محمدرضا پورجعفر

Over the past decades, numerous discussions have attempted to define the concept of a neighborhood. Initially, the definition of a neighborhood was rooted in the principle of separation, emphasizing the presence of social boundaries. However, as urban development advanced, the transformation of neighborhoods in the modern era signaled the emergence of new conceptualizations, where planning and design often preceded social structures. Despite extensive academic discourse, a universally accepted definition of a neighborhood remains elusive. Examining the spatial aspects of neighborhoods requires a well-defined theoretical framework that captures the lived experiences of residents and the interrelationship between people, activities, and spaces. The ambiguity in defining neighborhoods stems from the absence of a standardized conceptual framework, resulting in varied interpretations and applications across disciplines. This challenge has hindered the ability of urban scholars to fully grasp the implications of neighborhood effects on social interactions and urban cohesion. Theoretical Framework Neighborhoods have long been a focal point of social science research. Sociologists have regarded neighborhoods as "genuine phenomena" with intrinsic social significance. The scientific study of neighborhoods as independent subjects gained traction in the late 19th century. By the 1960s, the concept of the neighborhood had gained prominence within professional communities, yet definitions increasingly overlooked its locational aspects. In the 21st century, social theorists revisited early neighborhood conceptualizations, such as those formulated by the Chicago School, which emphasized demographic characteristics as defining factors. This approach viewed neighborhoods primarily through socio-economic, moral, and racial transformations. However, the perception of neighborhoods gradually shifted from being purely physical constructs to more perceptual and mental entities, characterized by four key dimensions: space, time (history), citizens (individuals, groups, and institutions), and activities or functions. Historical research suggests that the concept of a neighborhood is best understood as a dynamic and evolving process. The "accumulation of similar behavioral patterns" and a "valued perception of a fixed territory" contribute to the neighborhood's identity. Modernity has introduced additional complexities, reinforcing the importance of reevaluating traditional neighborhood frameworks.

This study is classified as fundamental research with a qualitative approach. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, it employs a systematic review and thematic analysis technique to analyze 36 primary sources. The research follows a six-step process:Immersion in the data
Generation of primary codes
Identification of themes
Examination and refinement of themes
Definition and naming of themes
Report preparation

The research findings indicate that the social ontology of traditional neighborhoods revolves around two main themes:Capacities of Local Communities, encompassing:Social attachment, which includes attitudinal and behavioral attachment, neighborhood satisfaction, emotional investment, preservation of neighborhood assets, social belonging, pride, and the willingness to defend neighborhood boundaries. Social cohesion, which involves fostering deep interpersonal bonds, shared traditions, community participation, and a collective sense of kinship.
Community Neighborhood Acceptance, comprising:Social obligations, which include collective goals, participatory social practices, neighborhood honor, tolerance, mutual trust, crisis unity, and resident engagement in shaping the neighborhood’s future. Public good and empowerment, which pertains to the enhancement of interpersonal resources, skill development, neighborhood loyalty, social support systems, local entrepreneurship, and the sustainability of cultural and economic self-sufficiency. These thematic elements highlight the critical role of neighborhood sociability in fostering cohesive, resilient, and sustainable urban communities. The study underscores that social attachment and cohesion serve as foundational elements for the vitality of traditional neighborhoods.

This study aimed to reinterpret the concept of the traditional neighborhood and examine its transformation across different historical periods. By exploring the social aspects of traditional neighborhoods, it identified four primary components that shape their ontology: space, time, citizen, and activity. These elements interact dynamically, influencing both urban structure and citizenship practices. Over time, the understanding of neighborhoods has transitioned from being purely physical constructs to more semantic, perceptual, and mental entities. However, despite this conceptual evolution, neighborhoods remain tangible manifestations of social and spatial dynamics. The increasing divergence between social and physical structures, coupled with enhanced mobility and technological advancements, has complicated the definition and lived experience of neighborhoods in contemporary urban contexts. The findings suggest that revitalizing urban neighborhoods requires a return to the foundational principles of traditional neighborhood design. By integrating social ontology into modern urban planning, policymakers and designers can cultivate more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban environments.

The advance of information and communication technologies and digitalization has led to significant transformations in cities and urban life dimensions. Technology is recognized as a facilitator of processes and an enhancer of urban quality of life, particularly in public spaces. The emergence of the smart city concept as an urban policy and dominant paradigm reflects these transformative impacts. This study aims to explore the influence of technology on the theoretical and practical domains of cities through a qualitative approach and thematic literature review, with an emphasis on enhancing the quality of urban public spaces in smart city framework. The study examines the macro and micro impacts of technology in cities, with a focus on the smart city paradigm. Iran Mall has been selected as the case study to analyze the theoretical and practical impacts of technology on its public spaces.The findings indicate that, theoretically, technology has led to the development of new urban theories, including digital cities, cyber cities, creative cities, knowledge-based cities, learning cities, and, notably, the smart city as the prevailing discourse. Practically, technology can address urban challenges across various dimensions, such as economic, social, transportation, environmental, and governance aspects. At the micro scale, technology enhances the connection between humans, spaces, and technology in urban smart spaces, resulting in improved quality of life in public spaces. The case study of Iran Mall illustrates the realization of these concepts on both macro and micro scales, where advanced technologies are integrated into physical structures and urban functions, enhancing the urban experience for visitors. Finally, practical recommendations are provided to improve the performance of Iran Mall and maximize the potential of existing technologies based on the research findings.

Spatiality is one of the most important problems of the urban planning system at any level. In this sense, space is the common source of any planning form. Since space is the context of distributing and redistributing many resources, it is always a field of conflict and contradictions. Therefore, urban planning as a knowledge of the management of space always seeks to resolve some conflicts that appear in the space. Considering such a definition of space and planning system, urban planning is more than ever considered a regulatory rationality.

The present research has analyzed spatial relations and economic and political relations through theoretical explanations and systematic analysis. Obviously, according to the requirements of discourse analysis, some discourse concepts and strategies that lead to regulation in space are analyzed.

