محمود عباسی

Emmanuel Levinas is considered one of the most important philosophers of the modern era. The importance of his philosophy is evident in ethics. In Levinas's moral philosophy, the subject-centeredness is removed from priority and the "other" and their "face" are prioritized, in such a way that the other's face indicates moral messages and the subject, upon receiving these moral messages, feels a duty to consider themselves accountable and responsible to the other. But the question is, what is the meaning of "face" in facing the other in Levinas's moral philosophy? And on what basis can its moral aspect be justified? In the structuralism and semiotics of philosophers such as Ferdinand de Saussure, external matters in the real world are signs, and these signs take on meaning within the scope of the subject's mental concepts and categories. This meaning is ultimately reduced to ontological issues. Levinas's moral philosophy, however, is a kind of deconstruction and rebellion against the structuralism and semiotics of philosophers like Saussure. In Levinas's moral philosophy, the face of the other is a moral sign that invites the subject to accept moral messages and take responsibility towards the other. In such a situation, moral messages and commands are not reduced to ontological issues. It seems that Levinas is trying to justify the moral aspect of the face on the basis of linguistics.

The region east of the Euphrates due to its geopolitical position in the geographical connection of Syria with Iraq and bordering Turkey, as well as having rich oil and gas reserves and having a prosperous agriculture with major cultivation of wheat and cotton and the passage of the Euphrates and Khabour rivers, has an important place in the developments of Syria, especially in the shadow of the intensification of economic disturbances, the increase in fuel prices and the decrease in the value of the national currency in this country.
The strategic value of this region due to the presence of fertile and oil-rich areas, as well as its proximity to the important and strategic Bokmal crossing and the role of this crossing in connecting the territory with Iraq and neighboring Turkey, makes it one of the important and strategic areas for all regional and international actors involved in the Syrian crisis.
The Syrian Kurdish militia known as the Syrian Democratic Forces or "QSD" are known as the main actor of this region in the military-security field, and its political branch known as the Syrian Democratic Council or in other words "MSD" is also responsible for political affairs and foreign relations. In the current situation, due to the imposition of severe sanctions by the United States and European countries against the Syrian government and people, and as a result, the devaluation of the country's national currency and the intensification of the economic crisis , the region east of the Euphrates due to the presence of rich resources of oil and gas, water and Agriculture has a special and strategic position for the Syrian regime. The presence of American elements in this region is considered as the most important and main deterrent factor in restoring the sovereignty of Damascus over the mentioned region and the tendency of Kurdish militias towards the Syrian government. The supreme leader of the revolution, in his meeting with the president of Russia in 2022, clearly raised the issue of expelling America from this region.

Considering the essential role of national authorities in the implementation of treaties, it is important to study the process of determining them. In this article, in order to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the Iranian executive branch's procedure in determining national authorities, we have analyzed this procedure in a descriptive-analytical way. The result is that the authority of the government in this field is basically based upon assigning this authority by the legislature, which has been achieved in: 1- Determining the national authority in an Act and granting the authority to change it, 2- Not specifying the national authority in an Act and granting the authority to determine and change it. If the legislature is silent about the national authority, the government can determine the national authority by referring to Principle 138 of the Constitution for ensuring the implementation of the law ratified a treaty. In addition, in the case of ratification of a treaty by the government or determination of a national authority in the text of a treaty, the authority of the government is not based on the will of the legislature. One of the important criticisms of the government's procedure in this field is citing incorrect bases for determining some national authorities, especially in the wrong reference to the Act of adding two notes to the Act of membership of Iran in international organizations and institutions of 1370 and citing the principle 138 instead of the Act assigning the authority to determine the national authority.

In this article, we are trying to examine God and his place in Levinas's moral philosophy, which is based on another concept. For Levinas, the other is not a passive person, but an active person whose face indicates messages and moral commands, and upon receiving these messages and moral commands, a person feels the duty to consider himself accountable and responsible to the other. . The continuation of this accountability and responsibility leads to a moral life. But the question is, what is God's position in the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy? And what is it based on? And in other words; What are the components of religion in the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy? Levinas believes that when a person encounters another, he finds an inner desire and attraction towards him. This inner desire and pull towards the other, which originates from man's desire for infinity and perfection and God, is a fundamental and metaphysical desire and ultimately leads to the moral relationship and interaction of man with the other and God in a moral life. In the moral and divine life, man finds his true identity, which is a moral and divine identity, and by cultivating his moral talents, he steps on the path of becoming infinite and attaining God's perfections.

