محمدعلی نجاتیان

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L) fruit is very perishable and needs proper post-harvest management to reduce waste. This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications with the aim of increasing postharvest life and maintaining fruit quality of two Cornelian cherry genotypes KKP2 and Hir. Factors included three salicylic acid immersion treatments (0, 1 and 2 mM), four storage times (0, 10, 20 and 30 days) and two Cornelian cherry genotypes. Fruits were harvested at maturity (more than 90% redness of the skin) and healthy and uniform fruits were subjected to immersion treatments and stored for 30 days at 4 ° C. During and at the end of experiment, different physicochemical traits of fruits including soluble solids (TSS), firmness, total phenol, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, pH and weight loss were examined at 10-day intervals. The results showed that KKP2 genotype had less firmness and TSS and more weight loss than Hir genotype. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes in terms of total acidity. The highest of pH, soluble solids and weight loss were observed in the control or distilled water treatment and salicylic acid treatment prevented the increase of these parameters. The highest levels of ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and firmness were observed in the treatment of 1 mM salicylic acid. The amount of fruit phenol in distilled water treatment was further reduced and the treatments of salicylic acid 1 and 2 mM prevented further reduction of phenol during storage. Salicylic acid treatments can be used as a promising method for increasing the firmness and extending the shelf life of cornelian cherry fruits.

This research was carried out in three separate experiments based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the first experiment, GA3 (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1) was sprayed 10 days befor flowering. The second experiment, consisted of four levels of defoliation including; non-defoliation (control), defoliation of two nodes below the frutful branches, defoliation of four nodes below the frutful branches and defoliation of six nodes below the frutful branches one weeks before the stage of full bloom . The third experiment consists of four levels of cluster thinning including; no thinning (control), removal of 1 cm from the cluster end, 2 cm  from the cluster end and brushing of the clusters before the stage of full bloom. Comparison of the three experiments in term of cluster compactness showed mean cluster compactness of 5.6, 6.3 and 6.8 by application of GA3, defoliation and cluster thinning, respectively. The results showed that, the defoliation of the six nodes below the frutful branches and brushing of the cluster could decrease the cluster compression while GA3 significantly increase the length of the main and sub axes of the cluster and decrease the number of berries. Finally, it is recommended to use 30 mg L-1 GA3 10 days before flowering to reduce the cluster compactness.

Cornelean cherry is a very perishable fruit that requires proper postharvest management to reduce losses. This study was aimed to increase the postharvest life and marketability of the product using postharvest calcium chloride treatments. The present study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors included 3 immersion calcium chloride treatments (0, 60 and 80 mM), 4 storage times (0, 10, 20 and 30 days) and two cornelean cherry genotypes. Fruit samples were harvested at maturity (more than 90% of red skin) and immersion treatments were applied on them. During and after the experiment, different physicochemical traits of fruits were studied. The results showed that KKP2 genotype had lower mean firmness and sugar content and higher weight loss percentage than Hir genotype. The results showed that the two genotypes did not show significant differences in terms of pH and titratable acidity. Firmness, titratable acid, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and phenol decreased over time. Among immersion treatments, the highest and lowest firmness, titratable acid and ascorbic acid belonged to 60 mM calcium and control (distilled water), respectively. The difference between 60 and 80 mM calcium chloride treatments was not significant. The lowest fruit weight loss was obtained in 80 mM calcium chloride treatment.

The main effects of climate change, its impact on the production of agricultural products. Grapes are one of the most important strategic garden products .In this study, first, the daily values of the temperature were extracted according to the HADCM3 model during the base and future periods based on the RCP8/5 and RCP4/5 radiative induction scenarios for the future climate up to the end of the 21st century, and were then Downscaled measured by the change factor method. Then the daily data of temperature of precipitation, sunshine, maximum and maximum moisture content of the plant, and the results of Downscaled output with the use of the perceptron neural network in the A2019 material. The grape quantity was sim ulated for the future. The results of the climatic model show a rise in temperature and a decrease in future rainfall compared to baseline. The maximum RCP4/5 and RCP8.5 temperatures were increased by 2/7 and 3/2 ° C, respectively, and at least RCP4/5RCP8/5 increased by 1/8 and 2/9 ° C, respectively, and RCP4/5 and RCP8/5 were respectively 30 and 49 percen.The results of the simulation of white grape vine yield in the future relative to the base period with the RCP4/5 and RCP8/5 scenarios will be at least 2/7 and 2/04, respectively, and 2/3 and 3, respectively, and their average yields will be 0/54 and 0/86 tons per hectare.The results indicate that grape production will be affected by climate change in the future, and the output of the product will decrease.Such studies provide the opportunity for agricultural managers and practitioners in the relevant agencies to take appropriate measures, such as the proper location of gardens, to determine appropriate and appropriate future climate patterns to mitigate the potential adverse effects of new methods and practices. Provide adaptation to new and changing climate conditions.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on the phenological statges and yield of grape. First, the daily values of temperature (minimum, maximum) and precipitation based on HADCM3 model in the past and future periods based on the scenarios of RCP8.5, RCP4.5 for the future period of (2020-2050) has been downscaled using change factor method. Then, phenological stages and yield were analyzed using MATLAB2019 software using the observation data and downscaled output of the model based on the dynamic neural network.. Climate model output shows increasing of temperatures and decreasing of rainfall in the future periods when comparing to the baseline.The maximum RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 temperatures were increased by 2.7 and 3.2 °C, respectively, and at least RCP4.5, RCP8.5 increased by 1.8 and 2.9 °C, respectively. Results also showed that mean annual precipitation over the Golmakan station will be decreased by 34 and 49 percent under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The phenological stages including bud flowering stage to fruit ripening under both scenarios will be completed at earlier time it is 15 days in RCP4.5 and 24 days in RCP8.5 in advance. Results showed that, grape yield under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 will be decreased by 2.04 to 2.7 under RCP4.5 and 2.3 to 3 under RCP8.5 T/HK (as an average 0.54 to 0.86 T/HK). Results show that changing the date of growth period will change in all stages of phenology and reduce yield in the future.

