محمود احمدپور برازجانی

Investigating the short-term and long-term effects of factors affecting the quality of the environment in IranOne of the main goals of countries is to achieve sustainable development. Unlike the previous models of development, the approach of sustainable development emphasizes on all-around development, and intergenerational social justice and environmental considerations are considered among its basic dimensions, and it has three basic dimensions: equality, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Many researchers consider the inappropriate relationship between humans and nature as one of the main causes of negative environmental effects (Bargui et al., 2014). In the last few decades, the environment has been considered from various economic and social aspects, and how it interacts with the energy sector, population and economic growth have become the focus of many scientific discussions. In the theories of economic growth, in addition to being used as inputs in production and consumption, environmental resources are also affected by economic activities in the form of production and consumption, so that sometimes the increase in economic activities leads to the use of energy resources, resources water, agricultural lands, etc., and therefore includes air pollution, destruction of pastures, and reduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. Therefore, on the one hand, economic growth increases welfare by increasing production and consumption, and on the other hand, by creating environmental pollution, it causes a decrease in economic welfare.One of the factors affecting sustainable development is the interaction between energy consumption and the environment, so that energy consumption and environmental problems are closely related to each other because it is almost impossible to produce, transport, and consume energy. Without having environmental effects. Air pollution, water pollution, temperature changes, and scattering of solid waste are environmental problems that are directly related to energy production, transmission, and consumption.The energy sector plays the most important role in changing environmental conditions. Today, the level of production in less developed countries is generally based on the use of non-renewable energy sources, which has caused concerns about environmental problems such as water, soil, air pollution, reduction of fertility, soil erosion, and reduction of resources. (Hashmi and others, 2015). For this reason, different countries seek to use renewable energies such as solar and wind energy, etc., to improve technology in order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment.One of the topics of interest to economists and environmentalists is the relationship between the quality of the environment and economic variables. Therefore, the literature on environmental economics has developed significantly in recent years. Income and the quality of the environment are two general currents of thought in this field. The first approach, which is known as the "anti-growth" theory, states that economic growth necessarily leads to the destruction of the environment; Because growth means injecting more and more raw materials and energy into the economic system and then producing more waste. On the other side of this spectrum, there is a second approach known as the "economic growth" theory.In this group, it is believed that growth is the only way to create and provide the necessary capital to protect the environment, therefore, instead of threatening the environment, economic growth can help improve its quality. The conflict between these two approaches and the fundamental differences in their arguments, along with the different empirical evidence of each of the two groups, led to the emergence of a third approach in this field in the 1990s, which states that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality - positive or negative - in The length of the development path of each country is not stable, in fact, this relationship reverses over time when the income reaches a certain level.Such a relationship became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or the Environmental Transfer Hypothesis (ETH). This means that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the environmental degradation index and per capita income. This means that in the early stages of economic growth when the income level is low, economic growth leads to the deterioration of the quality of the environment, but after the per capita income passes a certain level, further growth leads to a reduction in pollution.One of the influential factors in the growth and development of societies is the environment. Environmental challenges created in the process of economic growth and development have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Today, in addition to the policies and actions within their own countries, countries follow the regulation of pollution in the international sphere. In this regard, identifying the forces affecting the environment is very important and it seems very useful in adopting appropriate policies.. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the relationship between growth and pollution can be important because it may be the basis of environmental policy-making at the national and international levels. For this purpose, this article, by expanding the STIRPAT model, has been done to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide by using the information of the provinces of the country in the form of panel data and with EViews and Stata software. The results of the evaluation panel model show that energy consumption, per capita income and Gini coefficient, and population growth as indicators of the income distribution had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the short-term and long-term relationship of factors affecting the quality of the environment has been investigated based on time series data based on the ARDL method. The results of the estimation of the short-term equation showed that in the short term, energy consumption, the population of the previous period, and the Gini coefficient of the previous periods had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, per capita income had a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, based on the estimate In the long term, population, energy consumption, and the Gini coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the increase in per capita income has a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the long term.

