محمود صادقی

The subject of the present research is a comparative study of the approach of Allameh Fazlullah and Seyyed Qutb in issues related to women's rights. In recent centuries, women's issues and rights have become one of the most important social issues.changes that have occurred in all areas of human life, women's rights in Islam have also been subjected to criticism and new challenges. In the face of these criticisms and challenges, Muslim thinkers and intellectuals from different currents have tried to respond. Allameh Fazlullah and Seyyed Qutb are among the contemporary Shia and Sunnah commentators, both of them with the idea of ​​returning to the Qur'an and paying attention to the fact that the most important cause of distress and degeneration of social societies is staying away from the Qur'an and the cure for social pains and its healing is to return to the Qur'an. And the biography of the Prophet (PBUH) knows that they have dealt with this issue. This article has analyzed and examined "women's rights" including social activities, government and inheritance in the works of both thinkers with documentary and library methods. According to both thinkers, Islam has the same view of men and women in terms of humanity and spiritual dimension and there is no difference, but regarding the powers of Allamah, he does not make any difference between men and women and considers exceptional cases to be special cases that cause Yes, but Seyyed Qutb, emphasizing the principle of equality between men and women, considers the difference in responsibilities to be due to the difference in talents, which does not conflict with justice and equality.

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopic method in comparison with PCR in the detection of Plasmodium vivax parasites in suspected malaria cases.

In a cross-sectional study, out of 207 febrile patients suspected of malaria, for microscopic diagnosis, blood sample was taken from each person's finger and spread, and after staining with Giemsa dye, were examined with a 100 X optical microscope lens. Whole blood samples were collected from all suspected individuals and rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and also DNA extraction and PCR was performed. To check the validity of different methods while calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, drawing ROC curve, Kappa coefficient (к) was used to measure the agreement of the tests.

In this study, microscopy and RDT compared to PCR have sensitivity of 96% and 94% and specificity of 100% and 98.2%, respectively also, the kappa coefficient in the microscopic method is 0.96 and the RDT was 0.91.

Considering the values of sensitivity and specificity, as well as the high kappa coefficient in the microscopic method and RDT, both methods have a very good agreement with the PCR.

The existence and strength of the intellectual property system increases innovation and as a result the economic growth and development of countries. In this regard, the efficiency of the patent system in the country becomes important. One of the reasons for the country's lack of progress and development in the field of technology development is the institutional problems of related fields. Although nearly a century has passed since the first laws related to intellectual property in the country, the intellectual property system is still facing various problems. In this study, the effectiveness of the patenting subsystem of the intellectual property system has been investigated with a comparative approach and comparison with the two countries of India and Vietnam. Iran, India and Vietnam are the top three countries in terms of innovation indicators among low-middle income countries in the annual reports of the World Intellectual Property Organization's Global Innovation Index. According to the survey, despite the large number of patents registered in the country, patent certificates are not of acceptable quality. Through the investigation, it was found that complementary laws to protect inventors and low patenting costs in Iran have led to an increase in the demand for patenting in Iran. On the other hand, the existence of weakness in the patent evaluation mechanism leads to the low quality of patent registration in Iran. In this regard, the strengthening of the patent system by adding the system of utility model, readjustment of patent costs, and the development of a multi-stage evaluation system and appropriate evaluation mechanism were proposed as solutions.

In this research, atom-cavity entanglement in closed Jaynes – Cumming model has been used with the assumption of large detuning between atom and cavity, to simulate the state transfer from atom to cavity radiation. A two-level atom which is prepared in a half-half superposition between the ground and excited states, has been exposed to initially coherent radiation field which is far from resonance with the atom. Mixture of each subsystem, linear entropy, entanglement, Von Neumann entropy and Schmidt decomposition of composite system as a function of time, has been determined analytically, for the first time. Assuming large frequency differences between atom and radiation, the simulation is shown no energy is transferred between atom and radiation due to large detuning, even though atom-radiation entanglement took place. Also, it has been shown that a particular measurement on the atom in this composite entangled system, can project the composite system into a separable (non-entangled) state so that the radiation state is changed into a superposition of the coherent state which is called the cat state. The conditions required to transfer radiation into odd and even cat states have been particularly investigated.