The purpose of this articleCheck it outThe effects are wider on temperature and rainfall parameters AlsoIf any of these islamic parameters qualifyGrapesWhite seed in Golmkan area of Khorasan Razavi. One of the major effects of climate change is its impact on the quality of agricultural products. Grapes are also one of the strategic agricultural horticultural products.And the semi-arid climate of Iran is highly vulnerable to future climate change, so it is an appropriate and low-cost alternative to this type of study to achieve grape crop responses to climate change by developing modeling techniques.Golmakan, a city of Golbahar section of Chenaran city in Razavi Khorasan province, 45 kilometers from Mashhad, covers an area of 2000 thousand hectares and is 1176 meters in height at 36, 29 and 59.17 meters in height. According to the Cold Desert dry climate, the climate is also classified as Cold Dry by climate.

Currently the customer is producing equipment for the three-phase circulation converter of the Air-Ocean Circuit.What are the rules (provided by mathematical relations).Headcm3 model, designed and studied in the country by Ngelis and the Hadley Center Institute.And 360 days suitable for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios.Daily temperature and precipitation values based on Hadcm3 models in baseline and future under RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenarios. in a more complete way, the DownscalingWith the use of the change factor approach for Golmakan region, were scaled And using station data, scaled Downscaling to baseline quality by Perceptron Neural Network in A2019 Content for the Future.Multilayer neural network approach was used in this study. Multilayer neural networks have three input, middle and output segments. The middle layer corresponds to constraints. The first layer is removed from the middle section, extra data or out of the dataset; in the second layer, the data is normalized using operational definition.After defining variables and intermediate layers, the quality data is input to the neural network through the input layer and after performing the middle layer corrections, using the function definition, they exit the neural network output layer.This output consists of two parts: the first part teaching (or learning) and the second part exam. In this study, 70% of the data were used in the training section and 30% in the default test section. Pearson correlation test and Spearman and Chi-square tests were used to assess the relationship between each of these variables.In both sections, there was a significant relationship between the quality variables and the quantitative variables.Therefore, descriptive tests were used to assess the relationship between each of these variables.These tests included the Pearson correlation test and Spearman and Chi-square tests.After knowing the positive relationship between grape quality variables and basic meteorological data, the simulation process continues.

Climate models increasing temperature and decreasing rainfIn the future under RCP4.5, RCP8.5 scenarios Shows the ratio to the baseline period.The maximum temperature increased by 3.9 and 4.7 ° C, respectively, while the minimum temperature increased by 3.8 and 4.4 ° C, respectively, and the rainfall decreased by 0.3 and 0.8%, respectively.Pearson test showed a significant relationship between the variables.That is, each of the independent variables included min, max temperature, and precipitation Each of the dependent variables represented tree age, sugar content, panicle weight, panicle size, fruit length, fruit width, acidity, pH and TSS. Both scenarios represented panicle weight, panicle size, fruit length, fruit width, sugar, HP, TSS, Brix, acidity and weight of berries. It is predicted to decrease.In RCP8.5, the change rate is greater than in RCP4.5. Features: Juice color, meat color, fruit flavor, warehousing, marketability and transportation are unchanged in two scenarios.T-test for most variables: pH, sugar, acidity, panicle weight, fruit length and panicle length were significant in two scenarios.In the variables of berry weight and fruit width in two scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, cluster size of scenario 8.5 and length in berry scenario 4.5 were not significant.

