, the satisfaction with the services was 91.4%, satisfaction with the distant of hospital location was 79.5 % and satisfaction with the process of refunding the costs was 38%. Logistic regression analysis was used for assessing the relation of demographic factors, veteran groups and residency place from one side and the rate of satisfaction with the distant of hospital location on the other hand. But there was no meaningful statistical relationship between them.
The results of this study indicated that care receivers are satisfied with the inpatient services. Comparing to the desirable satisfaction with the inpatient services, satisfaction with the distant of hospital location and the process of refunding the costs were lower and should be improve for care receivers.

The long term presence of various ankle-foot injuries reduces the individuals’ ability to perform daily activities, increases the dependence on others and will eventually lead to a reduction of life satisfaction. This study aimed to evaluate the life satisfaction of war veterans with ankle-foot neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
The veterans with ankle-foot injuries from 6 provinces, participated in this descriptive study. Medical examinations were conducted by specialists .Trained interviewers gathered demographic and life satisfaction data. Life satisfaction was assessed using the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale) form. Scores ranged from 5 to 35 and the classification was as follow: very dissatisfied (5-9), dissatisfied (10-14), slightly dissatisfied (15-19), moderately satisfied (20-24), satisfied (25-29) and very satisfied (30-35). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software.
The mean age of 577 veterans at the time of study was 52.4±8.2 years. The nervous lesion at lower limbs included sciatic 24.5% (N=141), femoral 5.3% (N=31), peroneal 28.2% (N=162), tibial 21.8% (N=126). There was 50.2% (N=290) ankle dorsiflexion. Life satisfaction’s mean score was 17.6 ± 7.1. Data showed that 17.3% (N=100) were satisfied or very satisfied and 60.0% (N=346) were dissatisfied. Moderately satisfaction level was reported in 22.7% (N=131). Significant relationships were observed between life satisfaction and disability rate (P0.05).
The majority of veterans with ankle-foot neuromusculoskeletal disorders were dissatisfied with life. The disability rate, education level and employment status were associated with life satisfaction.

Satisfaction of medical services has been considered as one of the most important outcomes.. In Iran veterans and their families are covered by supplementary health insurance. The aim of this study was to assess the satisfaction of veterans and their families with outpatient care.
This was a cross-sectional study A random sample of 1224 veterans and their families who attended outpatient care were studied. The trained interviewers collected the data through telephone interviews. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed too analyze the data using chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.
The mean age of participants was 45.7 ± 13.9 years, 67% were male and 85% were living in urban areas. In outpatient visits, the satisfaction with the services was 94%. Satisfaction with the distant from service delivery location was 83 % and with the process of refunding the costs was 42%. Veteran groups and place of living were the important factors that were related to the satisfaction with the distant from service delivery location.
The results indicated that care receivers were satisfied with the service of outpatient visit. Comparing to the desirable satisfaction with the service outpatient visit, satisfaction with the distant from service delivery location and the process of refunding the costs were lower and should be improved.

This study aimed to assess veterans and their families’ satisfaction with received supplementary pharmacy services, pharmacy location (distance) and the process of receiving costs.
This was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of veterans and their families, including parents, spouses and their children. Participants were recruited from Veterans and Martyrs Affairs Foundation by random sampling and 1016 veterans and heir families participated in the study. Three areas of satisfaction with the use of supplemental health insurance including pharmacy, location (distance) and refund services were studied. Likert scale was used in order to rate the satisfaction of the respondents.
Veterans have been used pharmaceutical care more than their families 65.1% (n=661). Most of the users were male 69.8% (n=710). The average disability rate was 19.13(SD=14.13). Among the study population (n=747) 73.4 % have received their medications by their supplemental health insurance. Of those who had to pay for their prescription (269 cases), 41.6% (n=112) applied for refund from the supplemental health insurance company. The data analysis indicated that participants were satisfied or very satisfied with pharmacy (93.6%), location/distance (82.5%) and supplemental health insurance refund services (31.5%). Veterans with higher disability rate (higher than 25%) had lower satisfaction (p Overall veteran and their families were satisfied. However, the satisfaction with refund services was low.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic situation of the lower-limb injuries and the risk factors in the veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders.
Instrument & In the descriptive cross-sectional study, 795 veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders were studied via census method in 8 Iranian provinces between 2013 and 2015. Demographic information, neuromusculoskeletal disorders of the ankle/foot, the frequency of foot surgery, accidents resulting in injury within the year leading to the study, hospitalization and having more than one injury were collected. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 software using Chi-square, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings: Limited ankle dorsiflexion range was observed in the right foot and the left foot of 282 (35.5%) and 259 (32.6%) persons, respectively. Short left foot and short right foot were observed in 302 (38.0%) and 285 (35.8%) persons, respectively. Most common peripheral nerve lesions in right foot were sciatica 81 (10.2%) and peroneal 79 (9.9%) and in left foot were peroneal 83 (10.4%) and sciatic 61 (7.7%). During the past year of the study, 97 (12.2%) had accidents resulting in physical injuries. Significant relationship was observed between the type of injuries except ankle-foot with number of work-absences days (p=0.01), hospitalization with other injuries (p The limited ankle-foot dorsiflexion range and the short lower-limb are the most frequent disorders in the veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders. In addition, the associated injuries are some of the most important risk factors leading to any accidence might be faced by the veterans.

