محمدعلی محمدی

Happiness is a positive emotion that is vital and important to maintain health. Meanwhile, the happiness of nurses is more important because it affects their ability to help and deliver quality care to patients. This study aimed to determine the level of happiness and its relationship with demographic variables in the nurses of educational-therapeutic centers of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2022.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 270 nurses working in educational-therapeutic centers in Ardabil city were studied. The stratified random sampling method was used to collect data using the Demographic Information Form and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS-26 software and descriptive (centrality and dispersion) and analytical (Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance) tests.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the samples was 33.71±7.29. Most of the studied nurses were female (72.2%), married (60.4%), and had a Bachelor's degree in nursing (88.5%). The mean happiness score in nurses was 65.62±14.11 and 68.9% of nurses stated their level of happiness as very good. There was a statistically significant correlation between the demographic variables including age, work experience, and satisfaction with income and job with happiness level (p<0.05).

Although the overall state of happiness of nurses in the educational-therapeutic centers of Ardabil was at a very good level, considering the importance of happiness in increasing the motivation and improving the quality of care of nurses, decision-makers in the health field should take effective interventions to maintain and improve the existing situation.

Violence in clinical learning environments poses a significant occupational risk in educational environments. Effective management of violence in clinical education is crucial not only for ensuring the safety and well-being of students but also for enhancing their confidence and competence in facing challenging situations and contributing to their professional commitment. This study aimed to investigate the violence management competence in the clinical learning environments in the Ardabil Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery students in 2024.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among 420 participants, including nursing, midwifery, operating room, and prehospital emergency care students who had completed at least two semesters. The samples were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using the Clinical Learning Environment Violence Management Competency Questionnaire developed by Dongyan et al. (2020). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-26, applying t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient, with a significance level of less than 0.05.

Participants included 223 nursing (58.1%), 64 operating room (16.7%), 49 prehospital emergency care (12.8%), and 48 midwifery (12.5%) students. The mean age of the participants was 22.61 years. Approximately 82.3% of the students expressed a need for educational programs on violence management. Most students (94.5%) reported having an average level of competence in violence management in clinical learning environments. A positive correlation was observed between age and violence management competence (p<0.05). In addition, students who were less concerned about violence in the clinical learning environments were found to have better competence in violence management. Furthermore, students with a history of personal behavioral violence demonstrated better competence in violence management in the clinical learning environments compared to others (p<0.05).

The competence of the studied students to manage violence in the clinical learning environments was at an average level. Moreover, this competency was higher in older students. It is recommended that adequate training on the signs of violence and prevention methods be provided to students to help them minimize harm when they encounter such situations.

Many methods and technologies including atmospheric cold plasma are being developed to control and modify water components such as electrical conductivity (EC) in order to manage and use water optimally. With this approach, plasma reactors were designed to control water electrical conductivity using oxygen atmospheric pressure discharge on the water surface. The results of measuring EC changes, after plasma exerting compared to before plasma by changing the reactor's design and the plasma interaction time with the water surface at 1-10 min during 1 min intervals showed that electrical conductivity decreased on the anode side of the anodic and cathodic plasmas in the two-vessel reactor in the short time of 1 min. In the following, the process changed and EC enhanced by increasing plasma exerting. In the single-vessel reactor, from 1-10 min, EC change was increasing, which was more in the cathodic plasma than the anodic plasma. In the two-vessel reactor of anodic plasma, the increase of changes was higher on the anode side than on the cathode side to 3 min and then reversed. In the two-vessel reactor of cathodic plasma, the increase of changes was higher on the cathode side than the anode side to 7 min and then reversed.

Clinical education is an essential part of medical science education and the climate in clinical environments is one of the influential factors in the quality of clinical education. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the educational climate of the operating rooms from the perspective of residents, operating room, and anesthesiology students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2023.

In this cross-sectional study, all the residents from different fields, operating room students, and anesthesiology students with at least one semester of operating room experience were studied through the census survey method. Data was collected using the demographic characteristics questionnaire and the educational climate of the operating room questionnaire of Igor et al. (2022). Data were analyzed using SPSS v.26 using centrality indices, dispersion and chi-square tests, t-test, and ANOVA.

The results showed that the majority of students (98.7%) rated the educational climate of the operating rooms as average. The areas of the educational climate in this study were technically average but not optimal. The scores for educational processes and operating room infrastructure were lower than standard values (p<0.05). There were significant differences between educational climate with gender (p=0.003) and age (p=0.001). The perception of the educational climate for anesthesiology students was lower than that of other students (p=0.001).