The negative and destructive impact of climate change on the efficiency and productivity of agricultural inputs has been demonstrated in many regions of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. In this context, the adoption of innovative strategies to increase farmers' flexibility and adaptability to climate change has increased. Hence, understanding the impact of climate adaptation strategies on agricultural efficiency and yields is crucial. This study examined the effects of climate change adaptation strategies, input utilization, and external factors beyond farmers' control on technical efficiency using the Endogenous Modified Stochastic Frontier (EMSF) model. Data were collected from 265 questionnaires distributed among wheat farmers during the 2022-2023 cultivation period, using a stratified random sampling approach. The climate adaptation strategy index was formulated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique. The PCA revealed that changes in farm size (0.812), adaptation of conservation tillage (0.797), and adjustments in planting dates (0.619) were the most influential factors. Conversely, rainwater harvesting (0.219) and biofertilizer application (0.327) emerged as the adaptation strategies with the lowest factor loadings among farmers. In this study, the average technical efficiency of wheat farmers was calculated to be 82%. The model estimation results showed that labor input, chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizers, water, and machinery significantly and positively contribute to wheat production efficiency. Additionally, the implementation of climate adaptation strategies by farmers reduces technical inefficiency. Variables such as education level, farming experience, access to climate information, and access to credit also effectively reduce technical inefficiency.

Dust is a disastrous weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and adverse consequences on agriculture, industry and people's daily life. The intensity of these winds is such that by creating the concentration of dust in the sky and the influx of quicksands on the surface of the earth, they deprive people of any activity and create disturbances in the general situation. To the extent that these strong winds today have covered the fields that were used as wheat storage for several millennia with sand dunes, and the drought has progressed to the extent that it has completely dried up an area of 4,000 square kilometers. Successive droughts caused the Hamon wetland to dry up and the bed of that spring became dusty. As a result of the 120-day winds of Sistan, fine dust particles spread for kilometers and create a basic problem for the residents of Sistan in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The amount of water that enters the wetland through the Hirmand River every year, if it is spread on its bed, it can stabilize the soil particles to some extent and cause plants to grow in the Hamon bed, which is very effective in stabilizing the soil and preventing the spread of dust. However, the spread of floods in the Hamon bed is in conflict with the interests of some wetland beneficiaries such as nomads, fishermen, boatmen and farmers of the Hamon bed. Their interests will be secured if the small amount of water entered into the wetland is concentrated in some places and not spread over a wide area. for this reason The movement of quicksand caused by sandstorms in Sistan region irreparable damage to the economic life of cities and especially villages, including communication roads, agricultural fields, aqueducts and irrigation canals and houses. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the economic losses of the effects of dust on the beneficiaries of the Hamon wetland.

The statistical population of this research is all the beneficiaries of the wetland (fishermen, boatmen, farmers of the wetland bed and nomads) and residents of Sistan region, of which 292 people were randomly selected. In this research, two library-documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To determine the model to measure the willingness to pay, it is assumed that the person accepts the proposed cost for the green and prosperous Hamon wetland based on maximizing his utility under conditions or rejects the proposed cost. The dual questionnaire form in cv survey has a dependent variable with a double choice, which requires a selective qualitative model. Usually, logit and probit models are used for qualitative selection methods, due to the abundant and common use of logit model in calculation, this model was used in this research. The average method of partial willingness to pay is better for calculating the amount of willingness to pay because this method preserves the stability and consistency of the limits with the theory, statistical efficiency and the ability to accumulate; Therefore, the average willingness to pay was used in this research. The parameters of the logit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, which is the only technique for estimating the logit model (Hanemann, 1984). Then, the expected value of the willingness to pay is calculated by numerical integration in the range of zero to the highest offer (A) in the form of the following equation. Research data was collected using designed questionnaires that were prepared separately for each department. Users were interviewed in person and in different parts of the lagoon. The willingness to pay method was used to calculate the average willingness to pay of Hamon lagoon users and it was used to calculate the expected value of willingness to pay by numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum offer. Also, Excel software was used to analyze the variables and mathematical calculations, and SPSS software was used to estimate the parameters of the logit model.

The results of surveying the education level of the respondents showed that 28.1% of people had less than middle school literacy and 20.5% of them were illiterate. Examining the results of people's income status showed that 49.3 percent of users had monthly income between 1-3 million tomans, 26 percent of them had income less than 1 million tomans. The values of Cox and Nel and Nigel Kirk statistics are equal to 0.095 and 0.133, which means that six independent variables (gender, income, education, number of children and occupation) have been able to account for between 10 and 13 percent of the changes in the damage variable Explain the cause of dust. After estimating the parameters of the logit model using the maximum likelihood method, by means of numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum damage amount (15000000 Rials), the expected value of WTP was calculated, and the average dust damage to the users was 11237600 Rials per year. According to the total population of users (11172 people) of Hamon lagoon, the total value of dust damage to users is 125546467200 rials per year. The average amount of users' willingness to pay is 286,950 rials per year. Considering the total population of users and tourists of Hamon Wetland, the total value of the proposed amount for the restoration of Hamon Wetland is 45,354,350,800 Rials per year, which can be used to preserve and restore natural resources or to invest in the direct values of the wetland in terms of tourism, etc. .