The results show that as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall in the future climate, some components of grape quality will change in the future.Such studies provide the opportunity for agricultural managers and practitioners in the relevant agencies to take appropriate measures, such as the proper location of gardens, to determine appropriate and appropriate future climate patterns to mitigate the potential adverse effects of new methods and practices. Provide adaptation to new and changing climate conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of switching the furrow to drip irrigation methods on stem length, water used efficiency (WUE) and depth of root zone of Sultana grapevines, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replicates in 2015-2016 growing season in Malayer, Iran. Treatments were: furrow irrigation (I1), combination of drip and furrow irrigation system (drip-furrow) (I2), bubbler irrigation (I3), drip 1: three dripper/plant (I4), surface-subsurface drip irrigation (I5), drip 2: five dripper/plant (I6) and drip 3: -eight dripper/plant (I7). The results showed that the drip irrigation caused significant decrease in the shoot length, leaf area and water consumption compared to the furrow irrigation. In the same order, the average of the mentioned parameters for furrow irrigation were 133 cm, 11.1 m2/vine and 5337m3/ha respectively, and for the drip irrigation, 121 cm, 6.5 m2/vine and 3625 m3/ha. These results indicated that there was positive correlations (R2) between the mentioned parameters. The treatments I6 and I7 had a yield of 31 and 29 ton/ha respectively, exceeding the furrow irrigation with yield 24 ton/ha. However, the other drip irrigation treatments showed less yield than furrow irrigation. The maximum WUE was evidenced by I6 treatment (10.3 kg/m3) and the minimum by furrow irrigation (4.9 kg/m3). The results showed that I6 with five dripper/plant, was the most efficient treatment, so it was considered an appropriate irrigation method to change from furrow to drip irrigation. At the end of the experiment, samples were taken from the vine roots revealing that the drip irrigation systems caused shallow roots.

According to the high dependence of the proceeds from the production of grape growers in many parts of the Iran, the occurrence of spring frosts can sometimes cause considerable losses in their annual livelihoods. Due to the development of grape vines in cold regions, many farmers use ‘Kazandeh’ training system, to protect the trunks and canes from freezing damage by the soil in the fall and winter seasons. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the best time for bringing out vines ‘BidaneSefid’ cultivar, from the subsoil from late winter to early spring. In addatin the buds have the least possible damage against the early spring frostbite. The experiment was conducted in two years (from March 2014 to April 2016) with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 5 replications and 3 tratments in Khosbijan, Shazand, Iran. The treatments consist of removing out trunks and canes from the soil at three times included T1:16th March T2: 4th April T3: 24th April (as control). In the two years of the experiment occourred spring frostbite in dates of 26th April 2015 and 3th April 2016. In addition two artificial cold stages were applied on the buds of canes at temperatures of 0, -4, -8 and -12 ° C. In this research, Treatment T2 showed the lowest electrolyte leakage at artificial temperatures 0 to - 8 °C and percentage of sprouted buds was not significantly different between treatments after occourred spring frostbite. Furthermore in first year fruiting buds percent was higher in the treatment T1 compared to other treatments and in the order of time, the removal soil of vines, the soluble carbohydrates decreased, proline and the percentage of water content of the buds increased respectively. In second year buds soluble carbohydrate had the highest amount in treatment 2 when was measured at one time. In addition, soluble solid of fruit in this treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Generally the best time to remove vines from under the soil was 4th April. This date, with regard to the process of temperature variation in two-year experiment coincided with the appropriate time for growth and a good percentage of fetal buds. Meanwhile, percentage soluble solids (TSS) in fruit at this date were significantly better from the other two treatments and fruits in this treatment had lower pH content and lower organic matter percentages. Generally the best time to remove vines from under the soil was 4th April. This date, with regard to the process of temperature variation in two-year experiment coincided with the appropriate time for growth and a good percentage of fetal buds. Meanwhile, percentage soluble solids (TSS) in fruit at this date were significantly better from the other two treatments and fruits in this treatment had lower pH content and lower organic matter percentages.

