محمدصالح شکوهی بیدهندی

Multi-purpose shopping centers in Tehran have experienced significant growth in the past two decades. The production of these spaces has not been immune to the influence of social and political forces. The prevailing conditions in each period of time have sometimes led to one force dominating over another in the construction of these centers. The aim of this research is to investigate the factors that lead to the intervention of social and political forces in shaping the multi-purpose shopping centers of Tehran. The research method of this article is qualitative, and its data has been collected through interviews with urban experts in the academic and executive fields specializing in urban planning, sociology, and political economy. The technique of thematic analysis has been used to analyze the presence of these forces. The results indicate that factors such as government facilitation and enabling, urban management facilitation (municipality and city council), actors, and urban infrastructure have influenced the nature of intervention of these forces, and the impact of these factors has also had consequences

Quality of life is a multi-dimensional concept intertwined with the background and living conditions of the people of a country or region; for this reason, the difference in the characteristics of cities can cause a difference in the perception and concept of Qol. One of the most important concepts that causes differences in the characteristics and characteristics of cities is the scale and size of cities. In recent years, it has been observed that measuring the Qol and selecting indicators of the Qol in cities have been done regardless of the scale and size of the cities. Considering the importance of the scale and size of cities in urban planning, this research aims to investigate the relationship between the scale of cities and to explain and measure the concept of qol. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the step-by-step regression analytical method was used. Following this, the cities of Zia abad, Qazvin, and Tehran were selected as study samples of the research due to their different scale and size. The research results indicate that many urban manifestations and relationships can affect the concept of Qol, and one of the most important concepts is the scale and size of cities. This concept, affecting many urban aspects, can cause changes in cities' characteristics and overall identity. Changes in the scale and size of cities can lead to changes in people's perception of the concept of Qol and differences in indicators affecting Qol. Finally, it can be stated that the scale and size of the city have a close relationship with the issue of Qol and how to measure it. A change in it can cause a change in the indicators that affect the Qol and then measure the Qol in cities.

Introduction :

The expansion of cities and the increase in daily urbanization in the form of densely populated cities with industrial and production roles have led to fundamental changes in the concepts related to urbanization and have generally brought about major structural changes in the structure and nature of modern cities. On the other hand, the movement of cities towards modernism has resulted in many valuable and historical structures within cities facing neglect and significant destruction. However, after years have passed, many urban challenges and problems resulting from modernism have led to a renewed focus on historical structures, creating a dual and deep confrontation between new urban structures and historical structures This factor has caused many of the criteria for urban planning to focus on the superiority and desirability between new and historical urban structures. It is important to determine which levels provide a more desirable situation for the better living of citizens in each of the valuable urban concepts and criteria. One of the most important of these concepts is the quality of urban life for individuals. Quality of life is a multi-dimensional and dynamic concept that encompasses the environment and living conditions of the people in a region, including all factors that impact an individual’s life. With the prevalence of the modernist approach in cities and the increasing trend of urbanization, the urban structure of many countries has been faced with fundamental changes and transformations. This has led to negligence towards historical structures, resulting in a decrease in the quality of life in these areas and a hidden confrontation of historical structures with new urban levels. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a comparative study on the quality of life and the influencing factors on it in historical structures and the urban level of Qazvin city.

The research method is practical and based on quantitative methods. Questionnaires were used for data collection. This research aims to investigate and analyze the quality-of-life status and its influencing factors in historical structures and the urban level of Qazvin city. The research indicators were extracted by reviewing relevant literature sources. In other words, the dominant approach in this research is a survey method using a questionnaire about urban quality of life, employing a five-point Likert spectrum scoring scale. This research was conducted in three steps. In the first step, to examine the quality-of-life status in each of the study areas, quality-of-life indicators were examined and analyzed using a one-sample T-test. In the second step, quality of life indicators were separated into distinct and structured factors using exploratory factor analysis in the SPSS software, and finally, a stepwise regression method was used to explain and identify the influential factors on the quality of life in each of the study areas (historical structures and the urban level of Qazvin city).

The examination of the quality of life in the historical fabric and urban level of Qazvin city indicates that the accessibility to essential urban services and facilities at the urban level of Qazvin city is more favorable compared to historical fabrics. This demonstrates the attention of urban management in urban planning and emphasizes coherent and modern urban planning at the urban level compared to historical fabrics, leading to better provision and distribution of urban services and facilities at the urban level, resulting in higher satisfaction and a more desirable situation compared to historical fabrics. On the other hand, in terms of security and some cultural and social concepts, historical fabrics provide a more favorable situation. The overall status of the quality of life in the areas indicates that satisfaction with the overall quality of life in both urban types, despite differences in some components, is almost the same, and desirable satisfaction with the quality of life is not observed in both types. The elucidation of indicators influencing the quality of life of each type indicates that in historical fabrics, factors such as access to urban services, leisure and recreational status, and citizens’ economic status, respectively, are the most important and influential in explaining the quality of life. In contrast, at the urban level, factors such as access to urban services, access to educational and recreational services, the economic and social potentials of citizens, urban transportation status, housing, and urban economy, respectively, have the greatest impact on the quality-of-life situation. The examination of this concept shows that the factors influencing the quality of urban life, from a general perspective and in essence, share fundamental similarities with factors influencing the quality of life in historical fabrics. Despite the belief that historical fabrics, due to differences in nature and fabric type, have fundamental differences in some concepts such as quality of life compared to other urban levels, the results indicate that the indicators affecting the quality of life at the urban level and historical fabrics are almost the same and only have fundamental differences in some minor areas.