Since the recent droughts in the Sistan region have endangered the life of the Hamoun wetland and led to the employment of a large part of the residents of rural areas who used to earn a living in this way, it is necessary to develop effective strategies for the establishment of non-agricultural industries in order to create employment. We are the residents of the region that if this is not fulfilled, we will witness the depopulation of a huge part of the rural and border areas in the Sistan region.

The Study's objective is to determine the optimal irrigation water allocation for wheat, barley, weed, and sorghum crops in the Sistan region.

The current research, using nonlinear multi-objective programming (MOP), aimed to maximize net profit while minimizing irrigation water use, risk taking, fertilizer and pesticide consumption in the Sistan region through an optimal cropping pattern. The data for the study were gathered by reviewing agricultural statistical yearbooks,

The findings of this study indicate that the Sistan region's current cropping pattern is not optimal. Continued use of this pattern will result in problems such as water scarcity and environmental pollution as a result of excessive chemical input consumption. The area under cultivation of some crops decreased, while others increased, with the goal of maximizing gross profit while minimizing irrigation water, fertilizer, and chemical pesticide consumption, as well as risk, which is motivated by product revenue and input usage. It is proposed, based on the findings of this study, to increase the proportion of water in products that earn more money per cubic meter of water consumed.

According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to prioritize environmental goals, which include reducing the use of chemical inputs in crop pattern optimization. Along with selecting an appropriate model and making the best use of available water and land resources, using the model can be an effective step toward increasing profits and mitigating environmental impacts.

One of the factors that play a key role in achieving the goal of rapid and sustained economic growth is the expansion of the financial sector. Therefore, the development and expansion of financial markets in the agricultural sector of these countries is of particular importance. Also, one of the macroeconomic goals of countries is to create the conditions necessary to promote sustainable and sustainable economic growth. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of financial expansion and economic freedom on the growth of selected agricultural products in the Middle East countries with emphasis on Iran during the period 2016-2017. The method used in this study is fixed effects method based on the results of Hausman country test. The results showed that financial expansion, economic freedom, physical capital and labor force in agricultural sector had positive and significant effects on growth with coefficients of 0.39, 0.42, 0.31 and 0.12, respectively. The agricultural products are in the Middle East and Iran. Therefore, it is suggested that countries in the Middle East, and in particular Iran, can grow further in the agricultural sector by opening the door to trade by removing tariff barriers and trade restrictions.

The stability of the cultivation and production of cotton or any other product requires its competitiveness with other agricultural products in the region. Therefore, research is one of the determinants of competitiveness of agricultural products. This study aimed at evaluating the economic impacts of cotton breeding research in Razavi Khorasan province of Iran under two scenarios of small open and closed economies. For this purpose, two categories of data related to technology (average yield increase, supply curve displacement parameter, research success probability, depreciation factor) and market (research costs, product price, supply price elasticity and discount rate) of cotton breeding research projects terminated during 2015-2019 in Razavi Khorasan Agricultural Research and Training Center were used in an economic surplus analysis method. Based on the results, under the scenario of small open economy, the average net present value of benefits, internal rate of return and the ratio of profit to cost of each breeding research were predicted and evaluated 12718000 thousand IRI rials, 55 percent and 7.6 and under the scenario of small closed economy, 9134351 thousand IRI rials, 50 percent and 5.7, respectively. These values ​​indicated the high efficiency and acceptable economic profitability of cotton breeding research under both scenarios, but the study results and findings indicated that the interaction and presence in global cotton markets would increase the benefits and distributive effects of agricultural research and cotton competitiveness in Razavi Khorasan province. Therefore, in agricultural research policy making, the degree of interaction of the country's economy with global markets should be considered.