Drought stress is the most important environmental factor limiting the growth, yield and quality of crops and horticultural products all over the world. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating and comparing some of the physiological and biochemical responses of two grapevine cultivars differing in drought tolerance, to different levels of water restriction. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six replications in greenhouse conditions. Drought stress was performed by the method of cut off irrigation in four levels of 0 (control), 6, 12 and 18 days on the two Yaghuti and Bidanesefid cultivars. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content in both cultivars. In terms of maximum stress (18 days), the decrease in leaf relative water content was 16.9% for Yaghuti and  21.8% for Bidanesefid cultivar. Under the different periods of drought stress, in the present study, the Yaghuti drought tolerant cultivar showed lower amounts of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage compared to the sensitive cultivar of Bidanesefid. In Yaghuti cultivar, the activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in the 18-days drought stress duration, was 2.1, 1.6 and 1.6 times higher than those in Bidanesefid cultivar, respectively. Totally it seems that Yaghuti with its more powerful antioxidant system has more ability for reducing the oxidative damage caused by drought stress, especially in severe stress conditions. In addition to physiological and biochemical studies, molecular experiments with the aim of identifying the genes involved in drought tolerance of this cultivar and other tolerant cultivars, are also very helpful and effective in advancing grape breeding programs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as a group of non-coding small RNAs, play key roles in regulating the growth, development and response of plants to various stresses. In this study, the expression patterns of three drought responsive miRNAs (miR159c, miR160a,b and miR169v) were compared in both drought tolerant (Yaghuti) and drought sensitive (Bidanesefid) grapevine cultivars using qRT-PCR under drought stress conditions. For identification the potential regulatory elements in the promoter regions of investigated miRNAs, the upstream sequences of their pre-miRNAs were analyzed using PlantCARE database. Drought related motifs such as ABREs and ABSs were identified in the regulatory regions of investigated miRNAs. Three transcription factors related to Auxin and ABA signaling were identified as the most important target genes for investigated miRNAs. The expression patterns of studied miRNAs were different affected from miRNA kind and grapevine cultivar. So, the expression of miR159 remained unchanged in Bidanesefid and increased in Yaghuti cultivar under drought stress condition, but the expression of miR160 and miR169 changed reversely in both cultivars. Cultivar dependent expression showed that miRNA responses to drought stress are also different among very relative genotypes with different drought susceptibility. Generally, considering the role of the potential target genes of investigated miRNAs, it seems that the change in the expression of evaluated miRNAs ultimately leads to the better tolerate of drought stress in Yaghuti cultivar.

Many vine growers in cold regions of Iran, in the ‘Khazandeh’ vine training system, for protecting vines from freezing in automn and winter, and frost in early spring, bury vines in the autumn and remove soil in mid-April, and postpone pruning until the flower structure appears in the end of May. The aim of this study was to investigate the best time for soil removal of buried vines, timing and severity of pruning of vines following exposure to spring frost to reducing frost damage. Two experiments were carried out in 2015 and 2016 in the cv. ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ vineyard of Javersian, Khondab, Iran. The first experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three treatments and six replications. Treatments included: T1: soil removal in 16 March, T2: soil removal 4 April and T3: soil removal in 24 April (control). The second experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and three replications. Each treatment was a combination of pruning time (19 March, 7 April and 27 April) and pruning severity based on the number of buds (4, 6 and 8 buds). In both experimentes, the vines experienced spring frost. In the first experiment, the best time for soil removal from buried vines was after 4 April. March 16 with lowest sprouted buds (%65) had the highest frost demage. In the second experiment, the number of cluster per sprouted buds (fertility coefficient) in short prunings (T2L1 and T3L1 with 50.5% and 48.9%, respectively) were significantly higher than the long pruning (T1L3 and T2L3 with 30.7% and 28.4%, respectively). On the other hand, T3L1 with 24.6 tonha-1 had the highest fruit yield. Considering the results of this study in the “Khazandeh” vine training system, when the vines are exposed to spring frost, to obtain a high sprouted buds (%), fertility coefficient and fruit yield, the best time for soil removal from buried vines and pruning is second half of April.