Many international treaties explicitly or implicitly require the determination of national authorities by the contracting parties in order to implement all or part of the treaty obligations, and therefore, it is important to study the process of determining national authorities. In Iran, only the legislative and executive branches have played a role in determining national authorities; In this article, in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Iranian legislature's procedure in determining national authorities, we have analyzed this procedure in a descriptive-analytical way. The result of the study is that due to the silence of the Constitution regarding national authorities, the legislature has, based on the general competence of legislation, the authority to determine national authorities for all international treaties and institutions. Despite this, in many cases, the legislature has left the determination/changing of national authorities to the executive branch, which is critical, especially considering that some of these national authorities are non-executive. Anyway, comprehensive knowledge of the treaty, which is required to determine a national authority, is generally obtained for parliamentarians at the time of ratification of a treaty, and therefore, the most appropriate tool for determining the national authority is the Act ratifying the treaty, but the legislature in rare cases has used these Acts to determine national authorities. Meanwhile ratification of a treaty by the executive branch, which is allowed in some cases, and determination of national authorities in the text of the treaties, have limited the power of the legislature to determine national authorities.

Immanuel Levinas is considered one of the most important philosophers of the new age. The importance of his philosophy is shown in ethics. In the moral philosophy of Levinas, the central subject is left out of priority and his "other" and his "face" are given priority in such a way that the other's face indicates moral messages and the subject feels duty upon receiving these moral messages. consider himself accountable and responsible to the other. But the question is, what is the meaning of "face" in facing the other in Levinas's moral philosophy? And on what basis can its moral aspect be justified? Can it be based on ontology and epistemology, or psychology and linguistics? Levinas, when Western philosophers tried to give priority to the subject and reduce all issues to ontology and epistemology, provided a redefinition of another concept and another face. The author believes that the moral foundation of another figure can be examined based on four bases: 1- ontology 2- epistemology 3- psychology 4- linguistic so that finally the moral foundation of Levinas's thought can be discovered in his linguistic basis.

The rapid advancement of technology necessitates the alignment of basic rights and freedoms with legal accountability, particularly in safeguarding people's health rights and preventing adverse outcomes. Among these emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) stands out as one of the most transformative, significantly impacting various sectors, including healthcare. This research aims to employ content analysis to examine the relationship between health rights and AI technology, focusing on transparency, permeability, and their mutual influence. The study reveals that as the importance of new technologies grows, so too do their associated challenges, which require regulation. AI has increasingly shaped the intersection of health rights and broader human rights. However, concerns arise in areas like self-awareness, decision-making, diagnosis, and treatment by AI, potentially leading to violations of health rights. The study suggests that a combined approach, where AI complements human expertise rather than replacing it, is a viable solution. AI should assist, not replace, human decision-makers, ensuring that ultimately, decisions are made by humans.

Issuing a False medical certificate is one of the most important abnormalities in the relationship between a physician and a patient, which is of particular concern to the legislator and criminalized due to the effect on public order and damage to private and juridical persons, as well as distorting the dignity of the medical profession. This act can lead to criminal, civil, and disciplinary liability for the doctor, depending on the case. In this article, while explaining the concept of issuing a false medical certificate and its various assumptions, the elements of such a crime and the conditions for realizing criminal and civil liability in this regard and applying punishment and compensation will be discussed. In order to realize the special crime of issuing a false medical certificate, it is necessary to take into account the conditions stipulated in Article 539 of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 1375, and in other cases (fake medical certificate or other false certificates) according to the case, Articles 538 and 540 of The law regarding the execution of the punishment and the method of compensating damages, will be applied.