The agricultural sector is of strategic importance in the economy and development due to the supply of food required by the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable security of this sector, appropriate development measures must be taken. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is the major consumer of water and electricity (16% of total electricity consumption) in Iran. Water is the most important factor in the production of agricultural products and groundwater is the most important supplier of water resources in the agricultural sector. In the past, diesel fuel was used to transport water from the depths of the earth to the surface, in which case a significant amount of vital and strategic resources was wasted due to the use of traditional and worn-out methods. Today, one of the basic solutions to prevent water loss is to use electric pump motors instead of diesel. Also, timely, reliable and cheap supply of electricity required by this sector, by electrifying all wells in the agricultural sector, will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce environmental pollution and optimize energy consumption. This will also help increase agricultural production, accelerate economic growth and increase the country's non-oil exports. Agriculture is the main consumer of water in the world and 93% of water is consumed annually by this sector. Water demand in urban and industrial areas is projected to double between 1995 and 2025 in developed countries facing water shortages. The supply of water for irrigation is also at risk, and this sector is considered economically inefficient and the largest consumer of water. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Iran. Given the water shortage in many parts of the country and the increasing competition of other sectors of the economy with agriculture over water, it seems necessary to gradually increase the economic value of water in agriculture. It is predicted that rising water prices will lead to increased water productivity and economic surplus water consumption in agriculture. Increasing the price of electricity used in water wells in this sector is one of the methods used by the government to increase and control the price of agricultural water. To this end, and in accordance with the Agricultural Well Acceleration Act of 1999, the government intends to electrify water well pumps. Reducing environmental pollution and consuming fossil fuels are the benefits of using these regulations in the agricultural sector. Therefore, many of Iran's agricultural wells are regulated by law. The government spends a lot of money on electrifying agricultural water wells. The government intends to increase agricultural electricity tariffs in the second phase of subsidy reform and increase the cost of agricultural water. The goal is to optimize water consumption and increase efficiency in this sector. Jiroft city is one of the oldest cities in Kerman province in Iran, which includes four parts: Ismaili, Sardouieh, Jabalbarz and Esfahdah. Jiroft city has the most agricultural products among the cities of Kerman province. Therefore, the reaction of farmers to the liberalization of electricity prices in this sector is considered. The city includes 1,500 hectares of pomegranate, almond, olive, pistachio and peach orchards and also has 6,000 hectares of arable land, of which 2,100 hectares include 1,200 hectares of wheat, 600 hectares of barley, 100 hectares of tomatoes, 100 hectares of mandab and 30 hectares. Is rapeseed. There are 3900 hectares in the form of fallow. There are 160 wells in Jiroft city, of which 120 are electric and 40 are diesel. This number of electric wells have been equipped during the 1360s so far, and 10% of these 120 wells have been electrified in the last 10 years.

Given that in the positive planning approach, many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical programming have been removed, this method has been considered by agricultural economics researchers in recent years and has had wide applications in examining the effects of policies. Positive mathematical programming is an experimental analysis method that uses all available information, no matter how scarce. The PMP model, formally introduced by Identity in 1995, actually enables the correct calibration of mathematical programming patterns using the observed behaviors of economic agents at the aggregated or non-aggregated level.

In line with targeted subsidy policies and the importance of energy in the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of electricity price liberalization by applying different price increase scenarios in Jiroft. To investigate the changes in the cultivation pattern in the two groups of farmers, four scenarios of increasing electricity costs by 5, 10, 20 and 30% were applied. Given that the cost of electricity accounts for a significant share of farmers' costs, the results of the implemented policies showed that the increase in electricity prices reduced the area under cultivation of some products with low profitability and products with high water consumption. Has been. Ahmadpour in 2012 and Fattahi in 2010 also concluded that with the increase in energy costs in agriculture, the area under cultivation of some crops has decreased. Edwards et al. 1996 also showed that higher electricity prices lead to lower water levels as well as lower acreage. Also, in all scenarios, farmers' incomes have decreased. On average, the impact of electricity price increase policies on the gross return of the first group was greater than the second group. Also, the changes in crop area in the second group are more than the first group. In implementing the policy of liberalization, measures must be taken to prevent the loss of farmers. In the first group of farmers, barley has the highest reduction in cultivation area and corn in this scenario has a decrease in cultivation area, which can be due to the high water requirement of corn. In contrast, most of the cultivated area is replaced by irrigated wheat. The second group of farmers, consisting of farmers with a cultivated area of more than 15 hectares, had the lowest decrease in gross yield. Blue barley product has low profitability. This has caused that even in the second group, by applying the fourth scenario, the barley crop is completely out of the cultivation pattern and a smaller amount of wheat and tomato cultivation area is replaced. It is suggested that in order to conserve resources and be more profitable, wheat, which is more profitable, should be replaced by barley. Technically, farmers were more specialized in wheat production than other crops. In all groups and scenarios, the level of cultivation and income of farmers decreased, which was more in the first group. It is suggested that the government prevent the reduction of gross returns by supporting farmers and reducing electricity costs.

