محمدعلی آذربایجانی

Aerobic exercise and the consumption of certain supplements, such as ursolic acid, may reduce sarcopenia and osteoporosis by activating or inhibiting specific genes and signaling pathways. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise and ursolic acid supplementation on the expression of genes related to inflammatory and autophagy pathways in type 2 diabetes.

This experimental study was conducted from May 2023 to October 2023 at Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch. A total of 30 male Wistar rats (12 months old, mean weight 390 g) were randomly assigned to five groups: 1) healthy (normal), 2) diabetic, 3) diabetic+exercise, 4) diabetic+supplement, 5) diabetic+exercise+ supplement. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). The aerobic exercise protocol was performed five days a week for eight weeks. The supplement groups received a daily intraperitoneal injection of ursolic acid (250 mg/kg body weight).

Data analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the expression levels of LC3, Becline-1, TNFα, IL-1β Akt, and FOXO3 genes (P=0.000). The results of the post hoc test also showed that the expression level of LC3, Becline-1, TNFα, IL-1β genes in the model group increased significantly compared to the normal group (P=0.000). A significant difference was observed between intervention groups (P<0.05). The results of the follow-up test also showed that the level of expression of Akt genes in the model group was significantly decreased compared to the normal group (P=0.000). No significant difference was observed between intervention groups (P<0.05).

The results of the study showed that regular aerobic training and Ursolic acid consumption can affect inflammatory and autophagy pathways. These effects reduce cell atrophy through changes in some biological signals and help improve muscle function in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, aerobic training and Ursolic acid consumption can serve as an effective strategy for improving metabolic status and preventing cellular damage in this patient population.

Obesity is one of the main factors in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, including dyslipidemia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training and rice bran supplementation on the changes of Lanosterol Synthase in rats fed with high-fat food. In a preclinical trial, 30 8-week-old female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 in each group), including control of feeding with normal food, control of feeding with high-fat food, aerobic exercise-feeding with high-fat food and Aerobic exercise-rice bran feeding with high-fat food was divided. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis using SPSS-22 software. The results showed that the reduction of Lanosterol Synthase (P=0.003) was significant in the control group fed with normal food compared to the control group fed with high-fat food. the decrease in the expression of Lanosterol Synthase (P≥0.018) in the group fed with high-fat food-aerobic exercise-ethanol extract of rice bran was significant compared to the control group fed with high-fat food. In general, it can be stated that the combination of four weeks of aerobic training and rice bran supplementation had positive effects on the changes of lanosterol synthase enzyme in rats fed with a high-fat diet.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between insulin demand and reserves. Glucose transport to the muscle fiber is carried out by glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs). GLUT4 is the most important glucose transporter isoform in skeletal muscles. Insulin and exercise stimulate the fast and intense transfer of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and cause the absorption of glucose in muscle and fat tissue. The aim of the present study was to study the changes in GLUT4 gene expression in soleus muscle tissue and insulin resistance index after HIIT and royal jelly in type 2 diabetic obese rats.

The statistical subject consisted of wistar rats became diabetic after a 20 weeks high-fat diet by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg STZ. Rats with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg / dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. HIIT protocol and gavage performed for eight weeks, five sessions per week with 2-minute alternation of 2 and 8 intervals with 80 to 90% vo2max and a one-minute rest cycle with 50 to 56% vo2max. Royal Jelly was given by gavage at a dose of 100 mg / kg 5 days a week.

Data analysis using two-way analysis of variance test showed that in comparison with the control group, HIIT led to a significant reduction in glucose and insulin resistance index.so data shown that a significant increase in soleuse mascle GLUT4 gene expression compared to the control group and HIIT and royal jelly (P = 0.001).

HIIT and royal jelly were effective in reducing insulin resistance index and expression of genes effective in glucose consumption in soleus muscle. Also, HIIT and royal jelly led to an increase in GLUT4 gene expression in the soleus muscle compared to the control group, which is important in glucose consumption in diabetics.

In line with the design and identification of environmental interventions affecting obesity, this research has investigated the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise and pistachio skin extract on TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression in obese female rats.

30 twelve-week-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, fattened, aerobic exercise, PP extract, and aerobic exercise-PP extract. In order to induce obesity in the target groups, 0.5 ml of high-fat diet per 100 grams of body weight was used by gavage for 4 weeks (5 days a week). After determining the maximum oxygen consumption, an aerobic activity program including 4 weeks of 20-minute running with an intensity of 50% in the first week and 65% in the last week was implemented.  After eliminating the acute effect of the interventions and isolating the Soleus muscle tissue, real-time PCR technique was used to determine the gene expression level of inflammatory receptors TRL-2 and TRL-4. .

four weeks of aerobic exercise, receiving pistachio peel extract and the interactive effect of aerobic exercise* extract caused a significant decrease in the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in the soleus muscle of rats compared to the obese control group. However, statistically, no significant difference was observed between the three interventions on TRL-2 expression in soleus muscle, While the most significant decrease in TRL-4 expression was observed during aerobic exercise or its combination with pistachio peel extract .

These results indicate the decrease in gene expression of specific receptors of inflammatory indicators in obese mice after four weeks of isolated aerobic activity and consumption of pistachio peel extract. Despite these results, we need more studies on how to combine these effective interventions.