Today, new technologies are evolving rapidly, and in the meantime, artificial intelligence offers many potential benefits to mankind with its ever-increasing progress. Such technology requires the processing and analysis of significant amounts of data, as well as access to large volumes of big data. However, the ethical issues of artificial intelligence in the digital space must be identified and taken into account to prevent abuse. Therefore, ethical principles should be considered in the artificial intelligence-based system and guidelines should be provided for users who implement artificial intelligence technologies; which can be called digital ethics. Therefore, the main question of the paper is "What are the moral risks of artificial intelligence and is it possible to create liability insurance for artificial intelligence-based systems?". The research method of this paper is theoretical and based on a library data collection tool, and the data analysis method is descriptive-analytical. According to the findings of the research, the most important ethical challenges of artificial intelligence include ethical concerns related to the collection and unauthorized use of personal data, which will lead to the violation of privacy and human dignity. On the other hand, one of the concerns is non-compliance with the ethical principles of bias and data security. As a result, while trying to develop ethical standards with monitoring and accountability for artificial intelligence and digital space, digital liability insurance suggested in utilization of artificial intelligence in the digital space of liability and negligence in digital environments. Providers of digital technologies may require specialized malpractice insurance to address potential liability issues specific to these environments. Insurers must develop policies that reflect the unique risks associated with digital environments.

Today, according to modern medical developments and its rapid growth, the law as the most important source of law in Iran's medical law system alone is not able to quickly comply with the aforementioned developments, and the medical law system in today's environment due to the lack of Compiling comprehensive and complete laws and regulations requires the intervention of other factors to create this coordination. Among the legal sources, judicial procedure can play this role well. Therefore, the present article aims to examine the importance and necessity of using judicial procedure in the medical law system and make suggestions to strengthen the position of judicial procedure in the development of medical law.

This research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information has been done in a library and by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

 In all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The results of the present study indicate that, although in Iran's medical law system, the use of judicial procedure is often considered as a secondary and interpretive source of the law, but the role of courts in the expression and production of judicial procedure containing general principles and fundamental concepts of law. Medicine is very important and vital.

The results of the investigation indicate that the judicial procedure of the courts can be a rule-making source by consolidating and elevating the concepts and principles of medical law, as well as a complementary tool to the law and a guide to the legislator in approving progressive medical laws and regulations and development of medical rights.

As a medical procedure, hymen examination is influenced by various cultural and social factors. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the reasons and consequences of girls' virginity examination from the perspective of midwives.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 employed midwives in Tabriz in the year 2021. Sampling method was simple random sampling. Data on the reasons and consequences of virginity examination from the perspective of midwives were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA tests, with p<0.05 considered significant.Ethical Considerations:Ethical principles in the present study included: clarifying the research objectives to participants, obtaining written informed consent, maintaining privacy and data confidentiality,providing the opportunity to leave the research at any study satge.

56.2% of midwives believed that hymen examination hasno therapeutic value and should not be performed. The majority (81.9%) agreed to perform virginity examination for the purpose of investigating sexual abuse and exploitation. 62% of individuals opposed virginity examination for issuing virginity certificates to girls before marriage. The majority (86.1%) believed that virginity examination is a violation of privacy and causes physical discomfort (74.7%), mental distress (86.1%), exacerbation of gender inequality (75.7%) and increase in physical and verbal violence (62.9%) and honor killings (55.8%).There were statistically significant associations between the causes for midwives' willingness to perform or not perform virginity examinations and ethnicity (P=0.018), personal history of virginity examination (P<0.001) and place of employment (P=0.003). Additionally, there were statistically significant associations between the consequencesof virginity examinations and the level of education (P=0.038), ethnicity (P=0.037), place of residence (P<0.001), place of employment (P=0.013) and the number of virginity examinations performed by midwives(P=0.022).

The study reveals that most midwives view hymen examinations as significant violations of women's rights and sources of physical and mental stress.Consequently, midwives, as key members of health care providers, can be instrumental in raisingawareness, providing educationand promoting cultural change. They can help dispel false beliefs, respect human dignity and privacyand shift the focus from the issue of virginity to other human aspects.

Using non-scientific, vague and wrong words to describe the reproductive cycle of women is a common thing in Iranian culture and this can lead to negative taboos, followed by an adverse effect on the quality of life and health of half of the population. Using a word that is phonetically, structurally and conceptually worthy of describing this natural part of women's life with dignity is considered one of their rights.