This study was performed to explore the 2020 agricultural sustainability through studying the environmental indicators in Golestan Province, Iran, using data and information acquired from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Golestan Provincial Water and Wastewater Organization, Iran Meteorological Organization, and the Governorate of Golestan Province. According to the results, chemical pesticide and fertilizer usages, as well as nitrate concentration in groundwater, showed a negative effect whereas the cropping area, rainfall, conservation tillage practices, and cropping diversity showed a positive effect on the environmental indicators. Meanwhile, the highest and lowest weights were obtained respectively for conservation tillage practices (0.16) and cropping area (0.11) based on the application of analytical hierarchical analysis (AHP). Having prioritized the study area, Gonbad Kavus (89%) and Bandar-e-Turkmen (56%) were respectively the best and worst counties in terms of environmental indicators. In addition, conducting a sensitivity analysis with a shifting range of 1-5% showed the indicators have constancy with no priority changes. Finally, the counties of Golestan province were classified into stable, relatively stable, and unstable categories. Taking the findings into account, the sustainability of agriculture in Golestan province can be enhanced by implementing the proposed environmental indicators into the planning process.

Cotton is one of the most important agricultural products that plays an important role in creating employment for the raw materials of the textile, oil and feed industries. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic benefits and surplus of cotton research projects. For this purpose, the results of completed research projects in the period 1394 to 1398 Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research and Training Center and the method of economic surplus analysis were used. The results show that the average net present value of the benefits of each cotton research project is about 13 billion rials, the benefit-to-cost ratio of each research is 7.6 and the rate of return of each research is estimated at 55%. These values ​​indicate high economic surplus and acceptable economic return from cotton research activities in the Agricultural Research and Training Center of Khorasan Razavi. The findings of this study show that research on cotton has increased the productivity of all factors of production, the end result of which is to increase the interests of producers and consumers, so investment in agricultural research projects related to the development of cotton cultivation was specifically justified. And it can convince policymakers and planners of the country to further assist and provide sustainable funding for cotton research. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the necessary facilities be paid to the provincial facilities for further cotton research, especially in Khorasan Razavi province.

Dust storms are natural hazards that cause economic and social damage in the Sistan region. Because the investigation of the impacts of dust storms in all aspects is difficult, in this study a part of the impacts of dust storms was assessed and assessment was limited to extent of damage to roads for the period 2017-2019. The damages cost of dust storms on roads includes damages to the road surface asphalt, signposts, and road maintenance. For estimation of damage cost and obtaining the required information, a series of tables were provided and completed by Road Maintenance and Transportation organizations of Zabol, Zahak, and Hirman. Analyzing dust storms was carried out through recorded wind speed and visibility data at Zabol meteorological station. The results showed that dust storms impacted the signposts and damaged the road surface for which their maintenance and repairmen cost increased. A good agreement was found between the monthly and annual frequency of dust storms and accumulated sediment. The greatest amount of accumulated sediment on the road was observed during the first half of the year, in June and 2018 according to the highest frequency of dust storms. The total damage cost of dust storms on road was obtained about 32.5 milliard Tomans for the period 2017-2019.

Today, paying attention to environmental indicators is considered as one of the most important approaches to agricultural production. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify and prioritize, measure the effect, the intensity of sensitivity of environmental indicators to changes in chemical inputs over time. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize chemical inputs on environmental indicators of pistachio in Kerman province. The statistical population of the study included veteran experts of agricultural jihad in Kerman province. The sample consisted of 50 specialists who were purposefully selected. To prioritize the environmental indicators of chemical inputs used in pistachio orchards, the fuzzy hierarchical analysis process method (Chang method) was used. Findings of the study showed that soil contamination due to the use of chemical inputs has the highest priority. Water pollution caused by chemical inputs is in the second place. Air pollution caused by the use of chemical inputs is in the third degree. Exports of chemical inputs and risk aversion in the use of chemical fertilizers are the last ranking. It can be suggested that the use of organic fertilizers along with biological and natural methods of pest control in pistachio orchards can be alternative options related to environmental pollution.

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water in the country, which is of particular importance due to the droughts of recent decades, food security, and proper management of water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to provide proper management methods to saving water resources and reduce damage to water resources. For this purpose, for the optimal use of this input, the policy of reducing agricultural irrigation water subsidies in the central part of Baft county was used using a positive mathematical planning model. The research data were collected using random sampling method by completing 150 questionnaires and data of Agricultural Jahad Organization of Baft county for the 2019-2018 crop year and to estimate the data (area under cultivation, water, yield, etc) of the region''s crops from GAMS software was used. The results showed that with increasing the price of irrigation water input, the area under cultivation of barley and wheat crops with a steep slope and alfalfa crop with a gentle slope decrease and the area under cultivation of millet crop increases. Also, the gross income and irrigation water consumption of the region will be reduced under the policies of reducing water subsidies. Farmers'' cropping patterns change in favor of crops that produce more revenue per unit of water consumed. Therefore, prioritizing the policy of reducing irrigation water subsidies is recommended in decision-making and policy programs as an appropriate and practical strategy to increase the region''s water resources.