The dominant discourse always seeks to stabilize the situation, referred to as the status quo. Against such an encounter, critical reading shows that the concept of space is a social and political construct that is more than ever linked to different aspects of regulation. Understanding the regulatory relationships in space by clarifying the spatialization of policies at different levels can help produce a more justice space.

To create justice spatial relationships in the field of policy-making, planning, and management, it is necessary to move from the form-centered reductionist reading of the concept of space to a constructionist reading. It is in such an understanding of space that it is finally possible to resolve some spatial contradictions and conflicts.Innovation: Formulating spatial relations from the perspective of economic and political discourse can provide grounds for discourse creation in the policy field to achieve justice in the production of space.

The creative city theory tries to describe a quality that makes the mental image of a city more beautiful for citizens. The purpose of presenting the concept of quality of life in this theory is to modify the evolution of urban development from the concept of quantitative growth to sustainable urban development. In fact, urban creativity as a strategic approach can affect the qualities of living in the city. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to present a strategy for realizing the idea of a creative city in urban neighborhoods and selecting the desired strategy. In order to achieve the research objective, the descriptive-analytical research method and the research methods of questionnaire, interview and observation were used. The statistical population of the research is all residents of Sang-e Siah neighborhood, which were equal to 6355 based on the study plan of the neighborhood zoning of Shiraz, and urban design experts. In the citizens group, a sample size of 363 people was selected by simple random selection using the Cochran formula, and in the experts group, 30 experts were selected. In this paper, the SWOT model and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) were used to analyze the data and prioritize the strategies. Based on the results obtained from the SWOT model, the position of the creative city indicators in the functional-spatial dimension in the studied neighborhood is in a competitive position, considering all the factors obtained. The results obtained from the QSPM show that among the five important strategies, the strategy of strengthening local green spaces in order to increase the presence of people and strengthen social interactions among residents is recognized as the best strategy with the highest score.

This study examines the role of cultural and historical corridors in enhancing urban social life at night, with a focus on Enghelab Street in Tehran. Urban design has historically prioritized daytime activities, often neglecting the unique spatial and psychological needs of nighttime environments. This research explores how mental imagery of urban spaces differs between day and night, highlighting the role of key urban elements such as paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts.Using surveys, interviews, and mental mapping techniques with 150 participants, the study identifies significant contrasts in citizens’ perceptions. While landmarks like the University of Tehran and City Theater strongly influence mental images during the day, their impact diminishes at night due to inadequate lighting, reduced social activity, and safety concerns. The findings underscore the critical role of lighting design, vibrant activities, and safety measures in creating engaging and inclusive nighttime spaces.Recommendations include dynamic lighting to enhance visibility and emphasize landmarks, introducing diverse cultural and recreational activities, and improving public safety through visible surveillance and active foot traffic. Additionally, leveraging the cultural and historical identity of Enghelab Street can foster collective memory and create a meaningful nighttime environment.This research offers actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers, demonstrating how cultural corridors can simultaneously preserve their historical significance and adapt to contemporary social needs, setting a benchmark for nighttime urban design in Tehran and beyond.

 The focus is on defining resilient communities as local institutional and adaptive capacities, skills, energy and resources that empower local individuals and groups to take control of their communities to determine how to build strong, healthy and vibrant communities in which people are proud to live. Local communities, as the cells of urban life, are part of the spatial organization of the city that have the ability to be identified socio-culturally. Values such as social trust, social solidarity and social integration are seen as internal capacities and hidden wealth in urban local communities. Despite the efforts made, the lack of deep clarity in the conceptualization of local community resilience is one of the main reasons for the confusion about related concepts, so that it can be said that to date, a comprehensive model of local community resilience that includes the functioning of all physical and socio-economic components from the immediate impact to the recovery phase in the face of a crisis has not been available, or clarifying the concept and operationalizing the mechanisms that lead to increasing the capacity of the local community for resilience has been ignored, and until there is a correct and accurate understanding of the concept, it is not possible to move towards operationalizing it in the real city context. This research gap emphasizes the innovative aspect of the upcoming study. Therefore, the need to address this issue in order to make human settlements as sustainable as possible is felt more than ever. The aim of this article is to apply resilience thinking in the social space of urban neighborhoods and to present a resilient neighborhood model from a social perspective through a descriptive-analytical review of theoretical literature. In this regard, the main questions are posed as follows: What dimensions does a rigorous definition of a resilient local community cover? And what are the themes, categories, and levels of the resilient urban neighborhood model in its social space?

Theoretical framework:

This research, which aims to apply resilience thinking in the social space of urban neighborhoods and present a resilient neighborhood model from a social perspective through a descriptive-analytical review of theoretical literature, seeks to answer the first question, namely, what dimensions does a rigorous definition of a resilient local community cover? After reviewing studies in this field, and considering that it seems that three general categories of definitions can be identified; Definitions regarding the process of resilience, definitions regarding the neutralization of adverse effects and the ability to maintain sustainable performance, and definitions that address the range of characteristics of resilient communities provide the following definition: "By understanding resilience as a process, local community resilience can be introduced as an integrated framework including interactions between enabling factors (citizens, institutions, public attention and government support) and capacities (such as coping, adaptation and providing solutions) that are current at different levels. In fact, local community resilience is defined as the ability of a community to resist crises or disruptions, which emphasizes variables related to leadership, collective efficacy, attachment to place, preparedness, learning and social trust. The local community as a whole must effectively cope with adversity and learn from it."

In order to achieve the main objective of the research, the methodology is followed in two main steps; A systematic review of the studies conducted as the first step, for a descriptive analysis of the general characteristics of these studies, including the process of publication and temporal and geographical distribution and extraction of the main sources to conduct a qualitative content analysis as the second step. The PRISMA method was used for a systematic review of the studies conducted due to the clarity of the steps and a more detailed examination. In response to the main research question and within the framework of the interpretivist paradigm, a qualitative content analysis method guided by an inductive approach was used. This analysis was carried out in 4 stages including summarization, coding, classification and discovery of themes.