The results of data analysis in the study areas indicate that the accessibility to urban services and facilities in the city of Qazvin is more favorable compared to historical areas. On the other hand, in terms of security and cultural and social concepts, historical areas have higher levels and more favorable conditions. Overall, satisfaction with the general quality of life in both types of cities is at a similar level, despite differences in some components, and desirable satisfaction with the quality of life is not observed in either type. In terms of indicators influencing the quality of life in historical areas, factors such as access to urban services, leisure and recreation, and the economic situation of citizens respectively have the most importance and impact on explaining the quality of life. In the city of Qazvin, factors like access to urban services, access to educational and recreational services, and the economic and social potentials of citizens have the greatest influence and importance. The examination of this concept shows that contrary to the assumption, factors influencing the quality of life in historical areas and other urban levels have many commonalities and are almost the same in both types, with very minor differences. Therefore, it can be concluded that factors influencing the quality of life in historical areas and other urban levels are not different from each other and point to common areas that, in improvement programs emphasizing areas such as urban facilities and services, leisure and recreation, and some economic concepts, can create opportunities for improving the quality of life in both types.

Tourism is the process of individuals traveling from their place of residence to other destinations with predetermined goals. A tourist, upon entering a destination, impacts that environment in various ways. The city of Tehran faces many challenges, including a lack of justice. It seems that Tehran's urban development planning, with all its objectives, has become a tool for facilitating capitalist goals and personal interests and has failed to promote urban justice. The aim of this research is to prioritize Islamic tourism criteria to enhance urban justice in Tehran by utilizing the capacities of this industry. This research is influenced by the Islamic worldview and is descriptive and analytical in nature. The method is logical reasoning, and the method of data collection is both library and field-based, using the BWM model for prioritizing criteria.
According to the research results, the criteria of justice and equality, distribution of services, and religious and cultural centers are, respectively, the most important criteria for achieving the research objective. Given the special place of justice in Islamic teachings and the emphasis on tourism in Islamic teachings, it is necessary to use promising strategies from this industry to enhance urban justice in Tehran and make the necessary plans in this regard.a

Considering the concept of quality of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of life. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the quality of life. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the quality of life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the quality of life. So, the indicators affecting the quality of life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of life; this shows that the Quality of life indicators are different in all cities

The principle of dignity is a human virtue and perfection that is rooted in human nature. The principle of honoring the essence and existence of man as the best creature has always been the concern of thinkers and all human beings. In addition, human dignity is considered as the foundation stone in fundamental rights and humanitarian rights, and legal and moral charters will be incomplete without considering it. The city and urbanization is a prominent social process that has caused more changes in the mutual relations between humans and the environment and with other humans. One of the main principles and elements of the Islamic city is its social and human pillar, which in the urban planning and design of Islamic cities, considering the place of man in the presence of God, and in the religion of Islam, it should be considered, and cities should be a place for peace, order, and dignity. People can grow in cities in different social, economic and cultural dimensions. Human dignity, as an important principle rooted in the history of human life, is the backbone of human perfection. The criteria taken from the opinions of non-Muslim thinkers with regard to the intellectual foundations in the western view, that the purpose of development in the past was mostly the acquisition of capital and today in its best form, human and human rights, and has paid more attention to the aspect of life in the world and its possibilities. Some criteria and components of human dignity are common in both Western and religious approaches. It seems that the common criteria and components in these two approaches include "freedom", "respect", "justice and equality", "social responsibility and service to the people", "self-confidence and self-belief", "unity and unity". "Society" and "responsibility", which are mostly social and public, and their impact on the social sphere of society is more than the individual and personal sphere. Old and traditional neighborhoods of Iranian cities in the past have been living and have a sense of belonging for their residents, but these neighborhoods with unplanned and imitation renovations and regardless of their empowerment in the above plans, including comprehensive urban plans, some of their qualities have lost. Many of these old and traditional neighborhoods have been the core of the formation of cities throughout their history, but today it seems that we can see the decline of human dignity in neighborhoods, followed by social, economic, physical and ... Gave in them. Since in this study, not all neighborhoods of the city can be examined in terms of characteristics and components of the Islamic city in general and human dignity in particular, this study examines an example of an old neighborhood and a sample of a new neighborhood followed by Is able to answer the questions of this study, firstly, what is the role geographical variables of the region in terms of human dignity in urban planning, and secondly, are neighborhood renovation planning successful in achieving the preservation and promotion of human dignity standards compared to old neighborhoods? This research is of developmental type with regard to subject and purpose and its research method is comparative. Documentary method has been used to develop a theoretical framework. For this purpose, the criteria of human dignity are first explained based on the opinions of Muslim scholars and the works of non-Muslim thinkers. Then, to measure each of the variables, a number of items and questions have been developed that form a semi-structured questionnaire. After confirming the validity and reliability, this questionnaire is measured comparatively in two neighborhoods. How to answer the questions and items was the questioner's reference to the respondents and the questionnaire. From the questionnaire answers that were answered by 100 residents of Iran Street neighborhood and 100 residents of Hakimieh neighborhood and also comparing the average points calculated for each question for each neighborhood. It was found that the satisfaction of the residents of Iran Street neighborhood towards the realization the standards of human dignity in his neighborhood are higher than the residents of Hakimieh neighborhood. The average score of each neighborhood is a number between zero and four, the closer this value is to the number four, it indicates the greater desirability and satisfaction of the residents, and the closer this average is to the number zero, it indicates the dissatisfaction of the residents with the realization and existence. The result of the research of the new Hakimieh neighborhood, which has been renovated based on the contemporary construction model, but has not led to the promotion of any of the criteria of human dignity in this neighborhood and shows the criteria of human dignity as one of the characteristics of a desirable Islamic city in the neighborhood. The traditional and old Iran Street has been realized more than the new and newly built neighborhood of Hakimieh. Today's cities are also (despite the difference in terms of structure, extent and size from the old cities) like the old cities, they consist of a set of neighborhoods. In the new neighborhoods, the use of new constructions, the relations of the residents of the neighborhoods with each other, and the geographical, economic, cultural, social, etc. components and features that existed in the traditional neighborhoods have also undergone changes. However, the old neighborhoods with the same traditional texture and architectural style, the way of dealing and social behavior of their residents with each other are still standing. Finally, considering the lower satisfaction of the residents of Hakimieh compared to Iran's neighborhood, which indicates the failure of Hakim’s renovation program in increasing these indicators, solutions for the criteria for each of the neighborhoods are provided. Future studies can first repeat this measurement in different areas of the country. Then they can focus on evaluating programs and human dignity in them: programs such as comprehensive and detailed plans, renovation programs, and other interventions.