Mitochondria is one of the dynamic organelles in the cell, the dysfunction of which weakens the function of the cell and ultimately causes cell death. Mitophagy is the selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria, which improves cell biological functions by removing dysfunctional mitochondria. The PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway is one of the most important mitophagy regulation pathways. The PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway is one of the most important mitophagy regulation pathways. Disruption of mitophagy is the main cause of many metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and aging. The evidence obtained from human and animal studies shows that aerobic exercise develops mitochondrial mitophagy by regulating and activating signaling pathways and maintains health at the cell level, thereby reducing the incidence of diseases. Although the exact molecular mechanism of the effect of aerobic exercise on the development of mitochondrial mitophagy is not known, the results of several studies show a reduction in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and an increase in anti-inflammatory myokines along with regular aerobic exercise by activating mitophagic signaling pathways, especially the PINK1 signaling pathway. -Parkin regulates mitophagy in various tissues and in the conditions of old age, obesity, inactivity and metabolic disorders and prevents the development of many diseases. The regulatory role of aerobic exercises on mitophagy emphasizes the effectiveness of these exercises on tissue protection and health development.

Menopause is associated with an imbalance in the expression of atherogenesis genes in the motor nerve terminal. However, the effect of resistance training on the gene expression affecting the inhibition of sarcopenia in the neurotransmitter plate is not well understood.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of increasing resistance training on the gene expression of AKT and mTORC-1 in the motor end plate of the quadriceps muscle of post-menopausal wistar rat.

In this experimental study, 20 female Wistar rats (8 to 12 weeks old) with an average weight of 235 to 265 g, were randomly divided into 2 groups including Resistance Training (RT) and Control (C).Ovariectomy was performed after anesthesia with an intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine/Xylazine mixture with a bilateral incision in the lumbar region. incremental resistance training was performed for 8 weeks, 5 days a week on an 85 degree incline ladder. After 24 hours of the last training session and afterward recovery, animals were sacrificed and their quadriceps muscle was extracted. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression of AKT and mTORC-1 genes.T-test was used at alpha level of 0.05 to compare the independent groups.

Genes expression AKT and Mtorc-1 were increased in the training group compared to the control(P=0.001 and P=0.003 respectively).The rats body weight did not show significant change in any of the groups(P=0.151).

It seems that increasing resistance training reduces sarcopenia by increasing the genes expression of AKT and mTORC-1 in the motor end plate.

The use of herbal supplements by athletes to improve performance and increase training adaptations has increased greatly in the last decade. Herbal supplements not only improve the performance of athletes, but also maintain their health. Medicinal plants contain macro and micronutrients and phytochemical compounds that are responsible for their medicinal effects. Rice is one of the most widely consumed grains, which, apart from nutrients, contains many bioactive compounds that promote health. Epidemiological evidence shows that in countries that consume a lot of rice, some metabolic and underlying diseases are less. Rice bran Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice bleaching process and contains many food compounds and various phytochemicals such as gamma oryzanol and beta sitosterol. Rice bran has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, hypocholesterolemic and neuroprotective properties, so it is very effective in health development. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies (animal and human) show that gamma oryzanol and beta-sitosterol protect against the destruction and atrophy of muscle mass in obesity by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, improving the insulin signaling pathway, inhibiting the FOXO pathway, and thus causing Improves muscle function. On the other hand, gamma oryzanol has a neuroprotective effect by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Since most of the existing studies on the effects of rice bran bioactive compounds have been conducted with animal subjects, more studies are needed, especially in humans, to determine There is a precise effect of rice bran and its compounds.

Exercisers and sports physiologists are primarily concerned with improving physical performance and maintaining health. It is necessary to change the diet of athletes as a result of the change in energy consumption patterns. Additionally, supplements and medicinal plants should be used in addition to changing the diet to improve performance. Natural fatty alcohol octacosanol is abundant in rice bran and sugarcane and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immune system enhancing, obesity reducing, and lipid profile improving properties. Based on the review of studies on the energy-enhancing effects of octacosanol derived from rice bran, this phytochemical increases ATP regeneration from the aerobic pathway by increasing fatty acid oxidation capacity, thus reducing muscle glycogen and blood glucose consumption. Physical performance is enhanced as a result of maintaining the concentration of blood glucose and muscle glycogen. The antioxidant properties of Octacosanol, however, improve physical performance and protect athletes from oxidative stress, thus maintaining their health. There has been little research on octacosanol's effect on physical performance in humans, which makes further studies necessary.

This study aims to investigate the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and orange peel extract on the expression of HGF gene in hepatocytes of obese rats.

Rats were randomly divided into five groups of 6: an obese group, aerobic training obese group, an obese group that ate extract, an obese group that exercised and ate extract, and a control health group that did not have any intervention. The rats were fattened based on a research protocol, and training and extraction protocols were started. The exercise protocol was performed five days a week, with an intensity of 50 to 75% VO2max for six weeks. Extraction was done five times a week. The expression of HGF gene in liver tissue was done by the Real-Time PCR method. Independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance ANOVA between groups were used to test the data. GraphPad Prism version 10 software was used to analyze it with a significance level of p=0.05.