A descriptive analysis of all studies conducted in the field of local community resilience shows that after a steady trend from the beginning, resilience theories have been raised more seriously in 2015. This increasing trend continues at a very high speed until it reaches its peak between 2020 and 2022. This period coincides with the onset of the global pandemic, and the resurgence of ideas related to local soft governance and micro-planning in self-sufficient and autonomous neighborhoods and resilient communities. Also, in the two-phase search that was conducted (1993-2015 and 2016-2024), the graphs show that in addition to the multiplicity of links in the second period, in the latter period, the multiplicity of keywords used has grown significantly and has generally shifted from general and general areas such as individuals, adults, parents, infrastructure, green space and the like, towards more specialized micro-areas such as environmental psychology, spatial poverty, vulnerable groups, racial and minority issues and gender, local governance, environmental perception, mental disorders, well-being, coping behavior, environmental violence, etc.

In the presented model, 3 layers or levels can be identified, the first level includes the management-institutional system and includes the factors that empower local communities, and decision-making and regulation tasks occur in this layer. This level interacts closely with its lower level, the central layer, which oversees the capacities and potentials of communities and is responsible for providing public services with the aim of supporting and protecting against crises. The lower level also creates the physical-spatial context of the above levels and includes environmental elements and components and spatial patterns or the objective manifestation of the local community. The three themes of mobilization capacity, experience capacity, and role-taking capacity are established in all the aforementioned levels and are expressed through the 12 categories stated, in a round-trip cycle.

Resilience thinking, a slippery concept, encompasses different principles and components across various intellectual systems. Integrating these theoretical approaches often leads to ambiguity in understanding, interpretation, and application. This ambiguity arises from the diverse contexts of resilience, from ecological to socio-economic systems. The interdisciplinary nature of resilience thinking requires synthesizing knowledge, which can obscure clear guidelines. Ongoing research and dialogue are essential to refine its framework and enhance its utility across different domains. 

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the evolution of the theoretical frameworks of resilience from the past to the present in different intellectual systems, in order to gain a precise understanding of the discourse of resilience in the field of contemporary urban planning. 

In this regard, based on the paradigm of interpretivism and by adopting the inductive strategy and by reviewing library documents and analyzing theoretical opinions and using the method of situational analysis, a systematic review of the selected studies with the aim of clarifying the situational elements as the units of analysis were conducted. The studies selected at this stage are based on a systematic review in the WoS and Scopus citation database between 1972 and 2023, as well as Persian sources, with the entry criteria of English, open access, high referencing, and the exit criterion of lack of originality and innovation in the presented definition of resilience, conference articles and book chapters (28 final sources), actively and in successive stages with the aim of clarifying situational elements as units of analysis were studied. Based on this, in this paper, to explain the conceptual model using the situational analysis method, three categories of maps have been introduced and drawn: a) Situational map (both unstructured and regular versions are used for data): To show the breadth and scope of the issues involved in the situation under investigation, specifying all actors, including individual or group actors, including non-human information-cognitive elements, spatial elements and components, historical, narrative and administrative discourses and the articulation of the relationships between them, b) the map of the arena or social worlds: the size, location and intersections of the social worlds are shown with the aim of stabilizing various discourse worlds in one arena, and c) the positional map: reflecting the elements and collections in a situation and different perspectives, with the aim of simplifying and understanding more clearly the expressed and unexpressed situations in the fields or discourses. 

The findings show that four epistemological perspectives or four generations of the concept of resilience can be explained. The first generation, under the umbrella of the positivist paradigm, goes back to the early days of the concept of resilience in ecology, which is known as feedback to restore and maintain the resilience of systems. The second generation, which crystallizes in the post-positivism paradigm, emphasizes the principle of adaptability. The third generation stands out in the paradigm of pragmatism by insisting on what is used in practice, and the fourth generation produces and reproduces its own understanding of resilience with a constructive-interpretive view. 

Although in the process of this formulation, the capacities and potentials of each of these four generations were compared with each other from the point of view of direction, fundamental components, focus points and the course of outstanding changes., however, it seems that in the current situation of societies, the use of the fourth generation approach is more responsive to the expectations of the present and future. The evolution of the concept of resilience, highlighted above through the lens of different generations, has identified a number of emerging lessons for policy makers that are now being applied in policy areas at different spatial scales. Although the initial ideas of urban resilience were generally resource driven by the (perceived) need to return to an earlier state, environmental and economic changes now create varying degrees of risk and desirability for urban policymakers. This has led to a new body of work in the urban planning literature focused on applying resilience principles to policy and practice. In addition to the efforts made, we can take a detailed look at the consideration of the fourth generation approach according to the requirements of civil societies and citizens.

The momentum of the new resurgent urbanism urgently needs to find new ways of designing in harmony with nature and culture due to spirituality. Insufficient attention to spiritual and moral principles, methods or teachings in urban development has exacerbated this issue .The research method of literature review is the systematic review. In order to refine the theoretical framework and draw a conceptual model, the Delphi method and semi-structured interviews with 51 professors of urban planning, architecture, Quran and hadith science, and 21 interviews with people have been used. Finally, literature review and interviews with professors are analyzed by the thematic analysis method to generate initial codes, review and define themes and finally draw the thematic network of data. The results show that the spiritual urban space is formed in a context that is based on religious or non-religious beliefs and each of these contexts leads to the formation of socio-cultural identity. These values and socio-cultural identity are the basis for the creation of spiritual urban spaces that have one of the elements of sacred or identity architecture in the physical dimensions, meaningful colors and materials and public art; In the visual dimensions, the sense of glory, unity, sacredness, humility, cultural landscape, sacred landscape and green landscape; In the perceptual dimensions of religious and cultural symbols and signs, the sacred sound landscape; In functional dimensions, sacred paths, sacred uses; In the natural dimensions of the environment, natural elements and environmental identity of the region; In socio-cultural dimensions, cultural identity, cultural and social events in a cohesive multicultural society; And in the dimension of time, the sense of time in historical contexts and religious-cultural uses are temporal. Perception and experience of such spaces have different effects on individuals, which include the person's optimal relationship with God, self, others and nature.