In recent decades, the dominant paradigm in urban planning has shifted from planning for the people to planning with the people and even by the people, and the concept of citizen participation has become increasingly important. Thus, many countries have used formal school and university education to institutionalize skills that lead to increased citizen participation in society. In order to explain the effectiveness of such trainings in Iran, the present article attempted to address the question: "Will a high level of education (greater benefit from formal trainings) increase citizen participation?". The hypothesis of the article was that people with higher education had greater involvement in urban affairs. The present study was descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, Hemmatabad and Abshar neighborhoods of Isfahan, which are adjacent to each other but have significant differences in terms of education of residents, were comparatively studied. A questionnaire was also used to obtain additional information. The statistical population of this study was selected using Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 5% for Abshar neighborhood with 372 residents and Hemmatabad neighborhood of 374 residents. For data analysis, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, linear regression and Mann-Whitney test were used. The findings showed that there was no significant relationship between education and citizen participation. In other words, the article hypothesis was rejected. As a result, it can be said that formal trainings are not sufficiently effective in increasing citizen participation and are therefore criticized.

human settlements have faced various crises since long ago, of which the earthquake crisis was one of the most common; Therefore, in order to manage the crisis, it is necessary to evaluate the vulnerability of different areas of the city in the face of that crisis and to plan for it according to the vulnerability of each area. Khorram Abad city is located in an area with high vulnerability to earthquakes, and the present study seeks to measure the vulnerability of Khorramabad areas to earthquakes.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive-analytical research, and in terms of data type, it is a quantitative research. In this research, using the detailed plan of 2014, the statistical blocks of 2015, and the opinions of 15 experts, the indicators were compiled and analyzed using the hierarchical analysis method of AHP with the use of Expert Choice 11 software, and to identify and prioritize the risk zones of the city areas. Khorram Abad against earthquake using ArcGIS 10.8 software.

In evaluating the vulnerability of urban areas in terms of earthquakes, building quality factors, age of the building structure, facade materials, number of floors, landuse, building density, width of roads, slope percentage, distance from fault, distance from green and open space, distance From the location of fuel, distance from medical centers, population density and worn-out fabric are effective. Also, the most important factors affecting the vulnerability of Khorramabad city areas to earthquakes include fabric wear, building quality, building age, and distance from the fault.

According to the results of the research, the central and southeastern areas of the city, which include 31% of the studied area, are in the high spectrum in terms of vulnerability, that is, areas 5 and 4 are the most vulnerable areas against earthquakes, followed by areas 7 and 17. , 18, 19 and 20 are highly vulnerable; and the remaining 52 percent have a good condition; The northeastern areas of the city are in the low vulnerability range, and areas 9, 16, 22 and 24, which comprise 17% of the studied area, have the least vulnerability to earthquakes.

For thousands of years, the diverse needs of human beings have been met through the exchange of products with others. This has led to the construction of designated spaces and places called bazaars in various forms. The bazaar has long been one of the most important elements in shaping the structure of Iranian cities, but there is no consensus among experts on the origin of the bazaar. There are at least two different views about its origins. Seyed Mohsen Habibi attributes the emergence of the bazaar to the Achaemenid period. But some other scholars such as Jahanshah Pakzad consider the birth of the bazaar as dating back to the Seleucid period, considering Greek roots for it. This article is a foundational, qualitative and documentary study, trying to evaluate both views, based on the available historical documents and evidences, to identify a stronger hypothesis. Since the purpose of this study is to investigate the origin of the bazaar in Iran, the focus is only on pre-Islamic Iran. The findings refute the view about the Greek origin of the bazaar, and favours the view of the birth of the market during the Achaemenid period as the more probable. However, this is far from definitely true, because there is also some evidence indicating the origin of the market to be before the Achaemenid era, as the ancient settlements of Iran also had their version of the bazaar.