The results showed that the educational climate of the operating rooms was not favorable from the perspective of students. There was a weakness in the educational process and operating room infrastructure. Educational authorities are recommended to address the existing problems to improve the educational atmosphere of the operating rooms and improve the quality of clinical education.

COVID-19 has caused various challenges in the social, political and economic fields. To stay safe from complications of the disease, proper and quality care is important. Nurses' understanding of caring behaviors and the factors that influence them will play an important role in the quality of care and ultimately the society health. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between challenges to deal with COVID-19 and caring behaviors of nurses in Ardabil City.

This is a correlational descriptive study involving 384 nurses working at Ardabil educational hospitals in 2022 using convenient sampling method. Data were collected through a three-part electronic questionnaire on demographic characteristics, Wolff et al. caring behavior and challenges to deal with COVID-19 questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (one-sample t-test, independent t-test, ANOVA and linear regression) using SPSS-26.

The results showed that the mean score of the challenges to deal with COVID-19 from the nurses' point of view was 121.91±17.16. The most important challenge was related to the subscale of human resources (4.52±0.74). The mean score of nurses' caring behaviors was 196.92±46.74. Mean score of physical care dimension (4.86±0.06) was more than psychological dimension (4.64±0.15) and this difference was statistically significant. There was a positive significant correlation between challenges to deal with COVID-19 and caring behaviors of nurses (p=0.03, r=0.10). Furthermore, there was a positive significant relationship between dimensions of challenges to deal with COVID-19 (including comprehensive planning of coping, facilities of coping, financial issues of coping, education and social issues and human resources) and caring behaviors of nurses (p<.001). The linear regression model showed the variable of human resources predicts 5% of the variance of nurses' caring behaviors (p<0.001).

The results revealed that the increase of challenges to deal with COVID-19 score results in increased score of caring behaviors in nurses. That shows nurses consider working in difficult and dangerous situations as part of their professional role and duty. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the caring behaviors during the epidemic through overcoming the human resource shortages, empowering and educating personnel and paying attention to the physical and psychological aspects of care.

The legitimacy of protesting against Islamic government is one of the accepted principles in Islam and the Constitutional Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, if protest turns into subversion, the Islamic government has to confront it and implement divine judgment regarding the subverters. The research question revolves around the Qur’anic foundations of the necessity to confront subverters, with the hypothesis that from the perspective of the Holy Qur’ān, all those seeking to overthrow the Islamic government must be confronted. In this study, we have concluded that any type of practical and deliberate confrontation aimed at striking against the “Islamic government entity” and undermining public security is considered subversion, so, initially, the Islamic ruler, and subsequently, all people are duty-bound to confront the subverters. The aforementioned encounter in the initial stage must be conducted with utmost peace, but unfair peace based on complacency with subverters is not endorsed or divinely approved. Traditions attributing the occasion of the revelation of verses to Imam Ali’s struggle against the Nākithūn (those who broke their covenants), the Qāṣitūn (those who deviated from divine guidance), the Māriqūn (the apostate, those who became renegade by seceding from the caliph’s camp) and enemies of Imam Mahdi (May Allah hasten his noble reappearance) are all indicative of the application of a universal concept on a particular one,  and  also of the fact that the same principle applies to those who want to subvert the Islamic government with no exception. The type of punishment for the subverters is specified by law.

The environment governing learning is one of the most important influencing factors in education. The outbreak of corona virus (COVID-19) has led to a special attention to E-learning as an aid to break the chain of virus transmission. This study was conducted to determine the status of the learning environment of virtual education of medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) using DELES (The Distance Education Learning Environment Survey) questionnaire.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the academic year of 2022 at MUMS. Sampling was a multi-stage method. In this way, at first students in different educational levels (basic science, physiopathology, externship and internship) were considered. For gathering data DELES questionnaire was used. Then the link of the tool was shared in internet groups of medical students .Data were analyzed by T-test , ANOVA, Pearson correlation test  through SPSS.  In all tests p-value was less than or equal to 0.05.

A total of 202 medical students with an average age of 22.88±2.48 years were included in the study. The Mean response of participants studied the courses during the semester in the virtual environment was 49.78 ±  27.76  . The participants in the study reported the education situation to be relatively favorable, so that their satisfaction was more in the area of student independence (Relatively favorable) and less in the area of professors' support (poor). The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed that the average satisfaction score of basic science students is significantly higher than that of externship and internship students (P<0.001, F=7.861). Also, the results of the T-Student test showed that there is no statistically significant difference between students in terms of gender and marital status, but non-native students were less satisfied than native students in terms of interactions between students and colleagues (P < 0.03).

