محمدرضا عرب

Urban governance is one of the approaches that can be effective in better management,reducing the effects and adapting to climate change;But the realization of this approach is accompanied by obstacles,especially in big cities like Mashhad;Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the challenges of good urban governance in the direction of adapting and reducing the effects of climate change, as well as identifying its future scenarios.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and descriptive in nature and with a future research approach.The necessary data were collected through an elite questionnaire of 21 people in two sections:identification of challenges and scenario writing.Data analysis was done with the importance-urgency model for the challenges section,and Scenario Wizard software for scenario writing.

Among the 38 challenges investigated,6 of them have higher priority.These challenges are the diversity of actors involved in the process of urban policies,the limited income base of Mashhad municipality,the strong political division ruling the city-region of Mashhad with the involvement of various public organizations and institutions...

Finally, 6 priority variables were selected and based on that,7 scenarios were presented to face the key challenges,and among the 42 situations in these scenarios,19% are in favorable conditions,50% are on the verge of crisis, and 31% are critical.The first scenario,with 6 additional assumptions,draws an ideal vision of Mashhad city,which by stepping on its path, the challenges of urban governance in the era of climate change can be reduced.

 Muscle weakness and low muscle tone may cause chewing and swallowing disorders in people with Down syndrome. This study investigated the electromyography of the masseter and temporal muscles in children with Down syndrome, aged 2 to 12, during maximal voluntary isometric contraction and rest.

 The current descriptive-analytical and case-control study investigated the electromyography frequency indicators of the masseter and temporal muscles at maximum voluntary contraction and resting states in 15 children aged 2 to 12 with Down syndrome and 15 normal children of the same age.

 The average frequency of the mean and median in the electrical signal of the masseter and temporal muscles on the left and right sides and in two different positions in children with Down syndrome is lower than in normal children. In comparing the average frequency of the mean, except for the left and right temporal muscles in the maximum voluntary isometric contraction and the left master muscle during rest, there is a significant difference in the rest. Also, in comparing the average frequency of the median, except for the left and right temporal muscles in the resting state, there are non-significant differences in the rest of the cases.

 The average frequency of the electrical signal of the masseter and temporal muscles in children with Down syndrome is lower than that of normal children. Unlike typically developing children, those with Down syndrome struggle with chewing and swallowing.  

Accessibility is the key to high-impact social conditioning as well as the secret behind successful city spaces. For this purpose, this study endeavors to investigate the accessibility and social interactions of people in Mellat Park of Mashhad city (as the most important park with an urban function). The descriptive-analytical study and its variables include: the spatial location of the elements of the park and the degree of the correspondence of public traffic. The mass of the sample with regard to the number of visitors and the type of statistical tests, was determined to be 200 people. After conducting documentary-based research and composing the conceptual model of the research, all elements located within the park (including 920 locations), were extracted using a GPS device and were saved in the location database. Three models were utilized as a means to analyze the data, including: 1) classic statistics (quantitative and experimental tables), 2) spatial positioning and its criteria (connection, choice, interconnection, width, and depth), and 3) structural equations. The results indicate that, from the perspective of accessibility, Mellat Park is functionally diverse. On the other hand, the estimation of the spatial positioning criteria demonstrates that a part of the park is not placed within the walking area of visitors. In addition, the results of the survey also indicate that people are unaware of the locations of some important elements. The findings of this study concerning the patterns of people’s interactions indicated that, in spite of the relatively proper interaction of the people with each other, these interactions were not deep and only included short chats. Also, the results of the structural equations demonstrated that, among the locations within the park, the Martyrs’ grave, the coffee shop, the sports equipment, the lake, and the green area play the biggest role in initiating social interactions. Deductions based on the findings of this study indicate that, the three subjects of functional diversity, spatial positioning, and the value of the elements within the space can be considered as major factors for the realization of widespread social interactions within the background of urban areas.