Introduction & Severe burn is an important issue affecting public health in developing countries and one of the leading causes of death in Iran. In order to provide an overview on burn epidemiology in this country, we conducted a systematic review.
Various published articles on risk factors and prevalence of burn in Iran have been searched through different databases such as SID, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Medline and Scopous. Results were collected and statistically analyzed by software.
We investigated 76 studies from different parts of the country. Reports showed us almost 50% of patients were less than 16 years and 60% of them were men. Flames, boiling water, burn and contact with hot objects were among the most common causes. Death is exceedingly frequent in burn (1 to 67%). About one- third of patients were children up to 5 years. Intentional burns occurred mostly among women with high mortality rate.
Burn injuries still remain as an important public issue. Therefore, conducting more research to investigate the problem and evaluate the effectiveness of factors especially in prevention and early treatment methods is required. The prevalence of burn, mortality and the disability caused by it are high in our country. Therefore more detailed epidemiological studies with similar methods are needed in all over the country in order to reach to highly accurate statistics.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mental health of veterans with severe pulmonary chemical injuries more than two decades after the end of Iran-Iraq war. This cross sectional study enrolled 292 cases with severe lung chemical injuries caused by exposure to sulfur mustard from across the country. Demographic data were recorded. All subjects were examined by a psychiatrist. Patient’s appearance such as appearance, temperament and affection was evaluated by psychiatrist’s observations. Mental Disorders were assessed using DSM-IV in 5 axes. A proper treatment plan for each patient was recommend. Data were entered into the SPSS22 software and statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests. 213 (72.9%) of our subjects were diagnosed with mental disorders. Anxiety disorder was the most common disorder in Axis I and 90% of them were allocated to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 123 (42.1%) cases suffered from different types of depression. In Axis III, 49 (16.8%) cases were suffering other medical illnesses which affected mental health. Axis IV showed 51 (17.5%) subjects were involved with a variety of environmental problems. In GAF scale, 91.5% of participants gained 60 points or less. There was an inverse relationship between mental disorder and efficiency levels (p<0.001). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and PTSD in severe pulmonary chemical injured was more than other veterans and 2 to 5 times of Iranian normal population.

This study aimed the evaluation of satisfaction of paraclinical services in the martyrs’ families covered by supplemental insurance. 325 members of martyrs’ families who have used paraclinical services (injections/bandages, laboratory tests, imaging services, physiotherapy and travel services) were studied. Satisfaction with the received services, distance to the receiving location of services and repayment were assessed. Reliable self-designed questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha=0.84) were approved. 31.86 percent with the average age of 60.37±17.42 years have used paraclinical services. The using of laboratory services had the highest frequency and physiotherapy the lowest, 59.1% and 5.2%, respectively. Satisfaction level of “very high” and “high” in different services varied between 70-91%. Satisfaction of the distance to the location of services ranged from 58 to 73%. Payment was reported for 36% (N=118) and44.1% (N=52)of them was applied for repayment and in 42.3% (N=22) cases the fee was received. 17-40% of them were not satisfied with the process of repayment. Lack of insurance coverage for some paraclinical services and incomplete or prolongation of repayment were the most common causes of dissatisfaction. A significant relationship (P<0.001) was observed between the satisfaction of the distance to the location of services and location (city or rural area). Satisfaction of study population from supplemental insurance in paraclinial services is relatively high. However, satisfaction of distance to the location of services and particularly repayment process are significantly low. The most important problem in receiving paraclinial services are lack of insurance coverage for service and incomplete repayment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of landmine victims less than 18 years of the types of services provided by Veterans and Martyr Affair Foundation (VMAF). The descriptive study evaluated the status of services to all landmine victims less than 18 years from Iran. Satisfaction level was measured using a self-administered questionnaire based on seven categories of services provided by VMAF. Total score ranged between 7, the least satisfactory to 35, the most satisfactory. Also, by two open questions, difficulties in using the service were investigated in more details. Finally, all data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software and independent sample t-test and ANOVA statistical tests. The mean age of 78 survivors in this study consisted of 67 (85.9%) boys and 11 (14.1%) girls was 16.1±1.9 years. The mean score of satisfaction was 14.92±5.46. Cronbach's alpha was found as 0.76, showing that the scale is reliable. The group of specialists of Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) approved the validity of the scale. Health care services had the highest (18.2%) and sports services had the least satisfaction (5.1%). More than half of the cases were dissatisfied of the low awareness with service delivery (57.7%). The most common problems in getting health care services were high cost (61.5%) and then waiting long time for visiting doctor and the uncertainty about solving their problem in hospitals (48.7%). Significant relationships were observed between satisfaction with age at the time of casualty (p=0.02), disability percentage (p=0.04), spinal cord injury (p=0.04) and province of residence (p=0.006). The satisfaction of landmine victims less than 18 years of the types of services provided by VMAF in living in border areas was at the moderate level. Although health care services had the most satisfaction level but, enumerate the various problems in receiving these services have shown significant barriers, especially in the fast and convenient access to health care services.

