محمود فیروزی

The ratification of the unauthorized contract is subject to the owner's will, and the will is the inclination and desire to perform. Understandability is a characteristic of will. Thus, for a will to have legal effects, it needs to be expressed. The same applies to the owner's will to ratify or reject the unauthorized contract, which the civil code has also emphasized and considered positive behavior and action necessary for its ratification or rejection. However, in many cases, we are faced with the owner's silence or omission. Silence can be considered an expression of will not only when accompanied by evidence and clues, but also in the absence of any evidence or clues, and its recognition requires the drawing of criteria. In this article, by analyzing and interpreting texts and content, examining library sources, and looking at objective problems, we support this idea that the owner's mere silence or omission, knowing the conclusion of the contract, and having the opportunity and time to express his opinion about the contract, even if there is no evidence accompanying his silence, can indicate the owner's will to ratify the contract.

The plot is one of the most important elements of the story. In a story, components such as character and accidents are linked to each other and they have cause and effect relationships that are  based on a well-arranged plot. The story of the Ferdowsi Shahnameh eleven-face battle, despite the use of storytelling techniques and the ways in particular that have been less concerned by  students in this field  justified the need for more recent research.  This study, while quoting from the story of Ferdowsi's Eleventh Faces, seeks to investigate the main factors in the causal chain of events in this story, as well as the plot on which the story of the Eleventh Faces is based. In this regard, by using descriptive and analytical methods and using relative post-cognitive library data, one of the most important causes of events in the Eleven-Story Faces story or pattern of the story are the two aspects of Persian classical pattern and the model of novice literature are examined. The results of this study show that in the storytelling structure of the Eleventh-Faces of Fatehism and Cynicism, the two main causes of this story's events are from the classical Persian literary model and from the modern fictional literary model. The plot plays an important role in the colorful structure of this story.