Dust storm is one of the air pollutants in desert areas that have damaging effects on environmental ecosystems. This phenomenon usually happens when severe winds occur in arid areas which are accompanied by the ascent of dust particles to the upper layers of the atmosphere. HYSPLIT model can assist in detecting the path of dust entering the stations. In addition, synoptic patterns play an important role in the occurrence of dust storms; as the atmospheric low-pressure system with a pressure gradient causes dust storms in desert areas. Dust can cause physiological and morphological effects on the plant. The deposition of particles on the leaf surface reduces light and shades on the leaf, which reduces photosynthesis and chlorophyll and stomata conduction in the leaf which has a negative effect on plant growth. The purpose of this study was detection the origin of dust storms at Malayer Plain with the tracing and extraction of generation of synoptic patterns and its effects on vegetative and reproductive traits of grape varieties of white seedless variety.  At first, the dust codes were extracted in a 24-year period (1992 to 2015) and were monthly and annually analyzed. Then the sand rose was plotted by wind rose plot software. In order to identify the synoptic patterns of dust storms in Malayer plain the PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method was used. The HYSPLIT model was used to detect atmospheric dust. In the second part of this study, the effects of dust storms on Malayer plain vineyards were studied during 2015 and 2016 years. The treatments were 1) washing and 2) non-washing grapevine after event of dust storm. Then, chlorophylls a and b, relative water content, leaf fresh and dry weights, length of shoot and internode were measured. Moreover, reproductive traits such as fruit set, number of berry per cluster, weight of cluster, sugar berry and yield were measured.  A total of 459 dusty days were observed during the study period with an annual mean of 19. The statistical analysis indicated a considerable increase in dust storm frequencies in the study area. The total number of dusty days in June accounts for 18.4% of each year, followed by April (15.8%), and May (12.4%). According to sand rose study of Malayer plain, prevailing dust storm blew from West (16% all dust storm) and South (15%) during the year. In the dominant patterns over 500 hPa and sea level pressure, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data show that an upper trough over the eastern Mediterranean is reflected in lower surface and accompany with a low-pressure center over Saudi Arabia which associated with the high pressure in Siberia and extending towards the south-east during warm times. This condition led to occurrence of dust storm in Malyer plain. There are two main paths to transfer the dust to the study area: (a) NW-SE which dust particles are transported from the northwestern region of Iraq and eastern Syria (60%) and (b) S-N where the dust particles are transported from central regions of Iraq and an internal source in southwestern of Iran, Khuzestan province (30%) to the Malayer station. Dust particles by deposition on the leaf of the grapevine reduced the chlorophyll a and b, fruit set, cluster weight and grape yield compared to plants washed with water; but dust particles did not impact on length of shoot, relative water content, leaf fresh and dry weight of grapevine. Discussion and The increasing trend of temperature and drought led to disruption of soil and vegetation cover. Additionally, desertification and drought resulted from mistreatment of water resources and climate change contributes to increasing of dust storm sources in the Iraq and West of Iran. The main cause of dust storm events in the spring is the formation of a low-pressure system in the lower atmosphere of the west of Iran with a divergence in upper level of atmosphere (500 hPa) over the deserts of Syria, Iraq and western Iran. Al-Hawizeh/Al-Azim marshes are covered by fine sand which is regarded as the extension of the dust storm source areas in Iraq border. In West Asia, most of dust storm events can be classified into Summer Shomal and Frontal dust storms. Shomal dust storm occurs across Iraq, Kuwait, western part of Khuzestan plain and some parts of Arabian Peninsula. Results of present study showed that main dust storm sources of western parts of Iran are central to northern parts of Iraq, and Eastern and central parts of Iraq and Syria, western parts of Baghdad and dry Al-Howizeh/ Al-Azim marshes. The results revealed that Chlorophylls measures are an important tool to evaluate the effect of air pollutants on plants. Chlorophyll plays an important role in plant metabolism and the reductions in chlorophyll concentration correspond directly to the reduction in plant growth. This study showed that the reduction of grape yield was 13 percent in dusty treatment as compared to control one. It can be concluded that increase of dust load resulted in lower stigma pollen loads. Moreover, dust can form a blockage layer on the stigma which could prevent the germination of pollen grains on the stigma and consequently reduction of fruit set.

In vineyard where ‘Khazandeh’ training system has been employed, the last irrigation and harvest time depends on type of product usage (table grapes or raisins), product price, climatic conditions and not facing the process of raisin production in open spaces with early autumn rains. This study was carried out in 2015- 2017 to investigate the effect of last irrigation cutting-off and harvest time on freezing tolerance of Bidane Sefid grape buds and its fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 6 replications in Khosbijan, Shazand, Iran. Treatments included the first treatment: cut-off irrigation on September 5 and harvest on September 15, the second treatment: cut-off irrigation on September 15 and harvest on September 25 (control) and the third treatment: cut-off irrigation on September 25 and harvest on September 4. After early frost in autumn of 2016 and evaluation of the sprouting percentage in the spring of the following year, its amount in second and third treatments was 19.46 and 19.31%, respectively, with a significant difference against first treatment (15.8%) but no significant difference was observed between the second and third treatments. Artificial freezing carried out on March 5 and March 10 in 2016 and tolerance to artificial freezing was evaluated based on LT50 index. The third treatment (irrigation and harvesting with delay) with a significant difference was the lowest LT50 at -7.86 ° C and has the most tolerant treatment after artificial freezing. Furthermore, the results showed TSS and pH of the fruits of the third treatment were 27.57 and 3.25, respectively, which was significantly higher than the first and second treatments. Results showed that delaying the time of the final irrigation and harvesting time improved bud cold tolerance as well as fruit quality. Therefore, contrary to public opinion, harvesting with a delay compared to the control not only increases the quality of fruits, but also increases the vine tolerance against freezing.