Water is an essential input for agricultural activities and is scarce in arid areas. Therefore, sustainable use of limited water resources in agriculture is of great importance. In the present study, water pricing and quotation methods in agriculture and horticulture sectors of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces were studied as tools for water resources management. For this purpose, the positive mathematical planning (PMP) approach was used and the cultivation pattern in the area was simulated. Then, the effect of water pricing and quotation policies on the pattern of cultivation was examined in the form of 7 scenarios including: (no change in water quota or price), (no change in quota +10%, 20% or 30% higher price for water), and (10%, 20%, or 30% lower quota with no change in water price). The results showed that in all scenarios, the area under cultivation and water consumption of crops would decrease and the area under cultivation of rainfed crops would increase. For example, under 30% reduction in water quota, wheat cultivation area decreased from 28530 ha to 23004 ha, with similar trends for irrigated barley and maize. In addition, the results indicate a decrease in the gross yield of agricultural activities, which, in turn, would lead to a decrease in the level of agricultural activities in the region, with social and economic consequences on the agricultural conditions of the region. With the intensification of water restrictions (increasing prices and reducing quotas), the amount of water consumed for the province's gardens will also decrease. According to the results, reducing the water supply and increasing its price has a great impact on the number of livestock and the amount of water used in livestock. In general, it seems that increasing water prices, reducing the water quota of units and also the combination of these two scenarios can reduce water loss in agricultural activities.

Agricultural insurance as a means of the risk transfer is a very important tool. Sugar beet, as one of the most important crops in the country, has a cultivated area of about 100000 hectares. The area under cultivation of sugar beet in Mashhad was 750 hectares with about 27,000 tons production (yield equivalent to 36 tha-1) in 2018-19. On the other hand, sugar beet is one of the most important products in Mashhad, and every year a large part of its products is damaged due to natural, human and intentional hazards. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the barriers of sugar beet insurance extension in Mashhad using the structural equation model in 2018. The study was based on descriptive-correlation method, data collection tool, questionnaire and the statistical population of the study consisted of beet growers in Mashhad. To determine the sample size, simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula were used. Finally, the sample size was estimated to 150 persons. In order to test the research hypotheses, Smart PLS software and path analysis model was used. The results showed that executive weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.166, land-related environmental weakness with path coefficient of 0.134, individual-knowledge barriers with path coefficient of 0.151, institutional inconsistency with path coefficient of 0.121, manpower shortage- Information with path coefficient of 0.152, administrative-expert weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.129, evaluation-procurement weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.101, problems related to damage follow-up with path coefficient of 0.102, dissatisfaction with non-payment of insurance and inappropriate behavior of experts with the path coefficient with path coefficient of 0.112, insurance costs with a path coefficient of 0.119 and unprincipled estimation of damage with a path coefficient of 0.104 have a positive and significant effect on the non-expansion of sugar beet insurance in Mashhad. According to the results, it is suggested to review the current process and to facilitate and accelerate the administrative framework and work process of compensating the victims.

Most of the methods used so far to determine the optimal cropping patterns have merely aimed at increasing the profits of producers. While in most parts of Iran, over-use of limited resources has jeopardized sustainable production. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the goals of minimizing the consumption of scarce inputs such as water in determining the optimal cropping pattern. The aim of the present study is to determine the optimal cropping pattern according to water shortage conditions in Arzuiyeh region of Kerman province in the 2013-14 crop year. For this purpose, positive mathematical programming method was used. The results showed that by applying a limit of 5 to 40% in the supply of irrigation water, the area under cultivation of all selected crops in the city of Arzuiyeh, except irrigated wheat, which is low in water use compared to other irrigated crops, is reduced. Therefore, the implementation of appropriate policy programs such as the guaranteed price of wheat and barley in line with inflation, determining the water rate paid by farmers in accordance with the trend of changes in the economic value of water in the long run and using the policy of limiting available water resources suggested.