This research is descriptive-analytical (theoretical analysis) in which the words used in research, medical and daily literature for women's bleeding cycles and the effect of these words on the formation of taboos or false beliefs in this field.

Ethical Considerations: 

Throughout all the stages of writing this research, authenticity, honesty and integrity have been observed.

The words that are used to describe "mahingi" in Persian culture and language mainly mean repetition and emphasis on being a rule or custom, which on the contrary does not emphasize the reproductive health needs of women in this era. Some words are reminiscent of cultural or social prohibitions or even have a negative literal meaning. The word "mahinegi" has unified the description of the life cycle of women in research, medical and social literature. In terms of phonetics and structure, it is suitable for contemporary culture, in terms of lexical meaning; it is normative and dignity-oriented for women's reproductive health rights.

In this article, the philosophy of replacing the word "mahinegi", which is derived from its connection with the moon, is discussed. Using the word "mahinegi" with a metaphor of the moon as a celestial body that has many structural similarities in its evolution cycle with egg development and also using the moon as a symbol of reproductive can be a dignified description of women's Menstruation. In addition to these cases, the use of this beautiful and magnificent symbolization can facilitate the start of families' conversations with their children in this field.

Today, artificial intelligencetechnologies can provide incredible benefits to the health system. While artificial intelligence has a significant capacity to improve the performance of the health system, it is accompanied by challenges that sometimes lead to damages the health system. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to review the ethical and legal challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence in the health system.

This research is a review study. To collect data, evidence wassearched in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases using the keywords artificial intelligence, medical ethics, health rights, health care and human dignity.

In all the stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Based on the findings of the present research, several items can be mentioned regarding ethical challenges: trust in artificial intelligence, violation of human dignity in artificial intelligence, observing the principle of individual independence and its rules, artificial intelligence in diagnosing the completion of treatment, and artificial intelligence and emotional functioning. The legal challenges include the standardizationof artificial intelligence in medicine, artificial intelligence and civil liability, artificial intelligence and the physician’s warranty, artificial intelligence and the breach of data confidentiality, and artificial intelligence and cyber security.

While using artificial intelligence technologies to provide healthcare and medical services, decisions should be made based on respect for human dignity and observing ethical and legal principles, rules and regulations. Any AI-based technology which is considered for use in healthcare and the health system must be efficient, safe, standardized and regulated. Such technologies can only be efficient if they are implemented in healthcare and medical services along with monitoring and evaluation.

"Justice" passing from the moral concept to the legal rule with a look at its foundations in the British and Iranian legal systems. Although in the ancient legal literature, "fairness" has also found a legal concept along with its moral meaning, but not long ago, due to its inclusion in some legal texts, it gave rise to the idea that it is a legal rule. This idea is true in the English legal system because the rule-based approach to it is presented both in the structure of the legal system there and in the judicial precedent and some legally approved rules of this legal system are fixed and clear. However, such a view of "fairness" in Iranian law is not certain, despite the consideration of it in some legal regulations. Because not only the judicial precedent does not express this view, but also there is no unanimity of opinion in the legal doctrine. Such a view of "fairness" in English law is rooted in the ideas of the legal philosophy of ancient Rome, which can inspire other legal systems to accept the discussed subject as a legal rule. In Iranian law, in addition to its official sources, such as Imamiya jurisprudence, foreign adapted laws and some legal texts, fairness has a strong support from its historical texts in the process of proceedings which can identify necessary elements for recognition of this moral concept as the legal rule by looking deeply at the mentioned sources. The basics of such a view in the mentioned sources, the specification of the need to implement fairness in scattered legal texts, its customary acceptance, along with the logic of law, are explored as the most important points in this research.

The increasing growth and transformation of crimes that can be committed in cyberspace and the spread of negative and harmful consequences resulting from them cause physical, psychological, social, moral and economic harm to children and teenagers. Therefore, in addition to the substantive and procedural laws and regulations that have been established to protect all victims, it is necessary to stablish special laws by considering the special conditions of children and teenagers victims to support them. The purpose of this article is to investigate the innovations of legal materials and the possibility of their extension to the field of victimization of children in the cyberspace as well as discovering the shortcomings and offering suggestions in this field.

The present research has been done using descriptive-analytical method and library resources.