The attitude of the students towards distance education during the covid-19 epidemic in medical students of MUMS was relatively favorable or relative satisfaction. Therefore, in order to improving the situation of distance education, it is recommended to implement methods to increase the support of professors and improve their communication with students in the virtual education environment.

Improving learning effectiveness in nursing education is of particular importance. Various methods are used to improve learning effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two methods, a slide-based lecture videocast and a handout, on learning and satisfaction of nursing students.

A quasi-experimental design without pretest was used to conduct this study during the second semester of the 2016–2017 academic year at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. The study sample consisted of 54 nursing students studying in their third semester. The health assessment course which consisted of 10 sessions, were randomly divided into two groups. After the first 5 sessions (Group 1) of lectures and PowerPoint presentations in the class, a handout was given to students. At the end of the next 5 sessions (Group 2) of lectures and PowerPoint presentations in the class, video files of lectures screen recordings were made available to the students. Multiple-choice questions were used to evaluate learning outcome at the end of the semester. The student satisfaction form was used to evaluate students’ satisfaction with the teaching-learning process. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Independent T, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U) using SPSS v15.

Data analysis showed that the average learning outcome score in handout offered sessions was significantly higher than in videocast ones (p<0.001). In addition, the mean score of students’ satisfaction for handout and videocast were 39.18±5.86 and 39.81±6.32, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.39).

Although slide-based lecture videos did not improve student learning as much as handouts, it is recommended to provide and offer the video lectures to the students during each class session in addition to the traditional learning methods such as handouts and books.

The most prominent goal of the revelation of the Holy Qur'an for the whole world is to guide them to the correct lifestyle and in other words to educate people correctly. The Holy Quran, as the most important human educational book, has pursued such a goal during the 23 years of Prophethood of the Holy Prophet and in various forms. The present study seeks to explain the most important forms of expression of educational points that are used in the Qur'an through a descriptive-analytical method and show an example of them in Surah Hujurat, which is known as a moral-educational surah in the Qur'an so that the audience can get to know these methods and their Qur'anic expression better. The Holy Quran has several methods to express educational points, the main methods of which are seven methods, which are, remembering and reminding; 2. Preaching and advising; 3. Encouragement and punishment; 4. Stimulation of emotions; 5. Command and prohibition; 6. Model presentation and 7. Storytelling. These methods have been examined in the present study with regard to Surah Hujurat.

Spiritual health is one of the four dimensions of human health, which plays an important role in ensuring human health due to its dominance over the dimensions of mental, social and physical health. Accurate knowledge of its components has a decisive role in promoting, restoring and stabilizing spiritual health. One of the key factors in achieving spiritual health is the fundamental concept of sincerity. The current research seeks to answer the following questions: How does sincerity affect spiritual health? What are the effects of promoting and strengthening spiritual health centered on sincerity?

The present research has been completed with the tools of document-library collection and descriptive-analytical method and the level of analysis of structuralist semantics and emphasis on companionship relationships.

The findings of the research indicate that the mechanism of achieving complete spiritual health with the catalysis of "sincerity" in order and longitudinal order consists of worship, having power and insight, special focus on resurrection, becoming pure for God and in the ultimate is to reach the position of "Mustafain al-akhyar". Based on these findings, the mechanism of converting hypocrisy into elementary faith with the catalysis of sincerity is repentance, correcting actions, clinging to God, the purity of religion for God, and finally, it is elementary faith. By passing through the "sincere" stage and using sincerity in all intentions, thoughts and actions, complete spiritual health is achieved with the concept of "purified".

The difference between Quranic spiritual health and other schools is the coefficient of sincerity in the four relationships of human beings and finally, in the light of sincerity, having a healthy heart and achieving a pure life.

The present study examined the pool boiling process in a specific geometry by designing, constructing a laboratory complex and Providing Empirical Relations. Investigation of pool boiling process, electrical resistance, critical heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, bubble growth and departure, bubble growth frequency, and nucleation site density by applying heat flux to critical heat flux was carried out on wire mesh element in deionized water at different temperatures. According to the results, increasing the size of mesh and fluid temperature decreased the critical heat flux. In the case of a wire mesh with a constant size of mesh, a fluid with a constant temperature, and the use of heat flux values less than the critical heat flux, the wire temperature increased, but it decreased in the case of increasing the size of mesh, a fluid with a constant temperature and applying critical heat flux values. In the case of a constant size of mesh, the heat transfer coefficient was constant by increasing fluid temperature at values of heat flux less than the critical heat flux, but the heat transfer coefficient was increased with increasing values of heat flux less than the critical heat flux and decreased at critical heat flux values. By increasing 4 times the mesh size in the fluid at 30, 70 and 100°C in the critical heat flux, the heat transfer coefficient decreases by 0.7%. The maximum bubble growth frequency is related to the 0.5 mm wire mesh in 100°C fluid with 0.0763 bubbles per millisecond.