The expression of hepatocyte HGF showed a significant increase in the groups of aerobic exercise (p=0.009), extract (p=0.035), and extract + aerobic exercise (p=0.0001) compared to the obese group. There was no difference between the obese and control groups in the expression of HGF in the liver tissue (p=0.99).

The findings of this research show that aerobic exercise and extract alone can increase the expression of HGF, and on the other hand, the synergistic effect of aerobic exercise and orange peel extract also increases the expression of this factor; HGF is a protector of hepatocyte tissue.

Neurotrophins play a key role in the survival and growth of neurons; They are also important in the processes of synaptic plasticity, memory enhancement and learning processes; Therefore, the purpose of the current research is the effect of chronic football training on two neurotrophic factors of brain tissue in neurocognitive function and their relationship to the state of physical fitness in growing adolescent boys.

The current study was a semi-experimental type, in the from pre-test-post-test. A total of 40 growing adolescent boys aged 14 to 15 years were randomly assigned to four groups: 1-Football Training+Perceptual Motor Training (FT+PMT), 2-Football Training (FT), 3-Perceptual Motor Training (PMT) and Control (CO) were divided (10 people in each group). Football training and perceptual motor training were for eight weeks (three training sessions per week). Data analysis was done through analysis of covariance and post-hoc Bonferroni's tests in SPSS version 29 software. The significance level was P≤0.05.

A significant increase in the plasma levels of NGF, BDNF and IGF-1 was observed (p≤0.05). This significant increase was more significant in FT+PMT and FT groups than other groups (p≤0.05). On the other hand, a significant decrease in Stroop test errors was observed in FT+PMT, FT and PMT groups (p≤0.05).

It seems that increasing the levels of NGF, BDNF and IGF-1 through football and perceptual motor training leads to improvement in the cognitive functions of developing adolescents.

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression-related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression-related symptoms

The present research aims to investigate the effect of swimming training on inflammatory cytokines in the serum of rats with depression-type 2 diabetes.

The experimental research design is a randomized controlled trial. The statistical population is male C57BL6 mice kept in Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2021. 40 mice were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups (20 samples in each group). One group became diabetic with a high-fat diet and Streptozotocin. Diabetic samples underwent swimming training for 4 weeks. Then, depression-like behaviors were assessed with Sucrose preference, Novelty-suppressed feeding, Social interaction, and Tail suspension test. We also measured the levels of glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum of the animals. The data were analyzed by Graphpad Primes.

The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia- and depression-like behaviours in mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia- and depression-like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes.

Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression-like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice.Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that gradually destroys the synovial joints and leads to chronic inflammation. This autoimmune disorder is associated with an increase in stress-related symptoms, including anxiety and depression, and a decrease in social behaviors, which severely reduces the patient's quality of life. Previous studies show that higher physical activity during adolescence may lead to a decrease in neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the increase of physical activity from early adolescence on stress-related behaviors and inflammation in mice with rheumatoid arthritis.

Male mice were randomly exposed to a running wheel from early adolescence to adulthood, and then rheumatoid arthritis was induced. Stress-related behaviors, including anxiety, depression and social behavior were investigated in animals. The level of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were also measured as important inflammatory markers in the serum.

The results showed that physical activity from early adolescence significantly resulted in decreased stress in mice with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the running wheel led to a decrease in the levels of (IL-17) and (IFN-γ) in rheumatoid arthritis-induced mice as two important indicators of inflammation.

This study shows that increased physical activity during adolescence to adulthood may make mice resistant to increased stress and inflammation caused by rheumatic arthritis.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the metabolism of sugar or blood glucose. This disease is caused by insulin resistance in the body. Diabetes can lead to various complications in the body, including liver damage. Berberine reduces the amount of damage caused by oxidative stress on mitochondria and increases the antioxidant capacity of liver tissue. exercise training causes mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with different doses of berberine chloride on the apoptosis of liver cells in diabetic male rats with streptozotocin.

In this experimental study, 64 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 8. The groups include the control group, diabetic, diabetic and taking berberine chloride with a dose of 15 mg/kg, diabetic and taking berberine chloride with a dose of 30 mg/kg, diabetic with aerobic exercise, taking berberine chloride with a dose of 15 mg/kg, diabetic with aerobic exercise and the consumption of berberine chloride with a dose of 30 mg/kg, diabetics with aerobic exercise and the control group with aerobic exercise were divided. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60mg/kg was used to make diabetic groups diabetic. Berberine chloride (15 and 30 mg/Kg) was taken orally by gavage once a day. The exercise groups performed aerobic exercise for 6 weeks with an intensity of 50-55% of maximum oxygen consumption. 48 hours after the last training session, the liver tissue was extracted to check the changes of caspase3 protein. Using the TUNEL method, the amount of apoptosis in the liver tissue was evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up test.

In the present study, diabetic rats showed a significant increase in liver tissue apoptosis and caspase3 protein expression. Treatment of diabetic animals with berberine in doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg led to a significant reduction of apoptotic cells in diabetic rats. The expression of caspase3 protein in the diabetic group with aerobic exercise and berberine chloride consumption at a dose of 30 mg/kg was significantly decreased compared to the diabetic group and berberine chloride consumption at a dose of 15 mg/kg.