Immunization is one of the most efficacious, cost-effective and safe public health interventions. Vaccines continue to have a tremendous impact on public health, saving millions of lives each year.Thepurpose of this study was determining vaccination coverageand reasons for non- vaccination in children (24-36 month old)that live in marginalized area in Kermanshah city In this descriptive analytic study, 420 children (24-36 month old)were selected. Sampling method was cluster sampling and included 60 clusters with7children who live in slum area in Kermanshah city. Information was collected by a questionnaire referring to childrensvaccination card. Data collected were analyzed usingSPSS v13 software and chi-square. In this study,46.2% girls and 53.8% 8 % boys participated. The coverage of at birth doses including BCG, HepatitisB1 and Polio0 were 100%, DTP3, Polio3, Hepatitis B3 and MMR1 vaccines were more than 97%.There was significant difference between vaccine status and mother's education(P<0/001).Non immunization was observed in 3% children. The most common cause was lack of maternal knowledge (50%). It seems vaccination coverage in children (24-36 month old) is proper; however it is suggested to use of catch up program for high risk groups to increase vaccination overage.

Mustard gas is a toxic chemical agent that was repeatedly used by the Iraqi army against Iranian civilians and non-civilians during 8 years of war. The aim of this study was to assess the variety of mental disorders in chemically eye injured.Instrument & In a cross-sectional study in 2010 in Mashhad City, Iran, 148 sulfur mustard exposed veterans who suffered severe ocular injury were evaluated. The diagnostic examination was conducted by a psychiatrist in a 20-minute interview. Psychological problems were assessed in 5 axes using DSM-IV (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; 4th edition). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 software and Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square tests. 92 samples (62.2%) had abnormal temper, 62 samples (41.9%) had depression and 61 samples (41.2%) had irritability. 86 samples (58.1%) were affected by mental disorders; 50 samples (33.8%) by anxiety disorder and 45 samples (30.4%) by types of depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic were, respectively, the most common anxiety and depression disorders. 3 subjects (2/0%) had symptoms of dementia and one case (0.7%) suffered from schizophrenia. Family problem was the most common environmental stress. 18 new patients (12.2%) were identified. A significant relationship was observed between the number of children and types of mental disorders (p<0.001). Rates of psychiatric disorders among veterans with severe chemical eye injuries are several times more than Iranian population and almost twice the frequency of these problems is non-chemical warfare victims.

This article is written in “Letter to the Editor” format in response to the article entitled “Comment on incidence of cancer in Iranian sulfur mustard (SM) exposed veterans” (Inhalation Toxicology; 2013, Volume 25, Issue 11, Page 651).

Pain and limitation of motion due to amputation of victims, especially children, cause irreversible long-term mobility problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of pain and its relationship with limb problems in adolescent victims of landmines and unexploded ordnances.Instrument & In a cross-sectional study in 2009, 76 adolescent victims of landmines and unexploded ordnances (between 6-18 years old) living in five border provinces (West Azerbaijan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Kurdistan & Khuzestan) were evaluated in two heath-recreational camps. Demographic data was collected by questionnaire. The limbs, joint and limb pain were evaluated using physical examinations and history taking by a specialist in physical medicine. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using Chi-square test. The average age of the victims at the time of the study was 16.11±2.00 years and 65 (85.5%) were male. 23 of the total 41 amputees (56.1%), had upper limb amputations. Pain was reported in all amputees and was significantly higher in lower limbs of 15-18 year old adolescents (p<0.05). Then, contractures (19.7%) and tendinitis and bursitis (18.4%) were the most common complications. Trauma and wounds were the least abundant (2.6%). The most common problem due to amputation in landmines and unexploded ordnances in adolescent victims is pain, particularly back pain and despite of the higher frequency of upper extremity amputations, pain is more prevalent in the lower limb amputees.

