فهرست مطالب محمدرضا پاکروان چروده

Acknowledging the significance of electronic marketing in enhancing the agricultural sector's position, this study aimed to identify and introduce necessary strategies for developing electronic marketing of agricultural products in Khorramabad city. To achieve research goals, a brainstorming method was employed to gather inputs on the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities within the electronic marketing landscape from 52 experts active in the agricultural sector in 2021. The general results of the SWOT matrix analysis revealed a conservative approach in the development strategy for electronic marketing of agricultural products. As a practical recommendation, it is suggested that Keshavarzi Bank, an operational bank supporting the agricultural sector, allocate dedicated and separate credits to foster and support the electronic marketing of agricultural products. Additionally, allocating a portion of the resources from the National Development Fund is proposed as another viable measure to enhance the level of electronic marketing for agricultural products. Furthermore, it is recommended that organizations involved in electronic trade, as well as the private sector, review the mechanisms of electronic marketing systems for agricultural products. Implementing new practical solutions based on up-to-date technologies is crucial to the development of this marketing activity.

Due to the significance of establishing a food security plan and atlas within globally recognized institutions to enhance monitoring of nutrition conditions across various regions and countries, the current study focused on creating the latest, comprehensive food-security map for households in urban and rural areas of Khuzestan Province, Iran.

Using random sampling method, a total of 3381 questionnaires were collected from urban (1909 questionnaires) and rural (1472 questionnaires) areas within Khuzestan Province, Iran. These questionnaires were administered via face-to-face interviews. The level of household food security was assessed using standard questionnaire of the household food insecurity access scale. To assess the annual consumption of food items and convert it into daily intake, standard household income-consumption questionnaire was used. Food intake status of the households was calculated using food content table.

Findings indicated the presence of a divided society in the province, primarily affected by the level of per-capita income and its distribution. Results revealed a contrasting situation, where malnutrition was prevalent on one end while overeating was seen on the other end. Based on the data, approximately 37% of urban households in Khuzestan Province had high food security, while the remaining of 63% experienced various forms of food insecurity. Of urban areas, Shoush had the highest level of food security reaching 62%. It is noteworthy that 38% of households in this city faced food insecurity. In the rural areas of Khuzestan Province, Shadgan had the lowest percentage of food secure households at 13%, followed by Izeh at 15% and Bandar Mahshahr at 18%.

It is suggested that the drawn maps be used to review and adjust the policies regarding food security and nutrition provision for households in Khuzestan province. Furthermore, these maps can contribute to the development of a sustainable strategic model and a roadmap for targeted investments by the government and provincial officials, taking into account the geographical context.

Surveying of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and their modeling using artificial intelligence methods in peanut production of Astaneh-Ashrafiyeh county of Guilan province were investigated in this research. The data used in the study were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire in 2019 production period. Results showed the total inputs energy and output energy were 19248 and 87210 MJ ha-1 with energy use efficiency as 4.53, respectively and the highest consumption of inputs was belonged to chemical fertilizers with 45%. Also, in production process, about 571 kgCO2eq. ha-1 was emitted that fuel with 57% had the highest share of emissions. The modeling results showed that in comparison with the results of artificial neural network, the performance of the ANFIS model is better in predicting the output energy and greenhouse gas emissions of peanut production.

Food security is introduced as a global indicator of the welfare level of households worldwide, ‎especially in developing countries. Also, income extracted from the entrepreneur of women in ‎the rural area affects the total income of the household and their access to high-quality foods based on ‎their preferences. In this study, the association ‎between food security and the entrepreneur of women was investigated in the rural area in ‎Khorramabad county in 2019-2020. Data ‎were collected via face-to-face interview and the status of food security was assessed by using ‎Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The results showed that about 23.6% of ‎households were food secure while 13.9%, 23.8% and 38.7% of them were marginal, moderate ‎and severe food insecure, respectively. Also, about 79% of households who have an ‎entrepreneural woman faced food insecurity, while about 73.9 of those who don't have faced ‎food insecurity. The results showed that the probability of being food secure in ‎households with a female entrepreneurial member who is activated in agricultural production and ‎handicraft activities was higher than that of conversion and service industries. The results of ‎the logistic regression model showed that some factors including the background of ‎entrepreneurship activity, household income, entrepreneural income, occupation of head of ‎household and personla saving were directly associated with food security. While distance from ‎the central market was inversely associated with food security. So, distributing inexpensive raw ‎materials, providing subsidized inputs, improving job opportunities, holding educational classes, ‎providing low-interest facilities for economic empowerment and stimulating productive activity ‎for entrepreneurial households was suggested.‎