In order to evaluate the effect of changing from furrow to drip irrigation methods on physiological traits and yield of Sultana grapevine, the experiment was set based on randomized complete block design with four replications during two years including 2015 and 2016 on 14-year-old vines irrigated by furrow method. Treatments of experiment consist of: furrow1 (I1), combined drip and furrow irrigation (I2), Bubbler irrigation (I3), drip1 (I4), combined surface and sub-surface drip irrigation (I5), drip 2 (I6), drip 3 (I7) and furrow 2 (I8). Results showed that total chlorophyll decreased in pressurized irrigation treatments while proline and GB was increased. The treatment of I4 had the highest concentration of soluble carbohydrates and least cell membrane stability. The yield of I8,I6 and I7 were 43, 31 and 28 ton/ha, respectively that were more than other treatments. The I7 treatment, had the most berry weight (1.2 gram). In terms of WUE, the I6 (10.3) was more than other treatments especially I1 and I8 in this study. This research showed that changing furrow irrigation (I1) to drip method, caused drought stress in old vineyards, but the yield was not reduced.

Bidaneh sefid is one of major cultivars that grow in West Azerbaijan province. Due to high production and mid ripening, every year huge problems occurs for its fruit marketing. For replacement and establishment of new vineyards, it is essential to use commercial cultivars with acceptable yield and early fruit ripening. To evaluate and compare quantitative and qualitative traits of some Iranian grapevine cultivars (Bidane sefid Qazvin, Khalili sefid) with six foreign cultivars (Thompson seedless, Flame seedless, Perllete, Fiesta, Ruby seedless and Black seedless) this study was carried out from 2010-2012 as RCBD design with four replications in Kahriz Horticulture Research Station, Urmia. Cultivars were prorogated in 2004-2005. Rooted cutting were transferred to the vineyard and trained as high bi lateral cordon system. The measured traits included, yield, berry and bunch length, width and weight, Total Soluble Solid (TSS), Titrable Acidy (TA), pH, shot berry and Bunch Stem Necrosis (BSN) incidence rate and phonological time. In the most measured traits there were significant differences among cultivars and studied years. The maximum mean of fruit yield were recorded in Khalili Sefid, Thompson seedless, flame seedless and Fiesta in three years, respectively. They showed high yield as compared to other grape cultivars. Maximum bunch and berry weight were observed in Fiesta and Ruby seedless cultivars, respectively. The most and the least TSS was recorded in Bidaneh Sefid and Khalili, respectively. Shot berry incidence rate was different among cultivars and studied years. Perllete cultivar was prone to shot berry production. Based on these results, Thompson seedless was acceptable because of earliness in ripening, higher yield with better fruit quality for marketing and is recommended as adapted and more suitable cultivar for cultivation in the Urmia region.

Low temperature, causing heavy damage to vineyards from different regions of the Iran every few years. The use of potassium fertilizer, regardless of other elements, cannot provide proper nutrition for grapevine. The main purpose of this investigation was to study effects balanced nutrition and its effects on vines (Bidaneh Sefid cultivar) tolerance to frostbite. Grapevines have grown in ‘Khazandeh’ training system. In this system, the roots of the plants laid down in a trough (depth: 80 cm and width: 100cm), and the trunk is placed on a small mound formed after digging the streams. The experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement with five replications during 2015 and 2016 in vineyards of Shazand, Iran. Different amounts of potassium fertilizer in four levels 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 kg per vine in main plots and foliar application at three levels 0, 9 and 18 kg of magnesium sulfate salt per 1000 liters of water (In 2 stages after fruit set within 10 days) in sub-plots were used. In the second year of experiment natural frostbite occurs in 4th may 2016 and minimum of absolute temperature was 0˚C and wind speed was 6 m/s. In addition to the occurrence of natural frostbite, two artificial cold stages were applied on the buds of canes at temperatures of -3, -6, -9, and -12 ° C. According to the results, consumption 1.5 kg of potassium sulfate per vine with foliar 9 kg of magnesium sulfate salt per 1000 liters of water increasing tolerance of vines to artificial with the least electrolyte leakage and natural frostbite. The percent of sprouted buds in this treatment was 32% and ratio of potassium to magnesium ions was 5, indicating a balanced ratio between these two elements.