This study examines the criteria for sustainable urban development management in thriving cities around metropolises. Based on the content analysis method in examining the theories in this field, a special conceptual model has been developed that presents the role of various indicators affecting the management of sustainable urban development in thriving cities. Also, based on the case study method, the city of Lavasan was selected as a case study to provide a realistic understanding of the role of various components on sustainable urban management in thriving cities around metropolises. The research method was based on quantitative and qualitative methods. Based on the field visit, initial discussions and conceptual model of purposeful questionnaires were prepared. SPSS21 and Smart-PLS statistical techniques were used to find the relationships of the variables and to analyze the information of the questionnaires. 376 questionnaires have been analyzed in relation to the components of sustainable urban development management. The results of the analysis show that the components affecting the management of sustainable urban development in Lavasan can be in physical-spatial dimensions, quality of life, intelligent management, justice and examined equality, governance, and optimal legislation. The results also show that the physical-spatial factor is the most important effective criterion. Also, the path of factor analysis shows that achieving urban prosperity in cities around metropolises begins with smart urban management, governance and appropriate legislation in the field of physical infrastructure. Space and quality of life infrastructure lead to the spread of justice and equality in the city and ultimately lead to urban prosperity.

The aging process, conducting research to obtain practical insights to improve their mental health. This study, with the aim of evaluating scientific research in the field of mental health of the elderly, used the descriptive research method, content analysis, and systematic review and co-occurrence techniques. "Magiran", "Sid" and "Noormags" databases were examined and the co-occurrence map of their keywords was drawn using Raver-matrix and UCINET software. The findings showed that Tehran province was in the first place, Shahrekord, Fars and Razavi Khorasan were in the second and third place. The most studied physical places were nursing homes and medical centers with a frequency of 29 and 18. Retirement centers, sports places and mosques were places with fewer studies. Descriptive-analytical method was the most used with 54% and correlational and quasi-experimental methods (pre and post-test) were ranked second and third with 30% and 28.73% frequency. The most used tools were questionnaires and interviews. The words "depression", "quality of life" with a frequency of 8 and a total link strength of 24 and 21 were the most frequent, "elderly women" and "anxiety" with an occurrence of 7 and 5 and a link strength of 14 and 15 among the most frequent keywords.

Urban spaces are the living places of a wide range of people, individually and collectively. Markets are considered an urban space, the center of economy, culture and historical heritage of every city, which simultaneously with the profound physical and social changes of the modern era in Iranian cities, with a decrease in value, and have faced economic, social, and physical continuity. Examining and studying the factors that cause these changes in historical markets is necessary so that the traditional market, as a manifestation of the Iranian urban space, will be able to bring the concept of the collective spirit of the place in the best way, because it is the focus of cultural heritage and historical preservation. As an example of an urban space with ancient history, Vakil Bazaar of Shiraz is an injury resulting from the incorrect imitation of the western urban planning culture, ignoring the structure of Iranian-Islamic urban planning. In general, the Vakil Bazaar and the Zandiye complex in Shiraz are among the places that bear the burden of the city's mental life and memories. Many of the characteristics and features of this market have suffered a sharp decline in quality, or in some cases, they have disappeared altogether. Investigating and analyzing how the behavioral patterns of users change in old and historical urban spaces, such as Vakil Bazaar, is of undeniable importance; because these spaces can greatly contribute to the endogenous and sustainable development of the city in various cultural, social and economic dimensions by taking advantage of the valuable heritage capabilities and capacities in addition to their social capital. Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of interpreting and explaining the evolution of behavioral patterns in the Vakil Bazaar. In line with the main goal of the research, two questions are raised:- What behavior patterns have emerged from businesses, customers, and passers-by in the Vakil Bazaar?
-In what direction have the changes in the behavioral and action system of people using the Vakil Bazaar gone in the last few years?

 In order to achieve the goal of the research, in general, in this research, the questioning strategy was used to analyze the meaning of the actors' actions and understand their mental world. Collaborative observation and in-depth interviews (41 people, including 19 men and 22 women) were considered with the aim of empathetic introspection with the activists. In-depth interviews of 45 to 120 minutes were conducted in a semi-structured manner with the main carriers of the Bazaar, including various business groups and citizens present in the space, which were recorded during the interview and implemented afterward. In the selection of the interviewees, having lived experience in the Vakil Bazaar environment and being more prepared to be involved in the research were considered general conditions. Along with the gradual formation of data and the achievement of content richness, they have been implemented to categorize the findings of the interviews, and in the next step, the hidden content of the interviews was interpreted with the help of the qualitative content analysis method, and the researchers went beyond the words or the objective content of the interview texts and extracted the mentioned themes or patterns of behavior. Then, the stages of determining the initial coding, finding the relationship between them and the categories (in relation to the conceptual model of the research) took place. In general, the method of qualitative content analysis was carried out in three key phases: a) preparation, b) organization, and c) reporting of results.

 After extracting the unit of meaning, compressing words or similar sentences in a phrase, and coding, codes were extracted, which were placed in different classes (categories and subcategories) according to conceptual and thematic relevance. The codes extracted from interviews with marketers and other market carriers were generally divided into three categories: 1) the field of seller-customer interaction, 2) the field of seller-seller interaction, and 3) the field of passerby interaction. The findings show that the subcategories of "duality of overt and implicit encounter" and "feeling of security and intimateness" in the field of seller-customer interaction, subcategories of "socialization" and "socio-emotional bonding" in the field of seller-seller interaction and subcategories of "cultural age" and "sense of belonging and ownership of space" in the field of the mutual action of passersby in the present and past have differences. In order, the subcategories of "socialization" with 387 codes, "cultural age" with 305 codes, and "socio-emotional relationship" with 147 codes had the highest weight among the extracted subcategories, which are included in the components of the social relations network, sustainable patterns of activity and semantic perceptual system, respectively, and show changes regardless of the nature and historical values of the environment that should be included in the executive plans and urban management decisions.