What is considered in this article is to pay attention to the development strategies of the border city of Taybad. Due to its special geopolitical features and the existence of deep cultural and trade ties between Khorasan and Afghanistan and the best way for Central Asian countries to access the high seas through Iran (Bandar Abbas) and access to the market of 13 million Central Asian countries, this city has a position Is privileged. Unfortunately, the resources and potentials of this region, especially the various functions of the border, have not been used properly and optimally, and also the limitations and solutions to address them have not been identified. Therefore, in this research, we seek to find urban development strategies appropriate to the conditions and situation of this border city, so that we can overcome the problems in this city by formulating effective strategies on urban development. In addition to maintaining the political, economic and cultural ties of the border region with the whole country, the considered strategies should be able to provide more freedom to the residents of this border region so that they can enjoy a greater share in the development and progress of central government programs. . Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the development strategies of the border city in the city of Taybad. So the main question of this research is what are the most important factors shaping the development strategy of border cities in Taybad?

The research method is documentary, analytical and survey. Based on the main topic of the research (Urban Development Strategies: Taybad) while reviewing the characteristics of urban development, the data obtained from theoretical studies and research, development and executive plans and documented reports of relevant organizations were reviewed and Basic information was collected and classified. Due to the fact that urban development is a systemic and integrated concept, Demethel technique was used to determine the cause and effect relationships between urban development variables. The purpose of the Demetel technique is to identify the pattern of causal relationships between a set of criteria. This technique scores the intensity of communication in a scoring manner, explores their critical feedback, and accepts non-transferable relationships. The basis of the Demethel method is based on the assumption that a system consists of a set of criteria {C = {c1, c2,… cn and the pairwise comparison of the relations between them can be modeled by mathematical equations. This technique is for constructing and analyzing structural models related to complex causal relationships between the factors of an issue. For this purpose, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was provided to 28 researchers in the fields of urban and political geography, political science and urban management.

The Dimtel technique was introduced by Fontal Gabos in 1971 and is one of the decision-making methods based on pairwise comparisons, the results of which will be obtained by referring to the elite. This technique is used in extracting systemic factors and systematic structuring. Since graphs well show the relationships of elements with a system, so this technique is based on graphs that can divide the factors involved into two groups of cause and effect and the relationship between them as Brought an understandable structural model. The researchers selected for this part of the study included six experts in geography and geopolitics. Border management was assessed based on 26 criteria and indicators according to Table (1). 28 experts were used to examine the criteria. Variables such as expanding the role of the private sector in infrastructure investment, attention to sector planning, regional cohesion strategy, linking the national to the local level, expanding foreign partnerships, establishing a city-level development fund, reducing poverty, Strengthening participation at both formal and informal levels in the region shows high interaction and strong systemic relationship with other variables. On the other hand, as can be seen, the vertical vector (J - R) shows the influence of each factor. Expanding the role of the private sector in investing infrastructure, creating a development fund at the city level, strengthening participation at both formal and informal levels, paying attention to social capital in border areas, creating new business areas, building capacity for officials, Education, transparency and accountability in border areas, etc. are the reasons for this system model. And factors such as paying attention to sectoral planning, linking the national level to the local level, creating a development fund at the city level, creating a border city landscape, establishing gender equality, tourism development strategy, etc. are shown as disabilities. In general, if J - R is positive, the variable is a causal variable, and if it is negative, it is a disability.

Planning related to the development of border cities is very important. Because it is considered as an important and effective factor to improve the relationship between human beings, land and human activities. In the meantime, the border areas of Iran, especially the eastern borders of the country, face special features such as smoothness, proximity to Afghanistan's tense neighbors, smuggling of goods and drugs, population instability, cultural and social problems, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development in this region and formulate appropriate strategies with the existing conditions. Examination of library and field data and reference to experts' opinions show that variables are of great importance in the development of border cities. These variables were studied in 3 general strategies including socio-cultural, economic and political-government strategies with 26 general indicators. Findings showed that among these variables, the expansion of the role of the private sector in infrastructure investment (9.4644), attention to sectoral planning (9.1558), regional cohesion strategy (9.0245), Linking the national level to the local level (9.0078) has the most importance and variables such as paying attention to housing policies in border urban areas (5.5239), border city landscape (6.3666), institutionalization and professionalization of urban staff (6.8346) , Neighborhood-based management (6.9111) have the least importance. Therefore, it can be seen that the economic and investment index in this border city is considered as one of the important and influential factors on the development of the city. May be considered in the formulation of high-level policies and strategies by government officials and politicians. Very placed. Because economic development in this city can be directly related to the security of the eastern border areas of the country.