The subject of the current research is a comparative comparison of the social approach of Tafsir Man Wahi Al-Qur'an with Tafsir Fi-Zhalal Al-Qur'an in issues related to government. This research is theoretical and with a comparative-comparative approach. The purpose of this research is to know the opinions and thoughts of Shia and Sunni experts regarding the governance issue in Muslim societies and to explain the verses of the Holy Qur'an in the context of issues related to politics and governance in Muslim society as best as possible and more accurately by comparing Allameh's thought. Fazlullah and Seyyed Qutb are two thinkers of the Islamic world. It is meant by governmental issues, issues related to the way of managing and administering the Muslim community; Issues such as how to govern, qualities of rulers, people's place in government, law, economy, freedom, democracy and social justice. The main and fundamental question of this research is that what are the fundamental similarities and differences in the way of analyzing and interpreting the verses of the Holy Quran on the issue of government from the perspective of Allameh Fazlullah and Seyyed Qutb? One of the findings of this research is that the explanation and interpretation of the verses of the Holy Quran is influenced by the religious and scientific foundations and the special geographical and cultural conditions of each exegete; Therefore, due to the similarity in the interpretation principles and bases, they have similar views on most of the interpretation issues, and the difference of opinions is focused on the details and the way of implementing the laws.

The issue of the origin of gender differences in social roles has always been discussed by thinkers and researchers, especially in sociology. By confirming gender differences, some link the different patterns of female and male roles with biological, and psychological aspects and the functions of role differences among sociologists. On the other hand, almost all feminist theories follow the common principle that femininity and masculinity and the gender roles that result from them make society, with defects in the foundations and results of these theories. Re-reading these opinions and other numerous and diverse viewpoints in the context of gender differences in social roles and their origins on the one hand and the importance and position of the Quran as an authentic source of knowledge makes the question come to mind that despite the division of labor Gender, what is the view of the Holy Quran about the origin of gender differences in social roles? Based on the inferential method, the present research seeks to discover and explain the true origin of female behavior and male behavior or femininity and masculinity (gender) from the perspective of the Quran. The evidence shows that the Quran’s view of the problem is a unified view so that in a comprehensive view of communication, biological aspects such as anatomical differences and physical strength, psychological aspects such as the amount and type of emotions and feelings, and personality characteristics such as will And it considers decision-making and sociological angles based on natural and ultimate aspects such as justice, peace and chastity.

In this research, squeezing fragility due to thermal bath, in quantum squeezed state generation, is simulated. For this purpose, single mode dissipative cavity with non-zero second-order susceptibility is used. Cavity nonlinear medium is driving by laser pump with known frequency, and pairs of identical photons are created, with one-half frequency of driving pump. This process known as degenerate parametric down conversion. In the absence of any dissipation, simulation shows linear time dependent squeezing parameter, which is in agreement with theoretical results. In two photon loss of cavity in contact with cold reservoir, competition between gain and two photon loss, results in stable squeezing of initial vacuum, in steady state of system. At the end, has been shown that, non-zero thermal reservoir, omits the squeezing and leads the final cavity field to the thermal mixture of Fock states.

In this research, squeeze vacuum state of quantum light is simulated. For this purpose, single mode dissipative cavity with non-zero second-order susceptibility is used. Cavity nonlinear medium is driving by laser pump with known frequency, and pairs of identical photons are created, with one-half frequency of driving pump. This process known as degenerate parametric down conversion. In the absence of any dissipation, simulation shows linear time dependent squeezing parameter, which is in agreement with theoretical results. In two photon loss of cavity in contact with cold reservoir, competition between gain and two photon loss, results in stable squeezing of initial vacuum, in steady state of system.