It seems that the treatment of diabetic rats with berberine chloride together with exercise activity was able to prevent the occurrence of apoptosis in the liver tissue and improve the liver damage caused by diabetes.

 Moving on steep surfaces is a demanding task in daily life, especially during walking. It poses challenges for the human locomotor system, especially for those with neuromuscular injuries or disease. Therefore, this study aimed to compare plantar pressure variables in healthy versus genu valgum students during walking on a sloped surface.

 This applied study was quasi-experimental and causal-comparative. The samples comprised 15 girls with genu valgum knees (between medial malleolus distance of 3.90±0.44 cm) and 15 with healthy knees (between medial malleolus distance of 0.73±0.29 cm). Plantar pressure variables were evaluated in 10 areas of the foot on the sloping surfaces at 0%, ±8%, ±10%, and ±20% in the stance phase of walking. A 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. The significant level was set at 0.05. 

 Maximum pressure was only significant in the areas of the tarsal 1, metatarsal 2-4, and lateral rearfoot on the slopes of +8, -15, and -20 between the genu valgum and the healthy groups. The pressure was higher in the genu valgum group. Changes in the center of foot pressure on the positive and negative slopes of 8 and 15 in the genu valgum group compared to the healthy in the mediolateral direction significantly trended toward negative values.

 The study results showed that changes in the center of pressure increase the amount of foot supination by increasing the slope and decrease the amount of ankle pronation by increasing the negative slope. Therefore, slopes of -20, -15, and -8 can be suggested to improve the distribution pattern of plantar pressure in adolescent girls with genu valgum knee. However, further study in this area is warranted.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of orange peel compounds and physical activity on physical performance and health. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and the results showed that orange peel has attracted the attention of researchers due to its alkaloid compounds, including Synephrine and Octopamine, as one of the effective and widely used plants for physical performance and weight control. By activating β3 adrenergic receptors, synephrine increases lipolysis and the availability of free fatty acids (FFA) to peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscles, which increases the oxidation process of FFA and reduces the oxidation of carbohydrates. The result of these changes is the preservation of muscle glycogen consumption and the delay of fatigue. On the other hand, synephrine reduces appetite by acting on the neuromedin U2 receptor and causes weight loss simultaneously with the development of thermogenesis. Although the effect of the compounds in orange peel on physical performance and weight control is contradictory, more studies are needed to understand the effects of these compounds.

Melanoma is the most severe subset of skin cancer that has high invasive power and rapid metastasis to other organs. Recently, the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of cancer has received much attention. Pineapple belongs to the bromoliaceae family and the subfamily Bromolyidae, which is one of the most popular tropical fruits, including protein, fat, sugars, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, enzyme, bromilinil. Organic free is vitamin C, vitamin A, B, whose anti-cancer properties have been proposed. P53 is a tumor-inhibiting gene that is more associated with cancer. The aim of this study was to study the changes in liver tissue p53 gene expression and tumor volume after aerobic exercise and pineapple extract consumption in mic with melanoma cancer.

This study was performed on 32 C57 mice (Weight: 12-14gr) .After culture of melanoma cancer cell line, tumor induction was performed in mice and aerobic training and gavage protocols were performed on them in four groups including control, aerobic training, pineapple extract and aerobic-pineapple training. The aerobic exercise program was performed for six weeks with the treadmill. Familiarization protocol was performed at a speed of 6-10 meters per minute for tow week. The continuous training program started at 14 meters per minute in the first two weeks and finally reached 16 meters per minute in the last two weeks. In order to eliminate the effect of stress on the studied variables, control mice were also placed on the treadmill for the duration of the exercise program for 20 minutes.pineapple extract was gavage at 300 mg / kg. Weight was measured with a digital scale and tumor volume of mice using a caliper. 48 hours after the last training session, blood sampling and liver tissue were performed, expression of p53 gene of liver tissue was performed by RT-PCR. Then, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, two-factor analysis of variance and post hoc, and a significance level of p≤0.05 was considered.The above research has the code of ethics IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1399.178 in the Medical Ethics Committee of the Azad University, Science and Research Branch.

The results showed that compared to the control group, aerobic exercise and pineapple exercise significantly reduced tumor volume and increased expression of hepatic p53 gene. Levels of variables including mice weight, tumor volume, P53 gene, mice as mean +/- standard deviation are reported. Results shows the results of two-factor analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc as well as the effect size of the groups.