Swallowing disorder is a common and constant problem in people with Down Syndrome. In experimental method electromyography can be used to evaluate Mastication . The aim of this study was to evaluate the electromyography of the masseter and temporal muscles during Mastication in 2 to 12 years old children with Down syndrome in Arak.

This is a descriptive-analytical and case-control study, that conducted with the purpose of electromyographic study of masseter and temporal muscles during Mastication  on 15 children from available 2 to 12 years old Down Syndrome and 15 children that were matched according the method of person-to-person matching in terms of age and gender with samples with Down syndrome.

 In this study, conscious consent was obtained from all parents and no physical harm was inflicted on individuals.

About the comparison of the mean of amplitude (intensity) of electrical signal of muscle between two groups except right temporal muscle during Mastication  and about the mean of the mean frequency when Mastication  except for left temporal muscle, in other cases the difference was significant. In the case of comparing the median frequency of the electrical signal of the muscle in most muscles the difference was not significant.

 Mean amplitude (intensity) and frequency of the mean electrical signal of the muscle when chewing in most muscles was different between the two groups with Down syndrome and normal, but the differences in mean median frequency in most muscles were insignificant.

Due to the sound caused by various machines and tools in different sectors of agriculture, occupational safety and health should be continuously evaluated. Certainly, the harmful effects of sound can be better reduced when the effects of sound on people's health and performance are fully known.

In this study, a garden tractor was used. Sixteen volunteers were exposed to the sound of the tractor and their EEG was recorded at four different engine speeds. Then, Higuchi and Katz methods were used to calculate the fractal dimension of sound signals as well as brain signals.

The results showed that with increasing engine speed, the values ​​of the fractal dimension in both Higuchi and Katz methods increased. The results also showed an increase in the fractal dimension of brain signals due to an increase in engine speed. The regression results also showed that there is a high correlation between the two brain signals and the sound. The coefficient of explanation was 0.896 and 0.859 in Higuchi and Katz methods, respectively.

This study showed that people's reactions, when exposed to sound, can be predicted using the fractal dimension. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the characteristics of brain signals without recording them, which are often costly and time-consuming.

Learning and memory processes are two important cognitive functions that have no meaning without the other. The learning and memory mechanisms are faced with many challenges due to the complexity of many challenges, one of the powerful tools of self - organizing mental analysis during learning, EEG. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamics of learning and memory processes (coding, maintenance and retrieval) in the brain.
 Eighteen voluntary healthy subjects age range 18 – 23 assigned for evaluate auditory verbal learning test (AVLT). All of them are university students and right handed. EEG signals are recorded during five stages of AVLT and so before and after behavioral test. Simultaneous to estimate learning rate and memory process through behavioral assessment, the dynamics of these changes are investigated by Higuchi fractal dimension estimation EEG signals.
The results of this study showed that increasing the number of words recalled or increasing the learning rate of participants is inversely proportional to the highchi fractal dimensionality 
of the EEG signals. Power spectrum obtained show an increase in overall frequency spectrum of the EEG.
Approximation entropy confirm to reduce the chaotic behavior of signals due to decreasing the complexity   of signals in during memory process increases.
The fractal and oscillatory components behavior of the EEG signals present brain organization during learning and memory processes.

The expansion of urbanization, the need to expand underground structures is obvious. One of the threats to the construction of underground structures is impact of these construction on the ground surface which includes a wide range of types of subsidence. If the underground structure is constructed correctly , these effects can be expected to be minimized. But there are some factors such as buried structures ,Qanats, wells, water pipes, etc. cause the large deformations called subsidence on the ground. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of the geometry and position of empty spaces (cavities) above the tunnel, the amount and the geometry of the subsidence created on the ground and provided a relation in this regard. Numerical modeling has been used for this purpose. The results showed that the strain energy of the soil mass between the cavity and the tunnel affects the displacement of the tunnel crown. Also, the shape and volume-to-depth ratio of the cavity affect the amount of subsidence, and cavities that have an equal volume-to-depth ratio will apply the same conditions to tunnel stability.