Indirect liability in US, is creation of US case law and plays an important role in the functioning of the trademark system, in order not to mislead the consumer and reduce his search costs, as well as expanded protection of trademark rights. Given the US trade-economic and technological situation, this practice seems justified, which can well guarantee the US commercial and economic interests, not only in the domestic system, but also in the international trade. Innovation is the foundation of sustainable economic development in the age of knowledge-based economy and technological innovation, play a major role. However, the role of non-technological innovation, including trademarks, in economic growth and development has been considered. However, this role is still secondary and complementary, and it is technological innovation that Determines the  power of competitiveness of companies and governments in domestic and international trade. The us is a country that has a privileged position in the world in terms of trade and economy, and this privileged position, without a doubt, depends on its position in the field of technological innovation. Technological innovation has boosted the country's export growth and, consequently, its economic growth by improving its competitiveness. Obviously, in such a situation, strengthening the non-technological innovation system will strengthen the position of technology and will be very effective in protecting the rights of technology owners. With this analysis, regardless of the legal basis of indirect liability for trademark infringement, the recognition of such liability is in line with the US trade-economic and technological situation and can better guarantee and protect its benefits in international trade relations. In contrast, Iranian economic and social system is less desirable than the US  in terms of technological innovation. Therefore, the identification of such an institution is not recommended in it and it seems that at least based on the situation of innovation production in Iran and exports in this field, not identifying a similar institution has a logical aspect. On the other hand, the common cases  of indirect liability arising from participation in trademark infringement in Iranian law, are subject to the rules governing the determining the liable person under the rule of the combination causes in loss. The application of these rules, such as the rule of liability that takes precedence over the effect, entails the permanent liability of the direct infringer, because  at first, his act is effective in infringing the trademark. 

Participation in trademark infringement, is the facilitation or encouragement of trademark infringement without committing the actus reus  of trademark infringement. Sometimes, this partnership is proven by not supervising the direct infringing act, in addition to gaining financial benefit from the infringement of the mark, the latter type is called vicarous infringement and the first case is called contributory infringement. Identifying this type of liability expand trademark rights. In terms of economic analysis, broader brand protection leads to productivity if technology is at a high level , because consumers become loyal to higher-tech brands. The relationship between a sense of loyalty to the brand and the technology of the products, makes the rules of indirect trademark infringement in the US described as favorable, and in contrast, due to the low technology of Iranian products in the market compared to US products, lack of explicit identification of Trademark infringement in Iran, seems optimal. 

data were collected using the library method. Physical and ebooks and articles are the main sources of data for this research. After collecting data in this way, the present study, with an analytical-descriptive method, first examines Concepts about participation in trademark infringement, such as contributory and vicarious infringement, are examined. Then, the principles and foundations of each of these two types of infringement in the US legal system are explained, and then the issue is examined from the perspective of economic analysis. Finally, the legal and economic situation of Iran in relation to the issue of participation in trademark infringement is analyzed.   

cases and principles of contributory and vicarious infringement in US are consistent with the business, economic, and technological situation in this country; Technological innovation is in a favorable situation, and for this reason, in accordance with such a situation, the elements ofcontributory and vicarious infringement, have been defined. There is no similar theory in Iranian law and considering the commercial, economic and technological situation in Iran, identifying a similar theory is not recommended.

The degree of technological development of countries and their political, commercial and economic conditions, especially at the level of international interactions, play a pivotal role in determining the legal policies of countries. Legal regulations are a tool at the disposal of countries to use them to pursue their goals. Accordingly, just as a single intellectual property rights framework is not appropriate for all aspects of this legal system, a single framework cannot be the criterion for action by all countries. The institution of indirect trademark liability has two different outcomes and functions in the two legal and economic systems of Iran and the US; In the US, due to the high level of technological innovation and its superior competitiveness domestically, it leads to the development of legitimate trade competition, and at the level of international interactions, it will increase the country's economic growth through the development of technological innovations. Conversely, recognizing this in Iran will reduce new businesses and legitimate activities domestically, and in the international arena will lead to currency outflows and difficulty in technological innovation  due to the transfer of liability risk to legitimate commercial activities and the imposition of foreign trademark management costs on domestic industries.Therefore, the lack of identification of the institution of indirect trademark infringement in Iran and reliance on the general rules of civil liability in this regard, is considered sufficient and especially in the context of scientific and technological sanctions on Iran, it seems more desirable.