Atmospheric dust is one of the pollutants that is considered the biggest environmental problems in different parts of the world. Dust can affect, either directly or indirectly, both plants and crops. The direct impact is on critical activities such as plant photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, stomata conductance, pigments, leaf temperature and breathing. The indirect effect may be influenced on reduction of the fruit quality and yield. This study aims at investigating the adverse effects of dust on grape vineyard in Malayer, Hamedan Province, Iran.
The Experiment was conducted in randomized completely block design for evaluation of the effects of dust on White Seedless Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Grape Research Institute, Malayer, on 27 vines during 2014-2015 year. the first treatment was dust (9 plants) that soil samples were collected from Khuzestan province and after preparation was applied on the plant in four growth stages using mechanical devices; the second treatment, solution treatment that dusts were washed with water and di octyl; the third one was control (9 plants) treatment. Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, vegetative traits such as length of cane, length of leaf, leaf area, length of peduncle, internodes and reproductive traits such as fruit set, number of berry and number of bunch, length of bunch, number of berries in bunch, weight of berry and brix of berry were measured.
The results revealed that leaf pigments reduction was caused due to deposition of dust on leaf surface and differences between treatments was significant at the 5% probablity level. The vegetative traits viz. length of peduncle, internodes and leaf area were small in dust treatment and the difference between treatments was significant. Length of cane in the second stage was significant and longest canes were in the solution treatment. Fruit set, number of berries and number of bunch were reduced in dust treatment and a significant difference was observed between treatments. In addition, control and solution treatments were in one class. Moreover, sugar in a single grape was decreased up to 7 % in dust treatment as compared to other ones.
Dust treatment had more effect on b chlorophyll in the first, the third and the fourth growth stages of grape as compared to a chlorophyll and Carotenoid. In addition, the difference among means was significant at 5 % level. The previous studies showed that the leaf dust accumulation decreased pigment content of plant )Kumar Rai and panda, 2014(. Leghari et al., 2013 confirmed that roadside plant could be damaged by dust and had shorter length of cane. The rate of fruit set in control, dust and solution treatments were 36%, 21% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of brix in control, dust and solution treatments, were 20%, 7% and 15%, respectively. The researches revealed that dust could reduce photosynthesis and consequently the amount of brix in grapes (Chaurasia et al., 2013) which were in agreement with our study.

The antioxidants are anti-oxidative system in higher plants and therefore their endogenous stimulation or exogenous application of them can be effective in overcoming on stresses. These combinations are included the kinds of enzymatic and non-enzymatic materials such as: vitamins, pigments and so on. In this present experiment, the influence of salicylic acid and chelatedmagnesium sulfate was studied on stimulatory or inhibitory effects on different antioxidants production in the pear's leaves. The experiment was conducted in the ecological conditions of Qazvin province in RCBD in 2013 and plant materials were selected pear trees belonging to Louise Bonne. The studied characteristics in this research include antioxidants of a-tocopherol, carotenoid, chlorophylls a, b and total. The results indicated that salisylic acid and chelatedmagnesium sulfate significantly affected on the content of a-tocopherol antioxidant, chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaf pear. There was a highly significant difference (P≤ 0.01) among treatments. The changes for chlorophyll pigment were between 1.03 to 6.27 mg/g, for carotenoid between 0.06 to 1.985 mg/g and for a-tocopherol between 0.03 to 2.30 ppm. The LSD indicated that the highest amount of a-tocopherol compound was obtained in the combination of salicylic acid (0.5 g) and chelatedmagnesium sulfate (0.7 g) treatment. It can be interpreted the positive role of the aforementioned treatment in producing stimulation of this antioxidant.