The rapid decrease in the water level of Urmia Lake in recent years has affected the economic and social situation of the residents around it. Destruction of settlements, recreational and residential complexes, decrease in tourist arrivals, and decrease in income of the region from the tourism industry are examples of these issues and challenges in the region. Therefore, it seems necessary to analyze the effects of this environmental crisis, especially on the settlements and employment systems of the region. Ignoring this issue may cause vast and irreparable side effects, which will alarm the health and livelihood of the region's people. In this regard, depending on whether the past trends continue, stop or even improve, different futures can be predicted for the next twenty years of the region. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to rely on the approach of future research and developing scenarios that forecast economic and social damages that are likely to occur in the region in the next twenty years. Also, we recommend strategies, policies, and actions appropriate to each of the scenarios that have been presented to improve the planning process.

This paper has a quantitative and applied methodology. In terms of method and nature, this research is exploratory analytical research. Data gathering has been done using documentary methods with the tools of existing databases and data collection with the tool of questionnaires. The sampling method is non-random and targeted. To survey the experts’ opinions, 19 people from three groups of university professors, managers of organizations, and graduate students who had expertise and experiences with the research topic were selected. The approach of this research is future study. The Delphi method was used in the present research to obtain experts’ opinions and identify uncertainties. Then, the scenario writing method, with the help of Scenario Wizard software, was used to extract possible scenarios of the research subject. Finally, the DPSIR technique presented the proposed strategies, policies, and action plans.

After examining and reviewing the available literature, 28 variables affecting settlement and employment in the Urmia Lake catchment area were identified. After screening these variables with the Delphi method in two stages, four main research variables were extracted under the title of critical uncertainties. These uncertainties, including dam construction, unemployment rate, poverty and inequality, and the sense of personal and social security, were entered into the Scenario Wizard software in three favorable, static, and critical situations. In addition, after the scoring stage by experts, in total, 12 scenarios, including two probable scenarios, six possible scenarios, and three consistent scenarios (compatible), were obtained as software outputs. In the first consistent scenario, all variables are in a stationary state. In the second compatible scenario, all the variables are in a static state, except the variable of personal and social security, which is in a critical situation. In the third compatible scenario, the variables of dam building and unemployment rate are in a static state, and the variables of the level of poverty and inequality and the feeling of personal and social security are in a critical state. After this stage, in line with planning based on these scenarios, using the DPSIR technique, the main strategies of intelligent water and soil management, strengthening the institutional framework, making rural communities resilient, focusing on vulnerable and sensitive groups, local economic development and rural development and also related policies and action plans were proposed according to each of the scenarios.

The current research has been looking at how the reduction of the water level of Urmia Lake will affect the region in the next 20 years and planning in the form of scenarios. By examining the background of the current research, we can reach a consensus: that all the researchers say that the Urmia Lake crisis has caused damage in various economic, social, political, environmental, and other dimensions. It can also be said that despite the results of most of the reviewed research, which was based on interviews on the scale of villages, this research is based on variables taken from previous related research on the scale of a region with the help of The Delphi method and the use of experts' opinions and scenario planning. Based on the investigations conducted among various types of research, the use of this method was not observed in the subject of the research. In describing the compatible scenarios of the lake catchment area, it can be stated that in compatible scenario number 1 (static situation), the construction of dams in the Urmia Lake basin has been stopped, and there has been no change in the unemployment rate, the level of poverty and inequality, and the sense of personal and social security in the region. Officials and managers have decided not to continue the dam building process in the region and to stop the dam construction projects. Due to the decrease in the water level of the lake that this phenomenon has continued in the last few years and following, the destruction of resorts, residences, and recreational complexes and in general, the stagnation of the tourism potential of the region, the jobs of those natives who are dependent on lake tourism has not changed much. With the decrease in soil fertility and quality, no progress can be seen in the region’s agricultural sector, and no improvement in the amount of crop production has been achieved. This situation has caused a change in people’s personal and social security. In such a situation, to return to the population who were forced to migrate due to the loss of their jobs, it is possible to invest in the cultural, historical, and natural parts of the villages in the surrounding areas through alternative crops compatible with the new water and soil conditions. Incompatible scenario number 2 (critical situation), the construction of dams in the Urmia Lake basin has been stopped; the unemployment rate and the level of poverty and inequality in the region are stable, but the feeling of personal and social security has decreased. The managers' decisions to stop dam construction have prevented excessive damage to the lake. However, the drying up of the lake has led to the weakening of the community in the surrounding areas and the reduction of the feeling of personal and social security in society. There is also a possibility of a further decrease in the population, especially in the villages. In fact, since the livelihood of the villagers closer to the shore of the lake is more affected by the ecological situation of the region, in these villages, we will face a decrease in the population, especially the active population. Based on this, to sustain the people living in the villages and cities near the lake, the necessity of all-round planning that prevents the emptying of most of the villages, preserves the residents and natives of the region, and supports the young forces of the region, and also restores peace and stability to the region, is very important. It is felt. Incompatible scenario No. 3 (very critical situation), dam construction in Urmia Lake Basin has been stopped; The unemployment rate has remained stable, but the level of poverty and inequality in the region and the feeling of personal and social security have increased. The continuation of unemployment in the region will cause residents to leave and migrate to nearby cities. As a result, the economy of the entire region, including the tourism industry, will fall rapidly. Also, the jobs of people who are dependent on tourism will also be destroyed. On the other hand, the widening of inequalities and the creation of class gaps in a society have a direct relationship with the increase in social damages and the increase in the number of crimes in it. Considering that the dominant economy in this region is agriculture, it seems that it is better to prevent migration and improve the livelihood of residents by planning the resilient rural communities, training new irrigation methods, introducing local products compatible with the environmental situation, and providing facilities and credits for providing these products to the villagers. Such solutions should be brought up in urgent meetings and quickly put on the agenda of the relevant executive institutions.