Extract of Anacyclus Pyrethrum contains materials which the potential to affect the tissues of the testis. The aim of the present study was to identify the histological effects of aqueous extract of AP on Rat testis. In this experimental study 48 adult male Wister rats were chosen and divided into experimental (36 rats) and control (12 rats) groups. The rats in the experimental group were divided into three subgroups, one, two and three, and each subgroup received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg doses of the extract intraperitoneally for four weeks, respectively. The rats were then placed under deep anesthesia and samples were collected from their testicles and paraffin blocks were prepared. Histological sections with 6 µm thickness were prepared and stained with H&E method and variables (internal and external and thickness of germinal epithelium) were measured in at least in 100 somniferous tubules in each rat. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between control and experimental groups and for external and internal diameters (p<0.002). Although there was no any significant difference for an epithelial thickness between control and experimental 50 mg/kg, there was a significant difference between control and other experimental groups (p<0.002). It seems that aqueous extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum could change epithelial thickness, internal and external diameters of seminiferous tubule Rat testis.

Sound as a detrimental factor in working environments can create annoying conditions for people in addition to physical problems. Therefore, in addition to evaluating quantitative parameters such as pressure levels, it is absolutely necessary to study the quality parameters of the sound in the work environment. In this descriptive-analytic research, the sound of 285 MF tractor was recorded. Then, the EEG of five drivers were recorded in the pre-driving state and then when driving with the tractor in four different engine speed. The psychoacoustic annoyance model was used to assess the annoyance of tractor drivers. Then means were compared with Duncan comparison test at 5% probability level and the correlation between psychoacoustic acoustic and alpha and beta bands was determined. The results of ANOVA showed that different levels of engine speed on psychoacoustic annoyance were significant at 1% probability level. The results also showed a decrease in the amplitude of the alpha band, as well as an increase in the beta band amplitude due to increased engine speed. Regression results showed that there is a high correlation between the two alpha and beta bands and the psychoacoustic annoyance, so that the detection coefficient was 0.966 and 0.998, respectively, for the two bands alpha and beta. This study showed that changes in the quality parameters of the sound and consequently the resulting annoyance caused the amplitude changes in both the alpha and beta bands. So, it can be concluded that the psychoacoustic annoyance is a good indicator of brain activity.

Underground dam is one of the choices of ground water management. These dams are reservoir water in small scale. Because of the low complexity of the construction and low cost and lack of surface evaporation in this type of dam, it is possible to construct these dams in all regions of the country. Various factors involved in site selection of underground dams, so locating them is a complex and time taking. Therefore, in this study, geographic information system (GIS) was used as a new method for locating Channel Rivers suitable for the construction of the dams in Khoshkrood basin in the north of Saveh city. Initially to select suitable areas, a number of criteria such as the dip of the faults and unfavorable geological formations, the unsuitable areas were excluded from the study area. Then among suitable areas with using criteria such as the distance from the Qantas, roads, agricultural area, quality and quantity of groundwater and the depth of the reservoir, three places are selected for dam construction.

Background and Reconstruction of bone defects remains one of the most challenges encountered by orthopedic and reparative surgeons. The purpose of this study was to assess the osteogenic potential of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and octacalcium phosphate/gelatin (OCP/G) composite in the tibia bone defects in rats.
This experimental study was conducted in 72 male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided into experimental (OCP/G and OCP) and control groups (n=24 per group). Full thickness critical size trephine defects were made in the rat's tibial bones and filled with 6 mg of OCP and OCP/G composite in experimental groups. The control group had no intervention. On days 7, 14, 21 and, 56 after implantation, the rats were decapitated and bone samples were collected. Then, 5µm thick sections were cut and stained with H&E. Finally, the amount of newly formed bone was measured using Dunnett T3 test.
In experimental groups, the new bone formation was initiated at the defect margins in day 7 after implantation. During the remaining days, in addition to bone formation in deep parts of the defect, the newly formed bones were found to be more mature. In the control group, the newly formed bones were seen near to the defect margins. There were significant differences in the amount of newly formed bone between the experimental and control groups (P This biomaterial could be used in the repair of long bone defects in clinical situations.