The gross domestic product is the sum of the value added of the economic sectors which shows the amount of production which is called the GDP. in the country's gross domestic product, the share of the countrys gdp is 1.4% percent, and is ranked as the 19th in the province, while the province has a share of 3.5 %. The average per capita production of 164 million riyals, compared to the total production of 419 million riyals, 255 million riyais. n present paper, in order to measure the increasing production coefficient in economic sectors with the input - output table approach, there has been some schemes based on the spatial contribution of the Flegg’s Location Quotients (FLQ) region with the integration of FLQ - RAS. the above mentioned table shows the relation between supply and demand between supply and demand between supply and demand between supply and demand in the province and the increasing production factor indicates the changes in the final form compared to the production increase in general. in this research, 12 fields of economic activity have coefficient of diffusion power and high dispersion sensitivity. in order to study the demand side, households in the province earn 65 percent of the country's households and show that the welfare of the region's households is lower than that of society

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of air pollution and economic growth on health care expenditures in the group of selected OPEC member countries with emphasis on Iran using the PANEL ARDL model during the period 2000-2019. This study was conducted using data from the World Bank, during the period 2000-2019 and the selection of the statistical population selected from OPEC member countries in the form of panel data and using the PANEL ARDL model. The results of this study show that during the study period, the impact of air pollution (PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2) as indicators of air and environmental pollution and the logarithm of GDP per capita (per capita economic growth) on health care expenditures OPEC has a positive and significant impact on selected countries. Countries, including the Iranian government, should consider policies to control the emission of particulate matter and carbon dioxide emissions in different parts of the country in order to reduce air and environmental pollution, and regional and international cooperation to reduce the flow of particulate matter. Suspend to the country through neighboring countries.

Due to the various uses, sugar beet is of economic and commercial importance in today's world. Regarding that this crop is the raw material of sugar factories, the government has recently paid a particular attention to its production. The main aim of this study was to specify environmental convergence of production factors among sugar beet growers in the country during the 2013-2017 years. The required data retrieved from the statistical reports of Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and then were analyzed using GAMZ2.1 and Ewiews9 software. For this purpose, the standard technical efficiency and the environmental technical efficiency of the sugar beet factors were first calculated using the data envelop analysis model of the window data under the conditions of variable return to scale. Consequently, the environmental convergent of sugar beet production factors was examined through the Dickie Fuller test. The findings showed that the average standard technical efficiency and environmental efficiency were 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. With regard to the average level of technical efficiency of the environment, it can be concluded that there is an environmental inefficiency in these provinces. Based on these results and further investigation of upon the efficiency and transferring these results to the provincial farms using agricultural extension and education system and supportive polices, the technical efficiency of the environment in production of this strategic crop can be increased. Environmental convergence tests showed that environmental convergence of production factors exists in the all studied provinces. It means that all sugar beet growers have a tendency to increase the technical and environmental efficiency of production factors. Given the issue of environmental pollution in the present century, this conclusion is very promising for future generations in terms of protection of the environment. Promoting and disseminating new technologies including pressurized irrigation systems and minimizing the application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers are among the policy solutions to increase the technical efficiency of the environment in the provinces dealing with the issue of environmental efficiency

A reason for the success of the agricultural sector in developed countries is the regulation of farm size as it allows for the scale economy of production. Considering that the size of agricultural production units should be specifically determined based on the crop and the area where it is produced, this study aims to determine the optimum size of rice farms in Fereydunkenar County, Mazandaran Province. So, 198 farmers were randomly interviewed in 2014. The results show that the optimal economic size of the farms in the study area is 1.949 ha, 43% larger than the average cultivation area in the region. The results of the technical efficiency using the Stochastic Nonparametric Envelopment of Data model (StoNED) also show that paddy size has a direct correlation with the efficiency of these units in the studied area and production in larger farms is more economical and efficient. Therefore, it is suggested to consider plans to encourage rice farmers to establish cooperatives and change their farm management style from small farm owning to integrated management.

In order to compare the effect of the policy of reducing water extraction from groundwater resources with the policy of increasing irrigation efficiency, on the deficit of groundwater reservoirs, production, net imports, net social benefits and farmers' income in Khorasan Razavi province, five cities including Mashhad, Sabzevar, Neyshabur, Torbat-e Jam and Torbat-e Heydarieh were selected and the effects of these policies were studied using a positive mathematical programming model (PMP_GME).The study of the effect of reducing water extraction showed that although this policy can balance the water extraction and reduce energy consumption by up to 25%, it reduces the production of important crops such as wheat and increases social costs, in particular, reducing farm incomes and increasing imports. So that it will increase social costs by 20-43 percent, and the cost of each cubic meter of saved water will be between 4540 and 6360 Rials. Replacing new systems instead of old at the potential level without increasing the area under cultivation, will reduce the tank's deficit by 94%. Although the closure of unauthorized wells is a legal requirement, its implementation cannot create balance in the water extraction. In order to achieve the desired result, it is necessary to close the unauthorized wells and reduce water extraction permanently from the wells that have a butterfly. Also by providing bank loans and advisory services, farmers helped to increase irrigation efficiency.