So far، several statistics of the number of victims suffering from chemical damage have been reported in the Iran-Iraq war. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of the Iranian chemical victims on the basis of information contained in the Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs. In this descriptive study، data of the chemically injured veterans proved by Medical Commission of Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs، extracted and analyzed. By the end of 1392، 564،108 veterans were registered in Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs، including 79 335 patients (1/14%) with proved chemical exposure. Their mean age at the time of the study was 50/1 ± 8/15 and 98/2 percent of them are men. late complications and illnesses resulting from exposure to chemical agents specially sulfur mustard result in increasing number of chemical injuries in recent studies، and it is expected a larger number of military or civilian personnel who have been exposed to chemical agents is identified later.

During the past five decades, the landmines have been identified as the major cause of traumatic amputations in war-torn countries. The aim of this study was to investigation the use of orthotics and prosthesis in children survivors of landmines and unexploded ordnances(UXOs)in border provinces of Iran In this study our population was all the less than 18 years old adolescents that injured by landmines and UXOs in 5 border provinces of Iran, namely West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Ilam, and Kurdistan(n=78). The identified victims participated in a social- health camp for collecting their health status. Demographic data were collected by a designed-researcher questionnaire. For checking the status of limbs, diagnosis the requirement for using orthotics and prosthesis, replacement or repair these devices if required and satisfaction of the prosthesis. The mean age of these cases at the time of study was (16.11 ±1.99). The mean height and weight of survivors were 165±10.47 and 54.25±12.74 respectively. The rate of amputation among the victims was 41(52.56%). Require to the prosthesis, orthotics and other assistive mobility devices were, 38 (48.71%), 18 (23.1%) and 8 (10.25%),respectively. At the time of study 21(26.92%) of the cases were using assistive mobility devices. Most of the victims that using prothesis had lower than the average of satisfaction 15(71.42%). The low level of satisfaction indicated the more attention to the education, health programs and rehabilitation for raising victims awareness and knowledge in the using of assistive mobility devices.

Sudden terrible sound, like the sound of landmine explosion, can rupture the eardrum, disruption of the ossicular chain, ear nervous system disorders and in some cases causes complete deafness. Accordingly, this study aimed to data collection and assesses the hearing health of Iranian landmine survivors less than 18 years old. All mine survivors less than 18 with hearing disorder enrolled and after obtaining demographic information, hearing status, clinical and treatment data were evaluated by an ENT specialist. Frequencies were reported as number, percentage and mean ± SD. About one third of landmine survivors suffered from hearing disorders that their average age was 16.13±2.05 years and mean duration of hearing loss was 6.7±2.5 years. The most common negative side issue was headache, 81.3%. More subjects were in trouble in crowded environments with high frequency sound (65%) and tinnitus was a common problem among them (87%). Sensorineural hearing loss had a frequency near to 50% for both right and left ear. No significant association was found between duration of injury and degree of hearing loss. The mean number of speech perception threshold test was less than half of the standard value and the mean score of ability to separate speech was within normal limits. Sudden exposure to sound like landmine explosion may cause hearing disorders such as hearing loss and side problems such as headache, dizziness, and tinnitus that are able to dramatically affect the quality of life. The prevalence of hearing impairments in young survivors of landmine explosion is very high and long after the casualties, some of them continue to suffer from hearing problems. Due to the sensitivity age of study group, further studies in this regard and regular checkups seem to be necessary.

Pigmentation disorders are one of the main skin problems due to mustard gas exposure in chemically-injured veterans. The aim of this study as part of the Sardasht cohort study was to investigate the association between IL-6 and IL-4 and pigment disorders in chemically-injured veterans exposed to mustard gas. In this study، 500 subjects including 372 people exposed to mustard gas and 128 people as control group were studied. Systematic random sampling was done. 2cc of peripheral blood of each subject was taken and the blood was allowed to be clotted at the room temperature (37°C). Tubes containing the clotted blood centrifuged for 5min and the serum was separated. Serum levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were measured using the ELISA sandwich and kit was determined using ELISA reading apparatus. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the serum levels of cytokines in the studied groups. Serum levels of IL-6 in veterans with and without reduction or increase in pigmentation disorders showed no significant difference. But compared with control group، there was a significant reduction in veterans without hypopigmentation disorder، while there was no significant difference between control group veterans with hypopigmentation disorder. Serum levels of IL-4 significantly increased in veterans with hypopigmentation disorder compared with veterans without the disorder. Changes in serum levels of Il-4 and Il-6 may be involved in hypopigmentation.