One of the biggest strategic harms and mistakes that a society may suffer is the mistake at the level of dreams and social horizons. In such a way that there is a contradiction and inconsistency between the dreams and ideas that are for a social structure, for example, the "ideal form of the city" and the dream and ideal that is chosen for the whole social life and society is formed around it. The more society tries and spends for that heterogeneous structure, the more it becomes practically incapable and far from its goals and ideals. Therefore, this article, by depicting the favorable future situation of cities, has tried to direct the wishes and dreams of citizens and city managers about the city (and in principle society and life) and according to public acceptances and norms, which is interpreted as culture. To draw and achieve a better future and show that in contrast to the current style of urban planning in the country, which is influenced by the modernist model of the West, one can think of values such as "productive home", "constructive and thoughtful interaction with nature", " Brotherhood-based social system, "land price reduction", "spatial justice and the elimination of segregation", "family-based planning", "large housings", "mosque-led planning" and "neighborhood scale ". The idea of "Zistshahr" (livable city) is an attempt to achieve these values. This proposed model is presented in the form of bio-living complexes and according to the components of indigenous styles as well as the desirability and teachings of Iranian-Islamic culture. The design of the Zistshahr is an attempt to redefine the pattern of construction in newly established towns and settlements, so that it includes a large and productive residential units and provides other urban services in a way that, in addition to provide the needs, empowers families and the provides possibility of formation of the environment by the residents. However, the realization of this idea requires feasibility studies. The four main issues around which feasibility studies are conducted are: the issue of land and its scarcity, the issue of water and energy supply, the issue of construction costs, and finally the issue of legal capacity. Findings show that in terms of land supply, the idea of Zistshahr can accommodate a population equivalent to the entire country in an area of about 2% of the area of Iran. In terms of water and energy supply, there are solutions for sustainable urban design, which are explained in the article. Technical and executive costs will be equal to the Mehr housing projects (governmental housing projects in Iran in 2010s) for each residential unit with the help of the stages of construction, the use of more appropriate construction patterns and the use of participatory architecture, with the difference that the total area of the arena and lords of each unit in the city is about 5 to 15 times larger than Mehr housing units and with the help of mechanisms to eliminate and reduce land prices (similar to the methods used in Mehr housing and land supply model in the industrial towns experiences in Iran in 1980s), the design of the Zistshahr model can be more economical, sustainable and more logical than common patterns in urban planning in Iran. In addition to reforming the pattern of newly established cities and towns, it provides a platform for reverse migration to villages and solving the problem of imbalance and centralism in land management, and also plays a role as a driving force for reforming existing cities and villages.

The concept of human dignity means honoring the essence and existence of man as God's highest creation. This concept can also be spatially interpreted in urban planners' programs and interventions. For example, it would seem to be possible to distinguish between neighborhoods who provide higher levels of human dignity for their residents than those who do not meet this criterion. Old and traditional neighborhoods of Iranian cities, may have weaknesses in meeting the new expectations of residents because of infrastructure degradation and changes in urban needs. However, they are more attractive than new neighborhoods yet because of their respect to some qualities. This study aims to answer the question that what are the criteria of human dignity and have the newly built neighborhoods (case of Hakimieh in the west of Tehran, Iran) succeeded in preserving human dignity at least as much as the old ones (the case of Iran Street neighborhood in the central historic context of Tehran)? Accordingly, this paper is developmental comparative research. The definition of the criteria of human dignity is based on the opinions of Muslim scholars, as well as the works of non-Muslim scholars. Data collection has also been done through the archival and field survey methods. In this framework, some questions have been formulated to form a semi-structured questionnaire to measure each criteria of human dignity (derived from the provided theoretical framework). In each of the two neighborhoods, 100 questionnaires (a total of 200 questionnaires) were completed. The sample size was estimated using Cochran formula and random sampling. It should be noted that the two neighborhoods had similar conditions in terms of land prices and income levels, but they were differed in time of constructions. The results of the survey show that the criteria of human dignity as a characteristic of the desirable Islamic city in the traditional and old neighborhood of Iran Street have been realized more than the new and modern neighborhood of Hakimieh. Findings show that the Hakimieh neighborhood is not far from the traditional Iran Street neighborhood, in terms of physical facilities and services (measures of intrinsic dignity such as "facilities for education" and "level of well-being and infrastructures"). However, according to spiritual values of dignity (such as "unity" and "participation in charities"), Hakimieh is significantly weaker than Iran Street neighborhood. As a result, it may be possible to claim that purely physical approaches to urban planning (such as providing services per capita) have failed to generate sufficient human dignity in the newly formed neighborhoods. Future studies can first replicate this assay in different neighborhoods of Tehran and other cities of Iran. Secondly, they can evaluate the programs and human dignity in them: programs such as comprehensive plans, renovation plans, and other interventions in the residential contexts.