 In general, the identified behavioral patterns are the most interesting, unique, and valuable institutionalized behaviors among the country's Bazaars; each of these behaviors, from the smallest to the largest, carries an extensive meaning that has become an unwritten mission or an identity style of urban collective life. The position of the current research, among other researches in the field of behavior in historical environments, is valuable because it has changed behaviors by comparing and examining contemporary behaviors with past behaviors in the environment. Discovering and systematizing these behavior patterns (before the main actors have not disappeared) makes possible the permanence and emergence of desirable behavior patterns as a part of the subculture of traditional markets. The need to pay attention to the collection of what has been achieved in the executive plans and decisions of urban management should be placed on the agenda, so that this field is not only viewed as a heritage body, but also as a place for the emergence of an ancient behavioral system. Future research can be done by emphasizing historical studies to identify the exact physical changes and people's mental meanings when faced with historical images in traditional samples.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Problem:

 The problem addressed in this research is the potential conflict between economic goals in urban branding and the long-term health of urban ecosystems. Specifically, there is concern that focusing solely on economic aspects in urban design may jeopardize the health of the urban ecosystem and lead to severe damage over time.

Target:

 The primary objective of this research is to develop an urban brand that prioritizes sustainability and enhances the health of the ecosystem within cities. The aim is to provide solutions for maintaining and strengthening social and environmental interactions through landscape design in urban green infrastructures.

The research adopts an applicable-science approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data collection is primarily library-based, focusing on gathering information about urban green infrastructure, particularly paths and spaces, and their role in fostering sustainability and social and environmental interactions.

Based on the collected information, the research identifies the key components and principles of urban green infrastructure. The two major components are paths and spaces, which form the structure of green infrastructure. Additionally, the research outlines principles such as multi-functionality, communication, synchronization, process-oriented design, and strategic planning as fundamental to the development of sustainable urban branding through landscape design.

urban morphology has different functions in various fields such as heritage and tourism. By the aid of this knowledge there will be more accurate study in urban fabrics of cities specially in historical urban fabric of cities. So it will be better to discuss about how to interrupt and improve the historical urban fabric.

surveying urban morphology knowledge and its attitudes which are three schools (British school , Italian school and French school) and integrated one which is ISUF and how to use the urban morphology knowledge for better and more systematic analysis of urban fabric specially in heritage and tourism fields to lead a better decision making to interrupt in urban fabric of cities.

In this research the Conzenian method have been used. This method is acceptable for most of attitudes of urban morphology. In this method the elements of the form of city are four elements: the natural context, the streets system, the plots system, the buildings system. The historical urban fabric of Qazvin city has been studied by these four elements to find the features of it. 

By surveying the historical urban fabric of Qazvin city according the four elements of city form it was concluded that using this way is very effective to find out the characteristics of city more clearly.

The paper concluded that in surveying the urban morphology knowledge and choosing British method as the common method among the urban morphology schools can be an effective way for better and more clear identification of the features of urban fabric.

One of the most obvious changes that have taken place in the fabric of contemporary cities compared to the old cities of Iran is the loss of physical cohesion. This is hard to find in today's cities. Despite that, cohesion as an essential quality in the physical, social and economic life of cities has received less attention. Urban cohesion has always been one of the most basic structural qualities and central principles and concepts in cities. The urban structure of the Karaj metropolis faces many problems in the field of participation, the growth of informal settlements, administrative, physical, excessive growth of the city, politicization of the performance of urban management, etc.; As a result, paying attention to the space and body of the city and finding solutions to get out of the existing situation and how to integrate the city body and how to control and guide the city from different aspects are of double importance. The present research aims; The analysis of background factors affecting the physical integrity of Karaj city has been compiled, the type of applied research, the method used is analytical-quantitative. Data collection has been done based on library and field sources (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts in the field of urban planning and management. Research indicators in several fields (sectoral integration, urban management, public participation and municipal revenue sources) were extracted and analyzed with PLS software. The results of the analysis show that the indicators of management structure, rules and regulations, urban management, participation and income sources with a significance level of 0.000 and the average observation respectively; 3/388, 3/512, 3/243, 3/179, 3/3 with a total index of 3/228 have a higher than average impact on the physical cohesion of Karaj city. In other words, all the investigated factors are effective in the physical cohesion of one area of Karaj municipality and play an important role in increasing the physical cohesion in the studied area.One of the most obvious changes that have taken place in the fabric of contemporary cities compared to the old cities of Iran is the loss of physical cohesion. This is hard to find in today's cities. Despite that, cohesion as an essential quality in the physical, social and economic life of cities has received less attention. Urban cohesion has always been one of the most basic structural qualities and central principles and concepts in cities. The urban structure of the Karaj metropolis faces many problems in the field of participation, the growth of informal settlements, administrative, physical, excessive growth of the city, politicization of the performance of urban management, etc.; As a result, paying attention to the space and body of the city and finding solutions to get out of the existing situation and how to integrate the city body and how to control and guide the city from different aspects are of double importance. The present research aims; The analysis of background factors affecting the physical integrity of Karaj city has been compiled, the type of applied research, the method used is analytical-quantitative. Data collection has been done based on library and field sources (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts in the field of urban planning and management. Research indicators in several fields (sectoral integration, urban management, public participation and municipal revenue sources) were extracted and analyzed with PLS software. The results of the analysis show that the indicators of management structure, rules and regulations, urban management, participation and income sources with a significance level of 0.000 and the average observation respectively; 3/388, 3/512, 3/243, 3/179, 3/3 with a total index of 3/228 have a higher than average impact on the physical cohesion of Karaj city. In other words, all the investigated factors are effective in the physical cohesion of one area of Karaj municipality and play an important role in increasing the physical cohesion in the studied area.results of the analysis show that the indicators of management structure, rules and regulations, urban management, participation and income sources with a significance level of 0.000 and the average observation respectively; 3/388, 3/512, 3/243, 3/179, 3/3 with a total index of 3/228 have a higher than average impact on the physical cohesion of Karaj city.