Joint tortship in its general sense is the intervention of more than one personin committing tort. In this sense, the jointness acompanicity and participatesin it. The jointness, in a special sense, is limited to interfere more than twopersons in the commission of the operation and the material element of thetort. In the US legal system, in addition to cases where two or more peoplereally commit actus reus of tort, there are instances where with use of titlessuch as "attribaution", commition of actus reus is attributed to more than oneperson, Virtually. In this legal system, this is based on goals such as redressand deterrence. In Iranian law, according to the well-known Opinion, thejointness in tort, is subject to the commission of actus reus by two or morepersons and apparently in some cases, like the American law, with implicitusing of the title "attribution", realization of jointness in tort is ruled thatdoes not look right. Because, contrary to the US law and some veiws inpopular jurisprudence, when the legislator in the latter part of Article 535 ofthe Islamic Penal Code of 2013 considers intent to have an impact on thematerial reality of the jointness, he does not abide by all its effects andassumption. In the case of criminal responsibility, it imposes the lesspunishment on the accomplice and in the case of civil liability, he assumesthe distribution of damages on multiple causes. In the present study, it hasbeen proved by a descriptive-analytical method that, unlike the US lawwhich because of its instrumentalist nature, jointness in wrongs has widescope, in Iranian law, because of its ethical basis, jointness in wrongs, hasnarrow scope and Accordingly, it is proposed to amend or delete the last partof Article 535 of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013

The recognition and enforcement of intellectual property foreign judgments as the result of other substantive issues of conflict of laws (jurisdiction and governing law) are in these cases. Due to the increasing international trade relations, especially with respect to intellectual property rights, the number of such claims has increased, and the need to internationally recognition and enforcement of the judgments issued in this area is felt in different ways. Given the background of the issue in international documents, this issue is not long ago, and recently some non-binding legal principles have been adopted by some foreign law institutes. Iranian law is silent in this regard and only the general provisions of Iran’s civil law and the law on the enforcement of civil judjments can be invoked. The main issue of this paper is that given the specific nature of intellectual property rights, is the existing system sufficient to recognise and enforce foreign intellectual property judjments, or does it require the formulation of specific rules in this regard?

Vicarious liability is one of the types of responsibilities arising from other's action. In US law, unlike Iranian legal system, there is a general rule upon which whenever under the control persons, commits a copyright infringement and thereby a financial benefit get to the supervisor, the latter, shall be subject to the vicarious liability. Undoubtedly, children are among the most prominent examples of persons under the control that this usually occurs by their parents. Furthermore, in Current age, it is possible that many infringements occur by children, especially in the Internet. Parents will generally be subject to the vicarious liability for copyright infringements their children. In US law,  has been suggested the probability of parental responsibility for  copyright by children based on the general rule of vicarious responsibility, while it seems that  the nature of the relationship between parents and children  and the bases of suggesting  parental liability for children's fault, demands some differences in this regard. Parental responsibility for children's torts in Iranian law, unlike US law, is based on fault and care rather than control and compliance, and this is an advantage of Iranian law.

In the US legal system, the courts, using the theory of vicarious copyright infringement and aiming at cultural development, impose the responsibility of copyright infringement on those who indirectly contribute of the formation it. In this system, with establishing  the control of one  upon another and the acquisition of the financial benefit resulting from the infringement for the person having control, the vicarious liability would established Jointly and severally. In jurisprudence and legal system of Iran, there is no general theory of vicarious responsibility, and examples of vicarious infringement are subject to the general rules of civil liability, such as the combination of direct and indirect causes which according to the doctorin of Islamic jusrist, jurisprudents' opinion, will lead to the responsibility of the direct cause, unless indirect cause, would be considered stronger cause under the custom. Given the role of the copyright system in the cultural development of societies, it is recommended that the Iranian courts, expanding the notion of being stronger cause, in some cases, provide the possibility of imposing a responsibility on those who provide copyright infringement tools. In this research, an attempt is made to explain the concept and conditions of copyright infringement in the United States and Iran through a descriptive-analytical method with hints to some civil law systems such as Germany and France.