The findings of the present study showed that aerobic exercise and pineapple extract resulted in weight loss and significant reduction in tumor volume and increased expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene in experimental groups compared to controls in liver tissue. The results showed that the weight of mice was lower in the experimental groups than in the control group, while in the training-pineapple group, the weight loss was higher. The results also showed that the tumor volume decreased in the experimental groups, which was significant in the pineapple and interactive exercise-pineapple groups, and in the exercise group, there was a non-significant decrease in the tumor volume of mice with melanoma cancer. With melanoma further reduced the size of the effect of pineapple extract. The results also showed that the changes in tumor volume between the exercise-pineapple and control groups showed a greater decrease than the other groups, which is significant, and in the other groups there is a significant decrease compared to the control group. These results indicate that different types of exercise can play an effective role in suppressing tumor growth. All of these findings emphasize the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in mice with cancer, which can also lead to a significant reduction in tumor volume. The results of the present study also showed that the expression of p53 tumor suppressor gene was significantly increased in the experimental groups, which was higher in the exercise and exercise-pineapple groups. The importance of autonomic functions of p53 tumor suppressor cancer cells (encoded by TP53) has been identified in many studies, but it is now clear that the status of p53 cancer cells also has a significant effect on the immune response. The most obvious result of the loss or mutation of p53 in mice and humans is the increased development of cancer. It is clear that the main function of p53 in humans is to protect against the progression of malignancy, but other functions of p53 are the ability to regulate immune responses and their role in the pathology of non-cancerous diseases, including wound healing, wound healing and wound healing or viral infection control. The mechanisms regulated by P53 also regulate mitochondrial respiration and help maintain genomic stability. Studies show that improving aerobic metabolism by P53, which acts as a tumor suppressor, may provide future cancer prevention strategies. Since herbal compounds have fewer side effects compared to chemical compounds, identifying new strategies for using medicinal plants as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs along with proper exercise can help cancer patients recover.

Obesity and inflammation is an important risk factor for diseases. Aerobic exercise (AE) and medicinal herbs can reduce obesity-induced inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AE and Rice Bran Extract (RBE) on the inflammatory gene expression in white adipose tissue of obese female rats.

Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups including Control with a natural diet, Control with a High-Fat Diet (HFD), HFD + AE, HFD + RBE, and HFD + AE + RBE. Rats ran on a treadmill for four weeks and received RBE. To induce obesity, frying palm oil was used (0.5 ml/g). After euthanasia, the white adipose tissue was extracted to measure the IL6, TNF-α, and TLR4 gene expression. 

HFD caused a significant increase in the IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 gene expression (P=0.001). AE significantly decreased IL-6 (P=0.001), TNF-α (P=0.041), and TLR4 (P=0.032) gene expression. RBE significantly decreased the IL-6 (P=0.001), TNF-α (P=0.003), and TLR-4 (P=0.011) gene expression. IL-6 (P=0.002), TNF-α (P=0.005), and TLR4 (P=0.011) gene expression was significantly decreased in the AE + RBE group compared to the control group with HFD, However, AE and RBE interaction in the expression of these genes was not statistically significant.

AE and RBE decrease the gene expression of inflammatory mediators caused by HFD in white adipose tissue. The AE and RBE consumption is recommended as a preventive and therapeutic solution in obesity conditions.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are a combination of several metabolic disorders that increase the risk of chronic disease and mortality, and highly prevalent worldwide among postmenopausal women. However, it has been shown that regular exercise and increased physical activity can improve components of metabolic syndrome and the complications of obesity. Therefore, the present review was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of exercise training on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal and obese women along with a possible of the underlying mechanisms.

For this systematic review, all relevant information were collected using search of specific keywords about of the effects of different types of exercise training on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal and obese, via some internal and external databases including Web of Science, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Magiran, IranDoc and SID, that this information was extracted.

The results of the present review showed that different types of exercise programs through various physiological mechanisms improved most of the biomarkers of metabolic syndrome among obese and postmenopausal women.

It seems that increase of physical activity and different types of exercise interventions (aerobic, resistance, combination and HIIT) can improve the metabolic syndrome risk factors and thus represent a key treatment strategy to prevent and control of this metabolic disorder in obese and postmenopausal women.

Changes in gene expression and protein expression of the spinal-blood barrier play an important role in the transmission and development of neuro-inflammatory responses. In order to increase the knowledge related to the role of environmental interventions affecting the tight junction and adhesive proteins of this barrier, this study investigated the effect of four weeks of resistance training and date pollen/testosterone extract on gene expression and protein expression of occludin and cadherin in male rats.

In an experimental design, 30 male Wistar rats randomly divided into 6 groups: Control; Resistance training; DPP extract; Testosterone; DPP extract+ resistance training; Testosterone+ resistance training. The amount of 100 mg/kg date pollen extract was fed to mice by gavage for 4 weeks. Also, synthetic testosterone with a dose of 2 mg/kg was used subcutaneously as a positive control. Resistance training consisted of a four-week increasing training period on a 50-step ladder with 8 to 12 repetitions per session. After the intervention, gene expression was measured by RT-PCR method and protein expression was measured by western blot method.

Four weeks of resistance training caused a significant increase in occludin gene expression (P=0.010) and cadherin (P=0.015); While it had no significant effect on the protein expression of occludin (P=0.404) and cadherin (P=0.647). Also, the gene expression level of two proteins increased significantly under the influence of date pollen extract and testosterone (P<0.05).On the other hand, the protein synthesis rate of occludin (P=0.016) and cadherin (P=0.012) was increased only in the group receiving synthetic testosterone. Despite the fact that the highest level of gene expression of two proteins was observed when the interventions were combined simultaneously, there was no statistically significant difference between their synergistic effects (P=0.059). However, the highest expression of occludin and cadherin protein occurred when resistance training was combined with testosterone supplementation (P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that DPP extract is superior to other interventions for increasing the gene expression of occludin and cadherin proteins of the blood-spinal barrier and testosterone for increasing the expression of these proteins. The combination of these interventions with the double promotion of the signaling process of gene and protein expression will maintain the integrity and reduce the permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier in healthy male animal samples.