Although the legislator of Iran, under the influence of the criminological teachings of children and teenagers and the awareness of their special conditions, support them with the "Law on the Protection of Children and Teenagers", provided protections such as explaining the dangerous situation of a child or teenager, establishing a children and teenagers protection office and imposing duties for institutions such as Welfare Organization, police force, Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Health and Medical Education and benefit from welfare social worker, but their special support in cyberspace has been neglected.

The criminal system needs to take measures in order to protect children against threats caused by cyberspace in two levels of preventing harm against children and teenagers and support them after being victimized.

Since past time, societies have been encountered with such damages as diseases, poverty and death. Hence, it is for centuries that many states have attempted to reduce such damages via policymaking in order to realize citizens’ welfare rights. Social consequences of such initiatives are manifested in promoting citizens’ life quality level. Therefore, in the modern era, the social policies of the governments have been followed with different approaches from the past and have been influenced by the surrounding conditions of the societies.

Research methodology in present paper is based on cause-and-effect analysis of data and data collection technique is based on library and documents studying in order to respond raised hypothesis in the paper.

Ethical Considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Present paper findings suggest that today states have looked at human’s welfare rights through a new approach and have attempted to cover damages from people’s incapability such as unemployment, disability and senescence through wisdom of the crowd and utilizing social initiatives and policymaking in macro levels since such damages would yield to reduction in incomes and consequently, mitigation in welfare level and losing human dignity.

The focal point of efforts can be seen in theories resulted from establishing welfare state that could improve citizens’ welfare and life qualities through supportive policies and extending human security indicators in food supply, healthcare services and training and have enhanced life expectancy via a human development approach. Despite of this, states impacted by globalization, have pursued a postwelfare approach on social policymaking based on a minimum attitude toward supporting citizens’ welfare rights.

Medical privacy and maintaining patient confidentiality is a must which is rooted in absolute moral and customary principles, and is the cornerstone of the trust between the physician and the patient. Therefore, it is supported by laws and considered as one of the prominent aspects of medical law. Violation of patient confidentiality will lead to legal prosecution. This descriptive study was carried out with the aim of investigating the nature and the dimensions of disclosing patients&#039; confidential information in the context of medical law, and explaining the exceptions and the related decrees with a critical approach to the current legal system. The findings showed that the primary rules governing medical relations is the necessity of maintaining patient confidentiality, and commission of crime and criminal responsibility in case of disclosing patients’ confidential information. However, in accordance with public peace and social interests, certain exceptions have been made by the current laws and customs (emergency cases) as the justifiable factors of crime against this rule, which have made the reporting confidential and medical information as a legal obligation for the physician. It seems that by relying on the criterion of "adequate support" instead of focusing on "maximum support" in regard with maintaining patients&#039; confidential information, it is necessary to stipulate the law on the exceptional cases of disclosing patients&#039; confidential information and update the existing laws with regard to the emerging issues and illnesses. In addition, more attention should be paid to clarifying confusion and ambiguity, and creating legal transparency and coherence.

In the modern era, the components of cultural identity-making underwent changes and transformations. It seems that in this social and cultural mess, women were more influenced by new cultural and social values than men and they had an identity crisis. The novel “Wandering Island” and its second volume “The Wandering Camel-Rider” describes the complex political-social-cultural situation of the country in the inflamed years before the Islamic Revolution and the early years after that until the beginning of the war, from a woman's perspective which is associated with Women's identity crisis. The present study has been compiled in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library sources and tries to reveal the process of self-knowledge and identity crisis of women with a modern approach and analysis of historical-political-social-cultural conditions in two novels by Simin Daneshvar. to answer the question: What effect has the socio-political situation in Iran, along with the arrival of modern components, had on the crisis of women's identity and their bewilderment? Studies show that the crisis of women's identity in these novels, leads to nobility and deprivation, confrontation between tradition and modernity, Westernization and Westernism, the influence of modern schools of thought, confrontation of religious beliefs and feminist views.