One of the mos t important factors in the analysis of urban space is the attention to ethical norms of the society, which has become a part of religious culture in Iran. The path of analysis and explanation of urbanization from the perspective of Islamic principles is based on the principles and attributes that through the modes and concepts of the transcendental and through the tools and rules, takes on a special physical s tructure, so that ultimately the full effect of the city occurs in which the person at all times is aware of the transcendental and spiritual dimensions of life. This research, by relying on written sources and introducing an ethical approach in analyzing urban spaces and focusing on the concept of pudency, explains its features in the city's body and the modes of manifes tation and embodiment of the aforementioned traits. The method of research is to analyze and characterize the characteris tics of pudency in religious, exploratory and analytical teachings. By referring to well-known, and repeated narratives in Hadith sources, its content has been inves tigated. In the following, in an inductive and analytical approach, the mode of manifes tation of pudency in urban spaces has been explained based on indicators excerpted from Hadiths, the ways and the effects of it. Generally speaking, in the path to the rise of spiritual and moral values in urban space and its physical manifes tation, it is a legible process that explains and clarifies it more precisely and objectively s tep by s tep. In this regard, in this s tudy, the content analysis of the consecrated Hadiths in relation to pudency in order to achieve the basic concepts has been considered. In the complementary s tages, with its adaptation and environmental analysis, the five principles derived from pudency, including dignity, sanctity, spirituality, supervision and rationality, and each of them was analyzed separately, and finally, in the form of 13 methods and 32 manifes tations, the dimensions of manifes tation and spatial-physical imagination of pudency are discussed. But the emergence and objectivity of the final propositions expressed in urban space requires attention to spatial and behavioral aspects. More precisely, emphasizing and directing people to the inner and spiritual areas of pudency in urban space requires some arrangements that some of them can be achieved in the form of physical measures in urban space, but the nature and scope of pudency in relation to others, Requires social and behavioral considerations. In this regard, the final cases explained in the form of s tatements can be divided into three main categories: (a) The major cases of the s tated physical form are arrangements that have a deterrent and preventive role in the occurrence of abnormalities and can be the basis The occurrence of a variety of social behaviors; (b) It has been s tated that, in addition to the previous role, self-indications and physical analogy are related to veneration; (c) In some cases, in addition to emphasizing physical equipment, social interactions and Creating privacy and appropriate physical conditions are discussed.

Application of urban renewal approach in designs and policies leads to the formation of gentrification phenomenon in some urban areas. This phenomenon occurs with numerous social and economic challenges and consequences, such as higher urban inequalities and injustice, pressures imposed by housing demand and displacement to adjacent slums, higher house prices, changes in local services, lower social capital, etc. The present paper was an applied study that was conducted based on descriptive and analytical methods, and data collection was done through documentary and bibliographic techniques. Moreover, qualitative content analysis and systematic review of data were employed to develop the conceptual model derived from textual data of previous studies (as secondary data). To extract the challenges to urban renewal, 89 papers were retrieved from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Magiran, Civilica, and SID databases, and 10 theses and dissertations were reviewed. The extant study aims to examine the renovated areas with an emphasis on the gentrification phenomenon in these areas to find challenges to renovated areas with the formation of the gentrification phenomenon. According to the results, among 20 extracted subcategories, "worn out fabric" had the highest frequency, and subcategories "place identity, revival, social cohesion, low-income classes, and population displacement" had the lowest frequencies. Therefore, social and cultural consequences and themes have received less attention, and some issues such as identity and sense of belonging to place have been examined less and limited.

One of the challenges of today's world is the crisis of spirituality, which occurred mainly due to the focus of modernism on materialism and consumerism. In the last twenty years, the ideas of thinkers about spiritual architecture and urbanism have started. The purpose of this research is to understand the dimensions of the quality of spirituality and measure it in some urban spaces of Isfahan.

A simple review method was used to review the literature, a Delphi method and a semi-structured interview with elites and an in-depth interview with citizens were used to identify the characteristics of spiritual urban spaces. Interviews analysis with thematic analysis.

The opinions of two groups of elites and citizens in order to rank 22 selected spaces of Isfahan city based on a Likert scale were analyzed using a questionnaire and Friedman's test to rank the perception of spirituality and variance analysis has been used to compare the perception of spirituality of different groups.

The results show that the spiritual urban space is formed in a context based on religious or non-religious beliefs and each of these contexts lead to the formation of social and cultural identity in the city. Such spaces have different effects on people, which include a good relationship with God, himself, others, and nature. Also, based on the scores of two groups of professors and citizens, Jame Mosque has the highest score and Hassan Abad Bazaar has the lowest score for the level of spirituality in the urban spaces of Isfahan.

Against the growth of the population and the advancement of technology and the subsequent destruction of natural habitats and the expansion of cities, the need to preserve green spaces and control their destruction in order to create an ecological balance becomes more and more important; Especially in hot and dry areas where the plant plays a vital role as a factor in regulating heat and increasing humidity. Regardless of the structure of the substrate and the ecological power of the environment, the design of the environment takes a step towards absolute instability; especially due to lack of correct control of urban development with the destruction of vegetation in desert areas, soil erosion grows rapidly and eventually turns the environment into an unlivable salt marsh. The research method in the field of theoretical and background literature is descriptive-analytical and case study, and in the field of field studies, it is a survey method with data collection tools through library studies and field observations. The method of data analysis is quantitative at the level of descriptive-comparative and inferential statistics in satellite images. As a case study, land use map with competitive neural network classification in Varamin desert region in 2001 through Landsat 7 satellite images (the main reflective bands of ETM+ sensor) has been selected. In the obtained map, different vegetation, soil types, water sources (rivers) and urban areas can be distinguished. The results of the present research reveal the need for a correct planning to control the development and take advantage of the potentials and limitations, which can be achieved through applying the principles of sustainable landscape development in the desert areas in harmony with the Varamin region. This was achieved.