Evidence suggests that oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms that causes the effects of obesity. Physical activity and the use of medicinal herbs are two effective ways to control oxidative stress in obese conditions. Although several studies have been performed on the effect of aerobic exercise and herbs on oxidative stress markers, the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and rice bran extract on oxidative stress markers in white adipose tissue is not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop the effect of aerobic exercise and rice bran extract on the amount of SOD, CAT and MDA concentrations of white adipose tissue in rats fed a high-fat diet.

In a pre-clinical trial, 30 female Wistar rats were selected as experiments and randomly divided into five groups of healthy control, control fed high fat diet, fed high fat diet with aerobic exercise, fed high fat diet with rice bran extract and fed high-fat diet with aerobic exercise-rice bran extract. Palm frying oil was used to induce obesity. The aerobic exercise program consisted of running on a treadmill for four weeks and five sessions a week. Rice bran extract also included receiving 60 mg per kilogram of body weight for 4 weeks and 5 times a week by gavage. At the end of the course, white adipose tissue was removed to determine the amount of SOD, CAT and MDA after sacrificing the subjects.

High fat diet significantly reduced SOD (P= 0.001) and catalase (P= 0.001); While significantly increased MDA values ​​(P= 0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly increased SOD and CAT but had no effect on MDA. While, rice bran extract significantly increased SOD and CAT and decreased MDA. The interaction of exercise and rice bran on the study outcomes was not significant.

Since aerobic exercise and rice bran reduce the oxidative stress of white adipose tissue, it is suggested that in the context of high fat diet, these two interventions can be used to reduce the side effects of high fat diet.

The use of testosterone enanthate is popular among athletes, especially resistance sports. Considering the side effects of using testosterone enanthate, it seems necessary to find alternative methods. The present study compares the independent and interactive effects of resistance training, testosterone and palm pollen extract on the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue in male rats.

In this experimental study, 36 male rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups: control, resistance training, palm pollen extract, testosterone enanthate, palm pollen extract + resistance training and testosterone enanthate + resistance training. The resistance training program was implemented for 4 weeks (5 days per week). On training days, palm pollen extract gavage (100 mg/kg) and testosterone injection (2 mg/kg) were performed. 48 hours after the last intervention, rats were sacrificed, brown adipose tissue was collected and sent to the laboratory, and the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes was measured by real-time PCR.

In rats, resistance training increased the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue (P=0.001). Testosterone also increased the expression of FNDC5 gene in brown adipose tissue (P=0.013). However, palm pollen extract had no significant effect on the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue. Also, no significant synergistic effect was found between research variables (P>0.05).

Based on the present findings, both resistance training and testosterone significantly increased the expression of FNDC5 gene in brown adipose tissue in rats, but had no significant effect on IGF1. Palm pollen extract had no significant effect on the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue in rats.

Infertility in men is 10-20% of cases due to azoospermia and usually due to disorders of the reproductive system. Normally, the population of men with azoospermia is estimated to be around 2% (1) and it has been shown that in 20% of infertile men, azoospermia is the main cause of infertility (2). Non-obstructive azoospermia is a state in which no sperm is observed in ejaculation and is related to intra-testicular disorders and as a result spermatogenesis disorders, while in obstructive azoospermia, spermatogenesis is normal and the defect is related to obstruction in the ejaculatory ducts (3). In a study, decreased expression of autophagy pathway genes (Lc3B, Beclin1) was observed in patients with azoospermia (4). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming, cell and laser training on the expression of genes involved in autophagy in azoospermia model mice.

The samples of the present study were male Wistar laboratory rats, which were under control in the laboratory in terms of many variables, therefore, the present study was of an experimental type. 30 6 to 8 week old rats from the research center and Reproduction of laboratory animals in Tehran were randomly selected. In order to create azoospermia model, the drug busulfan was injected intraperitoneally for each rat at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight (15). After a month of inducing the model, the rats in each group were divided as follows: Patient control group (one month after creating the model until the end of the study, they remained for 8 weeks), healthy control group (kept for 8 weeks), patient control group + low power laser (one month after creating the model, low laser Power with a wavelength of 632.8 nm and a power of 10 mW and an energy of 3 joules was applied three times in the entire study period with an interval of one week in the testicular region of azoospermic rats and rats until the end of the study for 8 weeks. were maintained), the patient control group + exercise (one month after creating azoospermic mice for 8 weeks, they swam daily for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week), the patient control group + cell (one month later From the creation of azoospermic mice, stem cells were transplanted in the vas deferens region at the rate of one million cells per mouse in the right testis and the rats were kept for 8 weeks until the end of the study), patient control group + cells + low laser power + exercise (one month after the creation of azoospermic mice, stem cells were transplanted once in the vas deferens in the amount of one million cells for each mouse, then after a week of low power laser cell transplantation with wavelength 632.8 nm and power of 10 mW and energy of 3 joules were applied three times during the entire study period with an interval of one week and after the healing of the wound of the cell graft area on the abdomen, it was applied topically for 30 minutes a day. They swam 5 days a week, which lasted for 8 weeks). Tissue sampling was done from the testicular tissue of mice under completely similar conditions and in basic conditions (two days after the end of the training period). In order to eliminate the acute effect of training, sampling of the animals was done 48 hours after the last swimming training program. For this purpose, the animals were anesthetized by peritoneal injection of ketamine (30-50 mg/kg) and xylazine (5-3 mg/kg) and then killed, and after killing the transplanted tissues, they were evaluated for genetic studies. To check the expression of the studied genes in each group, real time PCR technique was used to examine the tissues. First, primer design was done and then total RNA was extracted from the tissues and converted into cDNA. Then, the cDNA was amplified by PCR and analyzed for the expression of the mentioned genes. To analyze the findings of this research, Smirnov's Kalmograph tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's were used to compare between different groups. All calculations were done using SPSS/22 statistical software and at a significant level of P≤0.05.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average expression of the Beclin gene in testicular tissue in different research groups; The control group has a significant difference with the model group at the confidence level of 0.01, and the model group has a significant difference with the cell, laser and training group at the confidence level of 0.05. Also, the results show that cells, laser and exercise simultaneously had an effect on the expression of Beclin gene in testicular tissue in azoospermia model mice. Also, the next finding showed that there is a significant difference between the average LC3 gene expression of testicular tissue in different research groups; The control group has a significant difference with the model group at the confidence level of 0.01, and the model group has a significant difference with the cell, laser and training group at the confidence level of 0.05. Also, the results show that cells, laser and training simultaneously had an effect on the expression of LC3 gene in testicular tissue in azoospermia model mice.