The concept of consent and the theory of innocence are considered as new attitudes and important approaches in medical law, and studying them, as one of the fundamental conditions of medical liability, is of particular importance. Consent to treatment implies that every sane and mature person is entitled to make decisions around the treatment or the treatment method which has been recommended or is necessary for him/her. On this basis, the legislator has explicitly referred to obtaining the consent of the patient or his/her legal representatives in surgical and medical operations, and has considered the presence of such consent and innocence as a must in all surgical and medical procedures, except in necessary and urgent cases. However, given that in the legal system of Iran, following Imami jurisprudence, the pre-operation innocence institution in surgical and medical operations has been taken into consideration by the legislator and is the theoretical basis of medical liability, obtaining the patient’s consent, the legitimacy of medical operations, and observing technical and scientific standards and governmental systems are not necessarily considered as the physician’s disclaimer or among the causes of medical malpractice. The physician will be liable to compensate any life or financial losses caused to patients unless he/she has been acquitted of responsibility by the patient or his/her parents before beginning the treatment, and provided that he/she has not committed any faults. Therefore, the analysis of the concept of consent and the theory of innocence in medical law is the issue which has been discussed and analyzed in detail in the present article.

Educational assessment is done at the beginning of entering the school to determine the status and identify the educational needs and adapt the education courses in the normal or exceptional schools to the child's conditions. This program needs proper implementation to achieve its goals in the education system. The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the problems and challenges in the process of educational assessment of children with learning disorders and those with autism, taking into account the requirements of the right to education.

This research was carried out by using field investigations and recording evidence from the examination of a case sample in the process of educational evaluation, as well as using library documents and internet resources.

Factors such as insufficient information, crowding of referrals, short assessment time, delay in processing, separation of the child from parents, lack of counseling and adequate explanation, lack of right to protest the assessment result, and inattention to the infrastructure and educational facilities in the region as a result of the assessment, are challenges in the educational assessment process which in relation to children with learning disorders (especially children with mild disorders and borderline intellectual functioning,, whose condition diagnosis and appropriate training course is more sensitive), can directly or indirectly affect the quality of fulfilling the right to education.

The problems in the educational assessment process can lead to the possibility of making incorrect decisions that are not in accordance with the existing conditions and facilities for children with learning disorders and children with autism. Considering the dimensions and requirements of children's right to education in domestic and international documents and the importance of receiving high-quality and effective education and protecting the child's interests, it seems necessary to eliminate the defects and improve the quality of the students' assessment upon entering the school.

United Nations Children's Rights, according to Article 24, it has recognized the right of children to have health and health care services and has emphasized the right to sustainable development in order to realize health and health care.Although progress and development in the goals of the 2030 Agenda, this area covers children, but it is not clear that it can have a sustainable development with the spread of diseases! Despite the importance of this issue, little work has been done at the national and international level regarding the issue of children's health in the spread of infectious diseases such as Corona (Covid-19). . Therefore, this research examines children's right to health with emphasis on the right to sustainable development in the spread of infectious diseases from the perspective of international law.

This research has been compiled using library sources and descriptive analytical research method.

Ethical Considerations:

 The present research has been written with respect to ethical principles, trustworthiness and honesty.

Introduction to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), introduced development as one of the comprehensive concepts in terms of social growth and improvement of living conditions and freedom. According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 24 alone is not enough to realize the right to health and it has been supplemented to a significant extent by other provisions of the Convention. On the other hand, the Children's Rights Committee has emphasized the unbreakable connection between broad, fair and sustainable development in the realization of children's rights by providing equal opportunities in access to basic resources, including health and a healthy and safe environment for children.

Since the sustainable development goals are an important milestone in the commitments of the international community in achieving the goals of human rights in the right to health, but the traditional patterns of economic development and growth are not enough by themselves. Therefore, international cooperation is necessary to reduce or remove obstacles to development and create an international document in order to establish and implement the standards of the right to development in children's health.

Children without identity need special attention due to their physical and mental vulnerability and dependence on others for enjoying their rights. In this study, health rights of undocumented children living in Iran have been investigated.

The data of this qualitative study was collected by literature review that included books, articles, legal documents and national and international reports related to the right of children without identity in 2023. The documents were in Persian and English languages. The text of the selected documents was coded and analyzed and used in writing the paper.

Ethical Considerations:

 In all stages of the study, authenticity, honesty and trustworthiness have been taken into consideration.