Mosques have historically been the most important centers for the presence and gathering of the Muslims, and religious, social, economic and political programs have been planned and implemented in these centers. These roles have been played by mosques such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina since the beginning of Islam, and in modern times, although some of the mosque's roles have been entrusted to other institutions, mosques are still considered the focal point for Islamic communities. The mosques, as the most important religious institution and one of the most prominent public buildings in the cities of Islamic societies, had important roles. However, some of these roles have been diminished. It seems that the changes in the patterns of architecture of mosques has been one of the factors influencing this issue. The relationship between the mass and space of the mosque, as a part of the architectural pattern, has a great impact on spatial quality. So a proper pattern of mass and space improves the quality of the place. Hence, this study tries to identify and analyze the mass and space pattern in mosques of Kashan and compare this system in old and new mosques. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and library methods have been used for data collection. In fact, first, with library studies, the concepts of mosque, mass and space were explained, then according to the aerial image and map of Kashan, the structure of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city has identified and then the collected information has been analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Finally, a comparison has been made between the numerical and geometric pattern of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city. It has been tried to answer the questions that "What is the geometric and numerical pattern of mass and space in mosques of Kashan city?" and "How does this system evolved in the new mosques of kashan city?". The findings indicate that the numerical pattern of mass and space in new and old mosques of Kashan has some differences. In fact, the average percentage of mass in the city's new mosques has increased compared to the old ones. While the average percentage of open spaces in new mosques is reduced to less than half of the old mosques, more than half of the city's new mosques lack open space and are completely mass-built. Also, the central courtyard pattern, which is the most suitable pattern for hot and dry climate buildings and mosques, have been neglected in the mosques of this city and have replaced by the southern courtyard pattern. Mass and space have a great impact on the quality of space and architectural sense and both are important and should be considered in the design of buildings equally, but nowadays more attention is paid to the mass in the construction of buildings. Mosques are not excluded from this, and while it is emphasized to allocate open spaces, they are often constructed as a completely mass pattern or with an emphasis on mass.

The expansion of cities has become a necessary matter due to urbanization. Thus, the expansion of transportation networks has become a necessity. This is causing a lot of problems in the neighborhoods which have been crossed by new roads. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the supplementary project of the northern belt of Sari city to the residents of the 22 Bahman neighborhood. In this research, the data collection method is field and statistical (a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods). The Criteria of "access and services", "physical conditions" and "social situation" have been defined to measure the impact of the new communication path on the living conditions of the 22 Bahman neighborhood. Using the software of Expert Choice, an AHP technic has been applied to wight the criteria and subcriteria, and finally, the status of each of the criteria was evaluated. The results showed that the completion of the northern belt has created problems for the residents of the 22 Bahman neighborhood. The construction of the northern belt has the most effects on the criterion of access and services, then social status, and at last, physical conditions of the neighborhood. According to the studies, it seems that the completion of the northern belt project of the city was necessary, but it was vital to improve the method of project implementation so that the 22 Bahman residential neighborhood would not be divided into two separate parts and people living in the neighborhood would have fewer problems.

Cultural and heritage tourism is a tool of economic development that leads to economic growth by attracting tourists. Attention and application of values protects cultural heritage and stimulates the revival of local patterns. Sistan and Baluchestan province has areas with cultural and heritage attractions that can attract many tourists annually. However, no measures have been taken for this industry to identify tourism capacities and provide equipment. This has led to a lack of tourist attraction and neglect of the attractive elements of tourism in this province. The purpose of this study is to rank the cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province based on the capacity of cultural and heritage tourism, in order to develop development strategies to attract tourists. The present study is based on applied purpose and descriptive-analytical nature.  First, by reviewing previous researches, the required indicators are collected and then the weight of the indicators is determined based on the opinions of experts and using the best-worst index method in Lingo software. Finally, using the Aras technique, the cities of the province are ranked based on the indicators of cultural and heritage tourism capacity. The results show that based on the total and relative utility scores, Zahedan (0.804), Chabahar (0.486), Zabol (0.379), Iranshahr (0.354) and Saravan (0.304) are ranked 1 to 5. In addition, solutions to promote cultural and heritage tourism in the cities of this province were also presented.