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various types of entrepreneurial activities of rural women on the sustainable food security of their households in Khorramabad township. The statistical population of the present study was rural women entrepreneurs in Khorramabad township (N = 395) who were selected as a sample using Jrejcie and Morgan table (n=190) and three-stage cluster sampling method. The main data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that the food security situation of households is not in a favorable condition (2.59). The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that in terms of sustainable food security, there is a significant difference in the types of entrepreneurial activities of rural women in terms of consumption and access dimensions (P <0.05). In addition, the results of the LSD post hoc test in the access dimension showed that the handicrafts group is significantly (P < 0.05) different from the processing industries and agricultural products group and entrepreneurial households engaged in agricultural products and conversion industries are in a better position than entrepreneurial households engaged in handicrafts. In terms of consumption, entrepreneurial households engaged in processing industries are in a better position than the agricultural production group. Therefore, based on the obtained results, suggestions such as providing financial credits by policy-makers, diversification of entrepreneurial activities based on agricultural products and food processing, and holding training workshops for women entrepreneurs working in the conversion industry with the aim of providing and maintaining food processing and packaging, safety and health are provided.

Nowadays, the issue of providing food security of vulnerable groups is one of the ‎formidable challenges at the international level. Refugees as one of these vulnerable ‎groups are always considered by governments and improving the situation of their food ‎security is substantial in many developed and developing countries. In this study, the ‎situation of food security of Afghan refugees was assessed in Southern areas in Tehran ‎province, 2018-2019. The needed data was collected via filling out the HFIAS questionnaire and ‎the questions related to socio-economic factors. The results showed that 88.7% of ‎Afghan refugee households face food insecurity in the target areas and prevailing ‎moderate food insecurity is more than mild and severe level (40.7%). The age of headed-‎household, heads' occupation (permanent or seasonal job), income groups (medium and ‎high level of income), the number of employed members, and personal saving are ‎inversely and significantly associated with food insecurity. On the other hand, having a ‎child greater than 18 years old, the number of male children, and head's smoking have ‎a direct and significant association with food insecurity among Afghan refugee ‎household. Therefore, attending to socio-economic factors which were confirmed their ‎significant association with food insecurity in this study is important. Developing ‎employment opportunities, making easier access to banking facilities, the needed ‎education in the line of reducing the consumption of cigarette and decreasing the limited ‎access to the job market are suggestable.

Improving food security status through  socio-economic ‎determinants is always important at the household level. In this study, ‎after assessing the food security level of households in urban and rural ‎areas of Khuzestan province, associated factors including economic, social, and racial with food security were identified in 1397. To achieve the goals, 1876 and ‎‎1495 questionnaires were collected in urban and rural areas ‎respectively. The logistic regression model was used to identify effective ‎factors. The results showed that 63 % and ‎‎68 % of households in urban and rural areas face food insecurity respectively. Hamidiyeh county with 18 %, Omidieh 25 % ‎, and Dezful 28 % had the least percent of food secured households in the urban areas of Khuzestan province, respectively. Also, ‎the cities of Shadegan with 13 %, Izeh with 15 %, and Mahshahr port with ‎‎18 % had the least percent of food security households in ‎rural areas, respectively. The results of the quantitative estimated model in the present study showed that employment of the head of the household, income, number of rooms and personal car ownership were significantly and directly associated with food security in urban and rural areas of Khuzestan province. Therefore, due to the weakness of income policies which are applying as the only ways to ameliorate food security status in Iran, paying close attention to socio-economic factors related to improving the level of household food security before any intervention is necessary.

Due to the importance of ameliorating the food security status of immigrants, as one of the main vulnerable groups at the international level, in the present study, the association between food security, diet diversity, socio-economic factors, and social welfare of Afghan immigrant households in the Southern areas of Tehran Province was investigated.

Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 317 Afghan immigrant households in 2019. Household Food Insecurity Assess Scale (HFIAS) was used to assess food security status. Then after presenting descriptive statistics of socioeconomic factors, the association between these factors and food security was assessed.

The results showed that about 11.3% of immigrant households were food secure, while 11.7, 40.7 and 36.6% suffered from marginal, moderate and severe food insecurity, respectively. Assessing the consumed food groups by these households showed that about 88% of them had a high level of diet diversity, while 3.4% experienced a low level of diet diversity. The significant association between food insecurity and diet diversity was not found, but the association between social welfare, food security, and diet diversity was confirmed. The occupation and income of the head of household, and the number of male children were significantly associated with food security and diet diversity among Afghan immigrant households.

Due to the importance of socio-economic factors in designing and implementation of policies aimed at promoting food security status, equal job opportunities and mitigating the legal and administrative constraints of applying Afghan immigrants to various jobs are recommended. Moreover, given the inverse association between social welfare and food insecurity, enacting and implementing policies resulting in the improvement of households' access to welfare facilities and also improving the level of sub-index of social welfare are suggested for improving food security status in this group.