Distribution of photosynthetic substances between vegetative and reproductive parts is influenced by the environmental factors as well as plant nutrition status. Therefore, application of nutrient substances (such as chelated magnesium sulfate and salicylic acid combination) can influence the distribution of photosynthetic substances which in turn result in changes in allocation of photo assimilates between vegetative and reproductive parts. Since the investigation of partitioning of photo- assimilates is complex and the interpretation of treatments effects on partitioning of substances is difficult in garden plants, this examination has been focused on external application of nutritional treatments on different organs growth by comparing the effects of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate on the allocation of photo- assimilates.
This experiment was performed in a commercial 10-year old orchard of Qazvin in 2013. Initially, 60 uniform pears (cv. Louise Bonne) which were infected to fire blight disease were selected. Before treatment imposing, agronomic practices such as removing and pruning infected shoots were applied. Treatments were combination of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate at different levels, which were applied on foliage under the conditions of neutral pollution to fire blight. In the present research, vegetative parameters (current shoot growth, leaf weight, leaf area, relative water content and so on) and reproductive parameters (length: diameter ratio and density of fruit and so on) were measured. The fully expanded leaves were collected randomly from each replicate. After washing the samples were weighed and these values referred to as initial readings (fresh weight). Then, the leaf samples were placed in distilled water for 24 h in the dark at room temperature. The turgid leaves were blotted dry and weighed (saturation weight). After weighing, the material was oven-dried at 70 °C for 24 h. Relative water content (RWC) of the leaves was appraised as described by Ritchie and Nguyen (19) using the following formula: RWC (%) = [(f. wt. – d. wt.) / (t. wt. – d. wt.)] × 100 Where f. wt, d. wt and t. wt are fresh weight, dry weight and turgid weight, respectively. Diameter and length of fruit were measured by nondestructive method (on the tree) and by using digital caliper in the places of maximum length and maximum width diameters, and length: diameter ratio from the division of these two parameters. Fruit weight was estimated by digital scale (0.01 g) and its volume by the difference of the water level of scaled column, and then fruit density was calculated by using formula d=M/V. In order to estimate the parameters of leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight, leaf area meter and oven were used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on decrease or increase current shoot growth, measuring shoot length was reported by tape measure according to centimeter.
The results indicated that the most amount of specific leaf weight was allocated in chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 and 0.7 g: 1000 ml) treatments and the least amount was belonged to the control group. The extent of changes in leaf area was between 28.17 to 44.33 cm2, were recorded to control group (without water) and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The minimum and maximum of specific leaf area were ranged between 44.14 to 59.40 cm2 and belonged to control group (without water) and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The most current shoot growth was observed in control group (without water) and the least quantity was in chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml). The minimum and maximum of fresh weight of leaf was changeable between 1.513 to 1.94 g were recorded to control group and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The most and the least content of leaf relative water were observed to salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml) and salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The extent of changes in fruit specific gravity was changeable between 0.72 to 0.97 g to cm3. The maximum amount of fruit specific gravity was seen in salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) and the minimum amount was in salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) treatment. The conformity of the maximum current shoot growth and leaf fresh weight with the minimum leaf dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight to control group and control group (without water) can declare the effect of treatment substances on the allocating manner of substances in different organs in plants and its stimulating effect on vegetative indexes that is not observable in the lack of treatment substances. The allocation of the most fruit specific gravity and also the least leaf relative water content and the least fruit length: diameter ratio to salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) can confirm the opposit relation among these parameters in the way of substances allocation and the effect of above treatment on this opposit relation. Denser fruits have fewer growth rather than types with the more blank space and receive a more carbohydrate from the tree rather than their weight. The decrease of relative water content of leaf can also be explained in the direction of the more absorption of carbohydrate by fruit as a strong sink. In other words, the existence of fruit as a strong sink in favorable conditions for photosynthesis (with paying attention to the high vegetative indexes) can prevent gathering water in chloroplast and cause an increase of fruit specific gravity. Also, the allocation of the most specific leaf weight and the least fruit length: diameter ratio and the least current shoot growth to chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml) express the positive role of sulfur in aforesaid concentration on stimulating leaf growth and its negative role in stimulating growth of shoot and fruit that somehow points on the effect of treatment substances on the allocation of substances (elaborate sap) to different organs. The sulfur compounds can cause preventing gibberellin synthesis and the decrease of internode length, like other growth retardants. The maximum fruit length: diameter ratio was belonged to salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml). Salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) treatment induced maximum amounts of fruit length and diameter to itself that confirms the positive role of salicylic acid in stimulating growth in stress conditions (biotic stress derived from Erwinia amylovora). The significant negative correlation (p The circumstance of plant elaborate sap allocation between vegetative and reproductive organs has various effects on growth of different plant organs and quality of crop (as one of the components of plant fertility) and the increase or decrease of the sensitivity to disease (1). Distribution of photosynthetic substances is influenced by the environmental factors as well as condition of plant nutrition (20). Regarding the capability of green vegetative organs in producing photosynthetic substances and their roles in relation to reproductive organs, it is evident that the fruit growth will be more in the treatments having more vegetative indexes too. For example, the conformity the most amount of leaf area with the most length: diameter ratio of fruit in salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) narrates the direct relation between some vegetative indexes with reproductive indexes that confirms similar data. Lastly, the results of this research showed that the treatment combinations of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate created changes in allocation of photo- assimilates by affecting the plant metabolism, having positive effects in increasing the growth indexes of pears and finally increasing economical yield of this crop.

Protection and the prevention of illegal departures national grape germplasm, as one of the most important assets of the country, requires identification of the commercial and native cultivars and registered them in the international centers. The present project was conducted in order to registration the most important grape cultivars of Iran based on morphological and physiological traits in the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).This research was run in Qazvin and West Azerbaijan provinces on cultivar of Fakhri, Pykamy, Khvshnav, RishBaba Sefid, RishBaba Ghermez, Sefid Bidaneh, Shahrodi, Shast Arous, Yaghoti, Askari, Ghermez Bidaneh and Mish Pestan. Fifty traits were measured based on Guidelines for the conduct of tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) in grapes cultivars during two years. Results showed application of quantitative or qualitative traits was unable to distinguish from together all the grape varieties studied. But the combination of some qualitative and quantitative properties as the key attributes yielded the full performance in distinguishing varieties. As cultivars were completely distinguished, only with application of rates of eleven qualitative and quantitative traits such as number of consecutive tendrils, shape of blade, profile in cross section, number of lobes, shape of teeth, ripening, seed formation (as a plant code) or presentation of four characters, including fruit color, seed formation, profile in cross section and tendril length. On this basis, can be stated that registration of qualitative and quantitative traits is the best practice to distinguish grape varieties from each other and perhaps, does not require to measurements genetic fingerprinting in except of certain cases.