Nowadays, paying attention to textbooks as a written and codified axis of education in terms of paying attention to issues and components of citizenship, and especially citizen participation along with educational aspects, is very important and is an important aspect of an efficient school. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the extent to which textbooks pay attention to the teachings and skills required for citizen participation. The present research is descriptive-analytical and in order to achieve the intended goals, the elementary school textbooks of the academic year 2020 -2021 as the statistical population of the study were analyzed by content analysis method and the data were processed using Shannon entropy method. Findings show that in general, eight skills of questioning, participating in discussions, listening to discussions and understanding issues, responsibility, cooperation and working with others, sense of place, awareness of citizenship rights and duties, and knowledge of the city and urban management institutions. The required skills related to education and the institutionalization of citizen participation can be on the agenda. In this regard, the emphasis of textbooks is often focused on the two skills of cooperation and working with others and participation in discussions, and other skills have been neglected.

Urban renovation is a strategic issue in Iran urban development, and it is considered in many urban documents. The deteriorated areas of cities may cause to a variety of social and economic problems for their inhabitants. Living in such areas, may deprive residents from opportunities (such as access to educational space, access to health services, and sense of belonging to a good neighborhood), and so, distort their human dignity. For this reason, urban planners should try to define goals and strategies for renovating urban deteriorated areas. In Tehran, the comprehensive plan (approved in 2007) has identified strategies for the renovation of urban deteriorated areas. In terms of economics, the comprehensive plan of Tehran proposes a "No Cost" renovation strategy which means the renovation process should be realized with the municipal incomes from inside of deteriorated areas (without other incomes of municipality which are gained from rich areas of the city). Is such a strategy based on human dignity? This is the question of this research. In other words, is it consistent with the concept of human dignity to provide the budget required to support renovation in deteriorated areas through the taxes of from the place of renovation?
Since human dignity is a relatively complex concept, and there may not be a complete consensus on the definition and criteria for its measurements, this paper focuses on the views of one of the major thinkers in this area. Sayyid Musa al-Sadr can be a good reference for defining the concept of human dignity, because he has books, speeches and even certain social attempts to address the concept of human dignity. According to the humanitarian and Islamic context of his ideas, this paper, by explaining the views of Sayyid Musa al-Sadr, has tried to present a theoretical framework for measuring human dignity in urban development programs. Then, based on this framework, this article evaluates the economic strategy of Tehran's renovation. In order to evaluate the urban renewal strategy in Tehran's comprehensive plan, this research has conducted a semi-structured interview with two groups of experts: First, the experts of the Tehran Center for Urban Studies and Planning (as the conductor of Tehran Comprehensive Plan), and the second, the experts of the Tehran Renovation Organization (as the responsible organization for urban renewal). The interviews proceeded to a theoretical saturation (a total of 15 interviews).
Research findings show that human dignity can be measured by seven criteria: "maintaining and promoting unity in society", "creating opportunities for progress for all human beings", "considering people equal, except for superiority in piety, endeavor and science", "dealing with people's affairs", "responsiveness of all people to each other", "the responsibility of all citizens towards each other ","human freedoms" and "institutionalizing the empowerment of the disadvantaged". According to these criteria, this paper shows that the economic strategy of "No Cost Urban Renewal", which has been emphasized by the comprehensive plan of Tehran, cannot be based on human dignity.

Urban plans, especially in the central and old textures of cities, have a considerable complexity and expansive scope of interests of groups and stakeholders. For this reason, there is a need for a balance between sometimes conflicting objectives and interests of stakeholders in urban projects. In the event of disagreement, mediation between the beneficiary groups can, in turn, alter the attitudes of the parties to the disputed issues that have arisen, and so they will be able to find common ground and solutions. One of the important urban projects which has been performed in Tehran in the recent decade is turning the 17-Shahrivar Street into a pedestrian way. This street is one of the central axes of Tehran, which has relatively important traffic and functional role. Execution of this project led to lots of debates among pros and cons; particularly, there were three major groups involved with this project: urban managers who want to make a cultural axis to hold religious ceremonies in especial days per year, shop owners around the street (mainly car exhibitions) and households (residents). These three groups had different concerns and interests. The conflict in the project began from the beginning of the project in 2012, when the residents believed that the project was poorly informed, they were not consulted or received a proposal. On the other hand, at the managerial level, some officials of urban organizations and members of the city council disagreed with the project, because of the weakness of the previous studies, lack of coordination, lack of transparency and disapproval by the city council. City council members, with information about the area, took a decision to provide the municipality with a two-month period in March 2015 to provide the solution, which did not lead to a conclusion. Until the end of the year, the City Council, reopened a major part of the route, but even yet, there are still cases of dissatisfaction among the beneficiaries. The current research, which forms part of the pre-mediation stage, uses a descriptive-analytical method based on the content-based analysis and database theory approach. In this paper, after identifying the disputes and the main beneficiary groups of the 17-Shahrivar Street of Tehran, forty-five interviews were carried out, and information was encoded based on the content analysis method. The findings of the research show that there are more challenges and barriers to the existing facilities for resolving the disputes in the 17-Shahrivar route. Although the parties agree on issues of prioritization and ambition for the mediation process. However, there are challenges such as lack of proper relationships and trust among the parties to the dispute, the severity of high dissatisfaction especially by the business community and the problems of the Tehran city administration system, such as lack of proper accountability, lack of coordinated management, top to bottom command-line management, and insufficient funding has made the process difficult to resolve.