The results of the research showed that by inducing the azoospermia model, the expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 genes in the testicular tissue of mice increased significantly compared to the control group. On the other hand, with the implementation of exercise, cell and laser treatment methods, the expression of the mentioned genes in mice decreased compared to the azoospermic group, showing that this decrease was significant only in the combined exercise, cell and laser group. Research has shown that exercise can be a key factor in the regulation of proteins involved in the autophagy pathway, and the regulation of autophagy by exercise can be a key process in cellular and molecular mechanisms (11,10). The main path of the proteins involved in the autophagy process is regulated by complex regulatory mechanisms, which can be different input signals such as nutrients, growth factors, hormones, intracellular calcium concentration, ATP level, hypoxia, etc. The main regulatory pathway of these factors is the mTORC1 pathway, which is activated in cellular responses such as growth, proliferation, protein synthesis, and autophagy (11). The mTORC1 pathway can activate or inhibit the autophagy mechanism by regulating ULK1, ATG13 and FIP200 proteins (25). Various studies have shown that LC3 can increase cell death or its survival (26), it is also known as one of the effective factors in autophagy, which according to the available evidence can have an apoptotic function (27). It has been reported that decreased autophagic activity due to decreased expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 can be associated with tumorigenesis and increased tumor growth (28). No research was found that investigated the effect of stem cells and laser therapy on the expression of genes involved in autophagy. The results of the present study showed that cell therapy and laser therapy alone and in combination do not have a significant effect on the expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 genes in the testicular tissue of azoospermia model mice, but cell therapy and laser therapy in combination with exercise caused a significant decrease in these genes. And somehow it inhibited autophagy in testicular tissue of azoospermia model mice. Therefore, it is possible that exercise combined with cell therapy and laser therapy by inhibiting autophagy in the testicular tissue of azoospermia model mice induced with busulfan exerts its protective effect and in this way causes the fertility of azoospermia model mice, but a definite opinion needs more research in this regard. It is the context. In general, it has been shown in the research that autophagy is activated in pathological conditions and may have destructive effects on the tissue. In the present study, the induction of the azoospermia model by busulfan leads to an increase in the genes involved in autophagy and in some way activates the pathway that exercise Exercise in combination with cells and laser therapy by reducing genes and somehow inhibiting autophagy may exert its protective effect and thus prevent infertility in mice.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide that can damage the nervous system of insects by causing neurotoxicity. Although the molecular mechanisms related to it are not fully understood, some studies have suggested that apoptotic processes are involved. Caspase 9 is a protease that is related to the process of mitochondrial death and is activated during apoptosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of   CPF exposure on Caspase 9 level in the hippocampus of rats.
In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into four groups, including control, sham, CPF 1mg/kg.bw, and CPF 3mg/kg.bw (n=6). Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tucky statistical tests.
The findings pointed to significant differences between control and CPF-1mg (P<0.01), as well as between control and CPF 1mg (P<0.001) groups.The results of this study pointed out that long-term exposure to even low doses of chlorpyrifos can increase the level of hippocampal caspase 9. Furthermore,  receiving chlorpyrifos poison with higher doses caused more toxic effects.