Modernism has played an important role in the development of human life in technological dimensions, but its aterialistic view has made cities and urban spaces face basic challenges in social, cultural, environmental and spiritual fields. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of spirituality in the construction and measurement of urban spaces is an important step in dealing with these challenges. Therefore, the aim of this research is to understand the dimensions of the quality of spirituality in urban spaces and evaluate it in some urban spaces of Isfahan. In the qualitative part, the literature of the subject has been explained by a systematic review. In the quantitative part, the votes of two groups of elites (51 people) and citizens (400 people) in order to rank the perception of spirituality from 22 selected spaces of Isfahan city based on the Likert scale were analyzed using a questionnaire and using Friedman’s test to rank the perception of spirituality. One-way analysis of variance has been used to compare the perception of the sense of spirituality in the respondent group. According to the scores of two groups of elites and citizens, regarding the level of spirituality in the urban spaces of Isfahan, Jame Mosque scored the highest and Bazarche Hassan Abad scored the lowest. Also, among the types of space, “Cemetery” has received the highest score in terms of spirituality. Therefore, the two important cemetery of Isfahan, Takht Foulad Cemetery (the public tomb and the tomb of religious and cultural celebrities) and Golestan Shohada were selected as case study to conduct in-depth interviews with citizens (21 people) and the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis. The results indicate that silence, solitude, peace, Islamic architecture of buildings and monuments, the integration of nature and natural elements with the tomb, the visibility of the sky and the vastness of the area; Also, the mental dimensions of the space, including the sense of remembrance, the sense of separation from the world, the connection with divine saints and religious elders are among the most important factors in creating spirituality in these cemetery.

The suitability of the urban spaces depends on the ability of them to respond on the needs of their users. Despite the fact that women make up half the city's population, does not pay attention to the design and construction of urban spaces. It is necessary is to explain the intellectual definitions of women in relation to urban spaces so that can be extracted the factors that increase the quality of women's presence in these spaces. Urban spaces around the holy shrines because of its religious nature have created a good bed for the free and secure presence of women without gender-based attitudes. This research has tried to explain the qualities of special urban spaces (the space around holy shrines) from the Perceptual-Semantic System of Women so answer the reasons for the presence of women in different spaces.For this reason, the present study uses the Qualitative research method to explain the features of particular urban spaces and the existing powers in them. Qualitative data in this study were collected using participatory observation methods and deep interviewing technique. The "grounded theory" method has been used to analyze information and present the final theory.Qualitative findings using the Grounded theory showed that the eight factors of the total observer, respect for space, hidden mental territory, fear of fault, hope for encouragement, educational dimension of space and privacy as essential powers are effective in increasing the presence of women.

The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in citizens. Emotions are important due to their impacts on people’s behaviors, because emotions make up a main component of social behavior, and extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception. Nowadays, mental health problems and the emphasis on increasing social interactions have led to more and more concern for the subject of emotions, but the impact of physical-spatial factors has received less attention from the conducted studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the physical-spatial measures of urban streets on pedestrians’ emotional responses by placing the individual in a pseudo-real environment. Moreover, this study makes possible the use of a new neural measurement tool in urban studies and evaluates its accuracy.

Theoretical Framework:

The review of previous studies demonstrated that the environmental parameters that can affect emotion include non-physical human factors on the one hand and physical ones on the other. The physical factors that make up the subject of this research can be divided into two categories: 1- non-artificial factors, i.e. green space, and 2- artificial factors, which include the size and enclosure of the space, the shape and form of the space, the characteristics of the surfaces including architectural style, the color and texture of materials, and the variation in spatial sequences. Given the number of studies conducted on the effect of natural factors and certain characteristics of surfaces in the field of architecture, the present research examined four physical parameters.

Ten of the most important physical-spatial variables that make up different states and types of the spatial structure of an urban street, which can affect the individual emotions of pedestrians, were selected for investigation and used to design 18 tests. The research was conducted with a combined method consisting of: 1- a self-report method of Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) images and 2- a neurological method using electroencephalography. In the EEG method, the single-channel MindWave MW001 headset, produced by Neurosky, was used as the instrument. The research population included 50 students of Tarbiat Modares University. The research was conducted with the help of controlled experiments using the mobile digital 3D modeling technique, which makes it possible for people to navigate the virtual street in the city. After the data extracted by the health and Stroop tests were confirmed, the data analysis was made using a quantitative-statistical method.

The findings regarding the shape and form of the space demonstrated that people feel more pleased in curved streets than in straight streets, and there is greater arousal in streets of the former than the latter shape. However, the level of control in a straight street is higher than that in a curved or spiral street. As for the size and enclosure of the urban space, the results indicated that there is greater pleasure in a street with medium enclosure (1:2 and 1:1) than in one with low or high enclosure (1:4 and 1:1.2), but streets with medium enclosure exhibit less arousal. Spaces with less enclosure cause people to have more control over the space. The results also demonstrated that the pleasure and arousal experienced by people is increased by the existence of the square as a spatial element and a landmark building as a physical element, permeability in the spatial structure of the street and brokenness in the path, and variation in the landscape of the street. It was only in the street with physical retraction and protrusion that no effect on arousal was observed, although the level of pleasure should increase. Moreover, the results indicated that the pleasure in the street with the curved corner was greater than that with the other forms. However, the shape of the street corner exhibits no effect on the arousal. Furthermore, the walls that are completely three-dimensional exhibit greater pleasure and arousal than those featuring walls with two-dimensional and three-dimensional rhythms. Finally, the walls that are completely two-dimensional have the least pleasantness and arousal. There is a higher level of control in the street with 2D rhythms than in that with 3D rhythms. The results also showed that visual permeability in the physical structure of the street increases the arousal and control of the space, but it has no effect on the pleasure. Another result of this research is that there is 75% conformity in the results obtained from the two methods of SAM and EEG, which demonstrates that the data (EEG) extracted from the device can extract people’s emotions well. 