Additive manufacturing technology has been initially dedicated to the development of small parts and prototype models. Now it is rapidly developing towards the manufacture of functional and larger components. In general, no manufacturing technology developed in the modern industrial age has the potential to transform how components are designed and manufactured as much as additive manufacturing technologies. The flexibility in additive manufacturing has caused many industries, including marine industries in every corner of the world, to seek the use and development of technology, and adopt more programs for 3D printing in the near future. By using the technology, maritime craftsmen are able to create accurate models of their products through 3D modeling software; Therefore, they will be able to make their designs better and more reliably.

The course of change and transformation of the generations of shipyards shows that the occurrence of an accident or the invention of new technology and advanced machine tools has caused the shipyard to change to the next generation every period. This generation change includes 5 levels so far. The difference between generations of shipyards includes three general parameters of production philosophy, production technology and factory layout. The realization and development of the first generation in the late 1940s, the second generation in the late 1960s, the third generation in the late 1980s, the realization and development of the fourth generation in the early 2000s, and the development of the fifth generation started in 2020. The most important factor in the change of generations of shipbuilding is to achieve the open index (better, cheaoer and sooner). In the research, an overview of important parameters in determining the generation of shipbuilding with advanced machine tools, such as material flow, pre-outfit workshop, block making, factory expansion, mechanization, buffer area, process line, outfitting, and vessel dimensions, have been discussed.

In this paper, using a Hoffmann glass reactor as an electrolysis instrument, the mechanism of liquid phase reactions resulting from the application of a DC atmospheric pressure discharge was studied experimentally for argon, oxygen, and nitrogen gases in an aqueous solution, and the effects of electron and positive ion radiations on the liquid phase were investigated separately for plasma anodic and cathodic interfaces. Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), the concentrations of hydrogen cations , hydroxide anions , and oxygen gas of water were calculated and compared in conventional electrolysis and plasma-liquid anodic and cathodic interfaces for short time t=6min in periods of ∆t=2min. The results show that plasma anodic and cathodic interfaces can be used as a new electrolysis method to change and control the properties of liquids. In addition, nitrogen and oxygen plasmas were observed as a factor in increasing reactions and more considerable changes in water properties than argon plasma. That was due to the presence of reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen feeder gases in addition to species of atmospheric gases and water vapor. Further, liquid cathode discharge was more effective than liquid anodic discharge at producing more reactive species and changing water properties.

According to some historical reports, the revelation of some verses of the Qur'an was based on the wish or prediction of Abdullah ibn Abi Sarh. While writing the Qur'an, he sometimes changed the verses and the said changes were approved by the Prophet. The aim of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of these historical narratives. Examining the above-mentioned reports is important because the aforementioned reports are found in most Sunni resources and, accordingly, in some Shia resources, and many orientalists and skeptics have referred to them to criticize the Qur'an. The critique of these reports can prove the revelation of the words, non-distortability, and the impossibility of matching with the Holy Qur'an and can answer some doubts in the mentioned fields. The study has been conducted using a descriptive and analytical method, by referring to old texts and documentary and argumentative examination of reports. The findings suggest that the idea that the sentence "Fatabarak Allah Ahsan Al-Khaliqeen (So blessed be Allah, the best to create)" was predicted or added to the Qur'an by Abdullah, Umar bin Khattab or Mu'az bin Jabal, is distorted in terms of documents and arguments. Abdullah was one of the authors of divine revelation for some time, he was apostatized and then became a Muslim. However, he never responded to the challenge of the Quran (Tahaddi) and it was not possible for him to change and distort the verses. Those historical reports in Shia and Sunni resources that indicate Abdullah bin Sa'ad wrote "Samee' Alim" instead of "Wa Allah Samee' Basir" when writing verses, or instead of "Wa Allahu bima Ta'amaloun Khabeer" he wrote "Basir" instead of "Khabeer", are all incorrect.