The Iranian capital has suffered from inequalities in the distribution of services and the economic class segregation for decades. The residents of north Tehran are mostly affluent enjoying much better access to urban amenities and infrastructures, whilst those of south Tehran mostly have less incomes with poorer access to services. This inequality is reflected in property prices of northern and southern neighbourhoods. However, the difference between objective indicators such as services, green space and higher income does not seem to be reflected in their respective residents’ satisfaction levels. The focus of this study is mainly on measuring the subjective indicators of justice perceived by Tehran citizens. Based on theoretical foundations and previous surveys, the present paper starts with setting out the justice criteria according to Tehran citizens. It then deals with the question of what differences there are in the perception of justice between the inhabitants of the different neighbourhoods of Tehran. In other words, the purpose of this study is to explain the views of citizens living in Tehran on the indicators of justice. According to studies, the people of Tehran measure justice through four criteria: the distance between the rich and the poor, state aid for the poor, law enforcement and lack of corruption. On this basis, the present article is based data collected through questionnaires, followed by the examination of these criteria in Elahieh (north of Tehran) and Vali-e-Asr township (south of Tehran) neighbourhoods. The survey shows that the two neighbourhoods have significant differences in terms of urban services, land prices and objective indicators, with Elahieh enjoying much better status than Vali-e-Asr. However, there is no meaningful difference between these neighbourhoods in terms of the perception of justice. In other words, even in a neighbourhood with suitable physical conditions, there is higher sense of justice compared to a physically poor neighbourhood. Finally, the paper shows that physical improvements in the urban environment have failed improve a sense of spatial justice.

This article has been prepared according to the publication of the book “Review of the Comprehensive Plan of Tehran 2007”. Today, it has been about ten years since the Comprehensive Plan of Tehran (TCP) was approved. A review of the efforts of a number of university professors while preparing this plan, supported by a group of experts and led to hold workshops at the Iran Student News Agency (ISNA), is a good example for evaluating the position of expert opinions in the process of developing urban development projects in Iran. The present article focuses on the “Responsiveness” of the planners of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan (consultants and employers) answering the criticism to this plan. So, it has been tried to show how different types of false reasoning can be identified and explained in these answers. Exposing this false reasoning of the planners against critiques can probably more responsibility for future planners to improve their products or answer to criticisms.

The purpose of this article is to explain the types of false reasoning when providers of Tehran Comprehensive Plan answer to critics.Method of Research: The research method in this study is the discourse analysis method. Accordingly, the discussions of nine ISNA workshops have been reviewed, and in particular the responses of the suppliers to the Tehran Comprehensive Plan have been analyzed. It has been tried to categorize the answers according to a framework derived from the Schopenhauer’s book, entitled The Art of Being Right.

The study findings show that there are three general categories of responses to criticisms. The first category of responses, while admitting some criticisms, points out that since these criticisms have already been addressed to previous projects, they cannot be modified in this plan (TCP can merely continue the current procedure of planning). The second category of responses, instead of responding to the critique, attempts to accuse critics with vague statements. The third category also offers criticism: a tempting proposition that silences the critic! The common point in all three ways is that there is no attempt to eliminate defects or respond to criticisms.

The advent of technology has reduced the need of citizens to buy, work and do even social interactions in urban space. This condition has increased the power of individuals to choose between attend or absent from the public space and consequently has highlighted the importance of public space quality. The purpose of the public life study is to focus on the daily life of urban space to identify factors affecting public life and provide a favorable urban environment for the presence of various social strata. In this regard, the 17th Shahrivar project in Tehran was selected, which, despite the planning for pedestrians, has not been able to provide the invited and desired space for citizens. The present research, with an emphasis on the ideas of Jan Gehl, uses Gehl's study tools of public life, including counting, mapping, looking for traces, keeping a diary and test walks in the area. The findings of the research show that the study area has not had a proper public life condition except in the evenings. The main factor was lack of transparent, attractive, dynamic and diverse activities in the axis. For this reason, abandoned spaces have been created with little social monitoring which cause unwanted and unplanned functions, such as becoming a vehicle park or the emergence of social unpredictable activities that is related to the background and potential context of space. By changing the social context of users toward abnormal, alien and specific people, has reduced the quality of the environment, especially in terms of psychological security, and has decreased the presence of normal people, specifically women and children.

A rising demand for housing has persuaded governments to provide more housing units, significantly for the less privileged classes of the society, and several methods have been tried. Mehr Housing Program is the latest effort in the recent years for mass housing production in Iran. The immense impacts of implementation of this program has had wide spread effects on the cities of the country. Studying this wide-spread project requires proper mechanism and measures. And without a doubt referring to the endemic architectural and urban planning methods would provide the proper basis, on which one can make valid criticism. Accordingly, the present study is an effort to explain and classify these methods and values, which have been neglected throughout Mehr Housing Program. The research method in this study is based on comparison. In this paper, the authors have first reviewed the publication by the experts in this area to extract these endemic measures, and based on this theoretical framework the endemic and organically grown urban fabric of the seaport of Khameer is studies and compared with the Mehr Housing project implemented in its vicinity. The findings of this research show that the implemented housing project can be criticized by the measures of Locality, urban planning process, the meaningful relationship that it has with the context, economical equilibrium, development competitiveness, urban identity, architectural and urban landscape aspects and the social coherence. For these shortcomings in the project there are certain solution in the endemic urban logic, and the negligence of these solutions have contributed to the current state.