Even though, there are laws supporting children without identity, access of these children to health services is not enough. These children usually belong to families of low economic and social status who cannot afford medical and insurance costs. Because of not having identity documents, they are not covered by public support. Living in unsafe and unhealthy settlements, working at a young age in unauthorized workplaces and on the street, being orphaned or living with abusive parents and feeling isolated and rejected from society are examples of the threats to the health of these children.

The access of children without identity to health services is a challenge. The situation of the right to health and health of these children needs to be carefully examined. Identifying these children and granting them identification documents, not necessarily Iranian nationality, can be the basis for support programs to improve the living conditions and health of these children and promote national security.

Some of food producers use legal or illegal drugs and growth stimulants in order to gain more profit because of increasing production efficiency. Considering the variety of drugs and growth of stimulants used by the manufacturers and the extent of these crimes’ effects as much as the society’s people and even its impact on the future generation of the society of one hand, and with the aim of protecting the citizens of the other hand, it is necessary to gain an effective criminal policy in preventing such crimes via identify the MRL (maximum amount of remaining pharmaceutical substances in proteins) and criminalization of its violation in domestic laws, while implementing criminal justice.

In this article, while defining MRL and its effect on food consumers as well as examining the way these crimes are committed and their potential in current laws, the need to identify MRL and criminalize it in Iran law system is investigated with a descriptive and analytical method.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

At the national level, due to lack of a precise definition of MRL and identification of the drug residue and growth stimulants level in food as well as presence of a legal gap in relation to these crimes, the legislator should protect the citizens and the future generation by defining the MRL and criminalizing its violation.

It can be concluded that at the level of domestic laws, despite the potential in the food and drink law, it is practically not possible to deal with the crimes related to presence of pharmaceutical residues in food due to lack of MRL recognition and its standard level.

Psychological pressure in committing criminal acts and in punitive reactions towards delinquent children and teenagers, who themselves are silent victims of unstable living conditions, poses a significant challenge that requires deep reflection and urgency in addressing it, given the current social situation. This matter needs a novel interdisciplinary study, which this article aims to do, to achieve equal and vast judicial justice.

This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach and gathers data through library research, relying on the opinions of relevant experts and scholars. The results are presented in the form of diagrams. Therefore, this research has been conducted using a combined method, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative (Likert scale) research foundations.

Ethical Considerations:

 Throughout the process of writing this research, ethical considerations of library research, including authenticity, text integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness, have been observed.

One of the most significant findings of this study is presenting the "fundamental role of psychological pressure factors in most delinquent actions of children and teenagers, who violate criminal laws". This was achieved through a systematic analysis of the factors that contribute to psychological pressure, the analysis of reactions, and the explanation of coping strategies using qualitative research. According to 82% of legal experts and specialists, "psychological pressure on children and teenagers has a more significant impact on their involvement in criminal activities than their bad upbringing".

The need to consider the extensive dimensions of psychological pressure on children and teenagers, who violate criminal laws, in the commission of criminal acts, demands the adoption of preventive measures that are appropriate to the current time and place in Iran’s criminal policy. Furthermore, the aspect of psychological pressure in certain legal punitive reactions towards children and teenagers, who violate criminal laws, and the inadequacy of their correction and upbringing within the framework of Islamic educational principles and international documents, in some cases show a significant distance between the current situation and the desired state.

Despite obvious differences between transsexuals and other social minorities, they are face fundamental human rights violation from birth. Neglect or misbehavior of the parents in the family as the first and most important center of society-, is a headline for the incorrect continuation of this practice in schools, workplaces and social activities of transsexual children. In most societies, transsexuals are considered to be homosexuals or transvestites from birth, but the reality is that transsexuals are neither homosexual nor transvestite; the difference is in the gender identity of these patients. Due to the lack of public understanding of this distinction in the societies and despite the support provided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which explicitly includes transsexual children, these patients always suffer from widespread violations of their fundamental human rights within the family, school, and other social institutions. One of the most effective tools of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (as a Supervisory body of the Convention on the Rights of the Child) to protect the rights of transsexual children is the legal authority to General comments of the provisions of the Convention, which plays an important role in guiding member States to reform the cultural, social and economic structures and approaches of societies.