Establishing food security of households is one of the goals of economic, social and cultural development programs of the country and therefore it is important to estimate the level of household food security. In the present study, food security of rural areas of Zahak city was assessed using Coping Strategy Index in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that about 80% of the studied households are in poor nutrition and have used strategies to cope with food insecurity. In addition, the variables of annual income, household head occupation, type of household head occupant, rural to urban distance, number of households, access to mobile phones and household head addiction status are among the factors affecting food security level. Accordingly, effective steps can be taken to achieve the desired level of food security by trying to empower the villagers, improve the job situation and income of the head of the household and raise the level of awareness of the people by agricultural promoters.

Solving complex water resource issues requires methods that collect different managerial approaches in an interconnected format. Meanwhile, for the comprehensive management of such issues, multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) have found a special place. The main objective of the present research is to determine the priorities of the water resource uses of the Chah-Nimeh reservoirs in the Sistan and Baluchestan province with the economic, social, and environmental management approaches in the water year of 2014-15 using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) techniques. According to the results, if water allocation is carried out based on an economic approach, the agricultural and environmental sectors due to their essential role in providing livelihoods for residents of Sistan and Baluchestan province will have a weight of 0.3 and 0.146 and are prioritised as the first and second, respectively. If it is a social approach, then the agricultural sector is the first priority, and the tourism and environmental sectors are in the second and third priorities, respectively. However, if water allocation is carried out with an environmental approach, the environmental sector, due to its importance in this approach, with a weigh of 0.352, has the highest priority to receive water.

Economic growth is the main goal of many economic policies of governments. However, rapid economic growth often causes serious damage to the environment (due to the increasing use of natural resources). Hence, there is a potential contradiction between economic growth policies and the state of the environment, so gradually the issue of conflict between economic growth and environmental quality became one of the topics of discussion in the field of environmental economics.

In the field of environmental economics in this study, using data envelopment analysis method (DEA) the environmental efficiency was calculated for developing Islamic countries (D8) during the period of 1980-2014. Then, using the panel data method, the relationship between environmental efficiency and per capita income was investigated. Information about these countries was collected from various economic sites such as the Data world bank, Economy watch and ….

The results show that the average of environmental efficiency of the D8 countries increased at a rate of 1.02. This increases the efficiency of technology to increase efficiency at the rate of 1.021 and 0.998 of technical efficiency. Technical efficiency is because of the increase in management efficiency (1) and scale efficiency (0.998).

 The growth of environmental efficiency in Iran is 1.016, which is in the fifth place after Malaysia (1.053), Indonesia (1.042), Nigeria (1.036) and Turkey (1.025). According to the results, there is a direct relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution, so Kuznets law is not established in these countries.

Most of the water consumption is in agricultural and irrigation uses, which accounts for about 70% of the world's total fresh water, and water resources are scarce worldwide due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and climate change. In the present study, the potential effects of water pricing on efficiency, equity and fairness and sustainability of irrigation water use were investigated. Required data were collected through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with farmers in different areas where farmers pay for irrigation costs in the area. Part of the data was also obtained from landowners and buyers of water using electric or diesel pumps. The data were analyzed using Eviews and DEAP2 statistical software. Regarding the results for each production unit, the fully efficient units formed a small proportion and added most water units to various types. They consume. The results show a negative relationship between the technical efficiency with the excess water consumed due to the inefficiency of input use. The results of the Sustainability Index showed that if farmers and ranchers were more efficient in using water and consuming less water, the sustainability index would increase for them. The results of the VAR model show the long-run equilibrium relationship between pricing policy and agricultural output. In other words, the results show that pricing policy has increased agricultural production.

Greenhouse gas emissions are a major contributor to climate change. It is important to examine the economic aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and its environmental impacts, especially in the current context of increasing volumes of greenhouse gases..The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, economic openness and urbanization in Iran using seasonal data during the period 1991-2019. To investigate the long-run and short-run relationship between the research variables, ARDL and ECM methods were used. The results showed that all coefficients are significant at 95% confidence level, and the variables of energy consumption, degree of openness of economy, urbanization rate have a positive relationship with CO2 emission in the long run. And the variables of real GDP and financial development have a negative relationship with CO2 emissions in the long run. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to consider alternative energy policies such as developing energy conservation strategies, reducing energy intensity, increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of clean energy sources.