The present study examined the pool boiling process in a specific geometry by designing and constructing a laboratory complex. Investigation of pool boiling process, electrical resistance, critical heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, bubble growth and departure, bubble growth frequency, and nucleation site density by applying heat flux to critical heat flux was carried out on a ring wire in deionized water at different temperatures. According to the results, increasing the number of rings and fluid temperature decreased the critical heat flux. In the case of a ring wire with a constant number of rings, a fluid with a constant temperature, and the use of heat flux values less than the critical heat flux, the wire temperature increased, but it decreased in the case of increasing the number of rings, a fluid with a constant temperature and applying critical heat flux values. In a ring wire with a constant number of rings, the heat transfer coefficient was constant by increasing fluid temperature at values of heat flux less than the critical heat flux, but the heat transfer coefficient decreased at critical heat flux values. The diameters of the produced bubbles were enhanced by increasing heat flux and they separated from the rings when combined. At the beginning of the reddening of the ring wire, a critical heat flux occurred, and considering 110% of the time required for the critical heat flux, the images of the state of the ring wire after the critical heat flux are presented.

According to the theory of conceptual metaphors, the metaphorical nature of language is caused by the metaphorical nature of thought, and linguistic metaphors are the reflection of metaphor in thought. There are many abstract concepts in the Holy Quran and Nahj al balaghe, and how these mental concepts are understood by humans and how these concepts are conceptualized by the speakers can be considered and investigated. Due to the importance of clothing as the most basic concrete concepts known and understood by mankind and its abundance in metaphorical application, the present research is structured in the framework of cognitive linguistics, in the framework of cognitive semantics, and with the application of the theory of conceptual metaphor. The answer to the following questions is how to rely on the cognitive theory of metaphor to understand the abstract concepts that the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha have objectified for their audience and extract the mappings in the minds of the speakers? What points does spiritual and abstract express?

Method of Study:

 The current research has been completed with the tool of citation-library collection and descriptive-analytical method and the level of analysis of content analysis with the tool of conceptual metaphor.

The findings of the present research indicate that in the Holy Quran the concepts of: piety, hunger and fear, night and marital relationship, and in the Nahj al-Balaghah the concepts of: moderation, honor, jihad, dignity, fitness, change of correct Islamic rulings and modesty as the areas of destination. abstract, by the concrete concept of clothing and covering as the domain of tangible origin that humans know all their angles and structures; It has been facilitated for the audience to objectify and understand them.Since religious texts have the most abstract concepts, the practical application of the mentioned research is that it proves the possibility of religious art in such a way that with various image schemas, deep spiritual and abstract concepts can be presented according to the capacity of the audience.

The concept of clothing and covering as a single source domain had essences and elements that could be mapped onto the destination domains in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balagha and lead to objectification and better understanding of these concepts. However, among these components, some of them are bolder than the rest of the elements and have been repeated several times in abstract concepts, including the component of covering and surrounding, which was applied to 9 abstract concepts from the tangible domain of clothes; Also, the beauty component was mapped in 8 concepts, the protection and maintenance component in 7 concepts and the component of always being in one's body were mapped in 5 concepts. Finally, paying attention to the mapping of the conceptual metaphors of clothes, eloquence and eloquence in the expression of doctrine and guidance and completion of the argument proves guidance for all the world in educational teachings.

Metaphors have always been used in religious discourse to express abstract matters and concepts that humans find difficult to grasp. So, these concepts have been explained in a concrete and tangible format for individuals. According to a cognitive viewpoint, metaphor is not just a linguistic category; through metaphor, one can achieve the speaker's way of thinking and the mental components that have created a connection between two areas (the target and the source) in the speaker's mind. In conceptual metaphors, the metaphorical nature of language is caused by the metaphorical nature of thought, and linguistic metaphors are the reflection of metaphor in thought. As a result, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on cognitive metaphor theory, this study seeks to investigate the abstract concepts that Imam Ali (AS) objectified for the audiences and facilitated their understanding by using Sh3aar in various derivatives with the meaning of undergarment. The findings of the research indicated that, in the words of Imam Ali (AS), clothes and undergarments are the most basic tangible concepts that mankind has known and understood. In several conceptual metaphors, it has been used as the starting point to objectify and facilitate the target areas of obedience to God, piety, love, and mercy, the teachings of the Qur'an, grief and sorrow, greed, patience, fear and awe, humility, and virtues. In this case, Imam Ali (AS), based on the different and tangible components of the source domain, has mapped several different target domains to make the highly abstract and spiritual concepts understandable and tangible to the audience.