The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity has doubled since 1980 so that almost a third of the world's population is now classified as overweight or obese. Obesity hurts almost all physiological functions of the body and is a significant threat to public health. It can be said that obesity is a multifactorial and complex metabolic disease with epigenetic interactions. So the expression of some genetic factors along with inactive lifestyle (low energy cost) and intake of high-calorie foods interact together to cause the phenomenon of obesity and obesity-related diseases. However, for a long time, adipose tissue is no longer the only passive tissue for storing extra energy. From the identification of leptin and other adipokines, it was found that adipose tissue is one of the most active endocrine glands that play an essential role in regulating systemic energy and glucose homeostasis. Meanwhile, adipsin is one of the most abundant adipokines, which is produced almost exclusively by fat cells and is known as a supplement of factor D. Its amount in plasma increases significantly in obesity and high body mass index. Identification of adipsin as an important factor in diseases such as obesity and diabetes is not long ago and the function of this protein is not yet fully known. However, the researchers found that the release of adipsin from fatty tissue causes the synthesis of C3a, which plays a role in the islets of Langerhans, where beta cells are present, and stimulates the secretion of insulin and ultimately reduces the output of hepatic glucose. Adipsin plays a role in triglyceride metabolism by converting complement factor C3 to C3a, which stimulates triglyceride production in fat tissue. Therefore, adipsin may be indirectly related to adipose tissue fat metabolism. This contradiction has caused the function of this protein to remain in mystery until now. Due to the importance of adipsin, various researches have been conducted in this field. On the other hand, one of the organs that is directly related to obesity is the liver, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the hFGF subfamily, (FGF19, FGF21, FGF23) version its removal is done in the liver by direct control of PPARα and in adipose tissue by PPARγ. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21) is a family of fibroblast growth factors. This protein has various biological functions, including cell differentiation. , is responsible for cell growth and angiogenesis. In addition, FGF21 regulates the body's metabolism, because it plays a role in energy balance, glucose and fat homeostasis, and leads to improved glucose homeostasis, fat parameters, and weight loss in animal models. Regarding the importance of FGF21, various research have been conducted and contradictory results have been obtained. On the other hand, mammalian cells cannot reduce excess cholesterol; therefore, removing excess intracellular cholesterol is essential. HDL particles are the primary system. Can remove excess cholesterol from peripheral cells through reverse cholesterol transport. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT: Reverse Cholesterol Transport) refers to the process of collecting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including macrophages in the arterial wall, and returning them to the liver for Cleaning through bile and excreting it through feces is said to play an important role in this step (ABCA1: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Protein). This process is especially important for macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Investigation of other influencing factors, including the role of aerobic exercises, has not been done so far. Certainly, new and more research in this regard by comparing different training methods with each other can to some extent find the best training method to get the maximum benefit from it with the minimum time, a great help in improving the abnormal condition of cardiovascular diseases. will do Considering the above information and the importance and role of adipsin, FGF21, and ABCA1 in obesity and its related complications, as well as the existence of contradictory results related to the effect of sports activity on these variables and the lack of sufficient information in this field, the question is whether increasing aerobic exercise Effects on adipsin, FGF21 and ABCA1 in obese men?

To carry out this practical and semi-experimental research, among obese men with a body mass index above 30 who were referred to the health center of Ilam city in the age range of 30-40 years, 24 people were randomly selected and divided into two groups: increasing aerobic exercise and Controls were divided. Aerobic exercise group program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. In the first and second weeks, training started with 30 minutes and with 60% of the maximum heart rate, and every two weeks, the duration of 5 minutes and the intensity of aerobic exercise was increased by 5%, until finally, in the last two weeks, the duration was 45 minutes and the intensity was 75% of the heart rate. The heart reached the maximum. Also, blood samples were taken before and after the completion of 8 weeks from the brachial vein in fasting conditions 24 hours before the start of the protocol and 48 hours after the completion of the protocol. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that increasing aerobic training caused a significant increase in FGF21 and ABCA1 and a significant decrease in adipsin in obese men.

In summary, the findings of the present study show that eight weeks of increasing aerobic exercise increased adipsin, FGF21, and ABCA1 indices in obese men. Therefore, it is recommended to use these exercises to reduce the negative effects of obesity. However, the lack of control over the mental conditions and hereditary characteristics of the subjects during the exercises, and the lack of control over their economic conditions were among the limitations of the present research that may affect the results. Also, the results of the present research can provide experts, researchers, and obese people with a clear view of the impact of increasing aerobic exercises, and according to the results, the use of these exercises to reduce the complications of obesity is recommended to obese people in consultation with a doctor.

Use of medicinal plants is considered as a safe and effective alternative treatment for hyperglycemia. In addition to the positive effects of exercise on diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Urtica Dioica (UD) and Swimming activity on the kidney Properties in diabetic rats

Materials: 

Adult male rats were randomly distributed in nine groups: intact control, diabetic control,diabetic + 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, diabetic + 100 mg/kg Metformin, diabetic + swimming, diabetic + swimming 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, and diabetic +100 mg/kg Metformin + swimming. Aqueous extract of  Urtica Dioica was given to rats by gavage for 4 weeks. Swim training protocol was performed for 4 weeks, 5 days per week. Blood bilirubin, albumin, creatinine and uric acid were determined. Renal tissue changes were examined in different experimental groups.

Bilirubin levels in metformin group, diabetes with swim training group, swim training with metformin group, UD extract at a dose of 1.25 g/kg group, UD extract at a dose of 625 mg/kg  group, UD extract at a dose of 1.25 g/kg with swim training group, UD extract at a dose of 625 mg/kg with swim training with diabetic control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Albumin, creatinine and uric acid levels compared to diabetic control group were not significantly different.

The present results show that swimming training with Urtica Dioica extract has beneficial effects on renal tissue changes in diabetic rats and these effects are dose dependent.