In general, the current research confirms the results of previous studies, but it precisely demonstrated by measuring the extracted neural data that the levels of emotional pleasure, arousal, and control are affected by the shape and form of the street, the size and enclosure of the street space, the presence of a spatial and physical element that creates attention and emphasis in the street, permeability in the spatial structure of the street, rotation along the street and perspective change along the path, two and three-dimensional wall street rhythms, and the shape and form of the corners of the street intersection. However, physical indentations and protrusions exhibit no effect on arousal, and visual permeability has no effect on pleasure. In addition, the results showed that the EEG data extracted from the headset (MindWave MW001) used in this study could well capture the emotions of individuals, thus making up a proper potential tool for evaluation of environmental design interventions in the field of architecture and urban planning. The results of the present study, which indicate the psychological effects of urban design of a street, help to select and design the appropriate elements and physical characteristics of the space, increase positive emotions and reduce negative emotions, and ultimately improve the mental health of citizens.

After the implementation of the contemporary knowledge and innovation spaces as the driver of economic growth and the long-term development of cities and regions, this idea has come under criticisms, especially due to its compliance with capitalist structures. In practice, the problem is that the attractiveness of life, work, and recreation in these spaces is purely accompanied by the consideration of the needs of creative layers of society with a mercantilist view and through sacrificing many primarily qualitative and secondarily contextual indices. Therefore, although these recently found arenas have received positive global attention, they face some challenges. One of these challenges is the low quality of places in the neighborhoods entailing contemporary knowledge and innovation spaces. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the attainment of qualitative factors of the placemaking mechanisms and urban policymaking of contemporary knowledge and innovation spaces as well as the development of the existing conceptual framework to respond to the criticisms in this regard. The research method was the qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the related documentary data and provision of an answer to the nature of the palcemaking factors using unlimited classical meta-analysis of Persian and English resources, including the scientific-research articles, theses and dissertations, books, and reports, and then coding and counting the frequency of the analysis units. At the end, the meta-analysis of the resources led to the identification of 21 conceptual labels for contemporary knowledge and innovation spaces in the form of four dimensions of characteristic, form, performance, and image. Consequently, it seems that consideration of the requirements of placemaking the related spaces – including accessibility, participation, investment, acceptance, social liveliness, dynamism in activities, and integration – can help increase the quality of knowledge and innovation spaces in the contemporary era.

Place attachment is one of the fundamental concepts in people-place relations, which has attracted many Iranian researchers in recent years. These studies began in the 2000s, with each researcher having their own views about the concept. A coherent, systematic approach is, therefore, missing, with some aspects widely studied and others neglected altogether.The present study seeks to systematically provide a comprehensive picture of knowledge about this concept, through a survey of 32 Iranian articles in the field, spotting less developed dimensions. These papers include all the articles published in domestic scientific journals with a focus on place attachment since 2009. The research uses meta study strategy throughout.The results indicate that the highest attention is paid to individual and social dimensions of place attachment, with those focusing on the place and process of attachment overlooked. Most of the studies are on the neighbourhood scale, followed by residential complex and city scales. Most recurring are topics concerning identification and assessment of factors, and others include relations between place attachment and other concepts, models for processes of place attachment, and the consequences.

Part of the current issues related to mobility in urban spaces goes back to the definition and measurement of mobility. Mobility is the capacity to be mobile. Regarding that capacity relates to the individual's mind or the built environment, mobility is defined differently.

This study aims to review the theories related to mobility and thus provide a theoretical and operational framework for measuring mobility in urban spaces.

In this regard, the Content analysis method has been used to analyze the data in phases of Preparation, Organization, and classification.

The results of content analysis show that these theories can be divided into three categories of subjectivist, environmentalist, and pluralist theories; Subjective theories focus on the mental nature of mobility and regard mobility as a function of individuals' habits, attitudes, motivations, and norms; In contrast, environmentalist theories pay special attention to the impact of environmental factors such as density, land use mix, and accessibility on the mobility of individuals. Pluralist theories consider citizens' differences according to their personal characteristics and situation, and therefore consider diversity and difference effective in mobility and involve them in the evaluation and measurement process.

The study of the factors affecting mobility shows that mobility is a complex and multilevel concept that is influenced by many factors; therefore, if urban planners want to improve the urban mobility system, they must pay special attention to the role of all these factors and the relationships between them.

Since the emergence of using conviviality concept in urban planning field of study in 1998, different scholars have addressed this concept as a quality of urban spaces. Although, few of them consider conviviality as a complex and fundamental quality but, most of the studies used it as an obvious and one-dimensional objective. Therefore there is no comprehensive conceptual framework which can explain conviviality in urban space thoroughly. Another concern of this article is the lack of knowledge about this multilayered quality of space, in Iranian urban literature. To better understand the multi-aspects of convivial quality in urban spaces, the main objective of this article is to extract different concepts, categories and themes from reliable previous studies. Although, this quality is known as a context-based quality, but there is an urgent need for a conceptual framework to better study a specific physical context, considering this quality. The article is based on qualitative research and uses content analysis methodology in order to study 40 related research papers and thesis from 1998 to 2020. Three-phased coding system is used to extract total 178 concepts and 34 categories, which eventually resulted in conviviality conceptual framework. The final circular shaped framework includes 4themes and 8 layers. The most important theme in convivial urban spaces model, is socio-cultural dimension which shows the importance of intangible aspect of this quality in previous studies. The hierarchical model has the ability to quantify the results of convivial quality in urban spaces. The closer the categories are to the center of the model, the more important the category is. Therefore, if one category is located in the first layer (the closest layer to the center of the model) the weight factor of the category is considered as the highest one. Another main feature of this model is flexibility and applicability which helps future researchers to use it in variety of urban areas. Of course, based on different urban spaces, the priority of categories may change or even some new categories may be added to the model. To prove this claim, future studies on the specific physical context are required.