محمود هوشیار

Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income in many countries. Tourism development, in addition to paying attention to the infrastructure of the industry, requires comprehensive planning of understandable encouragement factors by tourists. Biophilic urban planning, which has been implemented in the 1990s, is a comprehensive approach to many factors of practical solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to model the planning and biofilic approach to tourism in Mahabad.

  The present study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the biofilic tourism. Research data was collected in a library as well as in the field through the questionnaire. Coronbach's alpha coefficient has been used using content validity and also has an acceptable coefficient of 0.77.

 The results of the study indicate that both the research hypotheses were confirmed and the Biofilic Indicators in Mahabad have been affected by emotional image, perceptual image, oral advertising, and intention to visit tourists, and the most influential of the mouth -to -mouth advertising factor The least impact was related to the intention to visit tourists. Also, according to the research experts, the first biophyllic city index needed for the study area is to increase parks in the urban hierarchy.

Urbanization is a socio-spatial process that is directly related to the expansion of urban areas and the growth of urban population. Developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom have already completed their urbanization processes. The urban spatial structure has a significant effect on the sustainable development of cities. One of the important stages of urban spatial structure analysis is the identification of urban centers.

 This research is of applied type and was done in Tabriz city in 1402. The data collection method is library and document. The investigated indicators included educational centers, banks, health centers, offices, sports venues, commercial centers, green spaces, tourist places, religious places, military places and parking lots in Tabriz city. After preparing the urban blocks and the desired data, the prepared information was added to all the urban blocks of Tabriz in ArcGIS software. Then, based on expert opinions, the appropriate range of distances from the desired facilities was determined using a 5-point Likert scale. In this research, the network analysis method was used to identify the central cores of the city.

According to the results of network analysis, the city had two big central cores in the city center and 2 sub-cores around the city. The final result was that the city of Tabriz was forming the next nuclei and becoming a multi-nuclear city.

Tourism is a phenomenon that takes various forms with an intertwined and hidden mechanism at different times and places, and therefore has completely different effects on human societies. One of the most important ways to expand the tourism industry in a region is to know and study its climate in different months of the year and the climatic conditions of the destination is one of the most important information needed by tourists to travel and use the indicators. Different climates in different geographical areas can help to plan tourism in that area so that tourist attractions can be better used for leisure. Therefore, in this study, the climatic conditions of Piranshahr city using climatic data for a period of 30 years (1989-2018) and the use of tourism climate index (TCI) and holiday climate index (HCI) in different months of the year to determining the desired months in terms of tourism was evaluated. The results showed that both indicators are almost the same in terms of points in winter and the lowest scores of both indexes are related to this season. At the end of spring and summer, the difference between TCI and HCI index becomes apparent, so that in contrast to TCI index, the highest HCI score is observed in summer. This is due to the high values of temperature scoring in this index. In summer, they are almost similar in terms of showing the tourism situation, and the only difference is in the amount of points. In the middle and late season, autumn is almost the same situation. In general, the comparison of the two indexes showed that the TCI index a wide range of climatic conditions in terms of tourism during the year. While the HCI index shows less variability and volatility. Therefore, TCI index has a better performance than HCI index for Piranshahr climate. In general, according to the results, it was determined that the months of May, June, September and October have the most favorable climatic conditions for tourism in the city of Piranshahr.

Presence in social environments and participation of citizens in cities is one of the main factors of achieving social growth in cities and ultimately achieving sustainable urban development. Today, policy makers and city managers consider attracting the maximum participation of people as one of the strategies of good urban management. Despite all the efforts made in Iran, until now the process of participation as a public culture has not had a proper place in the thoughts and actions of citizens. Considering the importance and role of participation in urban development in this research with the aim of investigating the relationship between the two mentioned indicators, in order to explain and evaluate the two indicators of participation and urban development from the perspective of citizens in Baneh city and to investigate the relationship between participation and physical, socio-cultural development And it has been economical. Descriptive-analytical research method using field observation tool and citizens' opinion questionnaire has been collected and researched in spss software environment with various descriptive and inferential tests including Pearson's correlation test. Inaccurate results have shown that citizens' assessment of the two indicators of participation and urban development is not at an acceptable level. Also, the correlation results of the two mentioned indicators showed that there is a significant relationship at the 95% level between the two indicators of public participation and urban development in all sub-indices related to development in Baneh city.

Methods and Material

 This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of type. The statistical population of the research includes the residents of Baneh city with a population of about 120 thousand people, and by entering this number in the Cochran formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size and the questionnaire was distributed among them. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, from the interview and asking the opinions of supervisors, advisors and experts on the plans of the study area and similar to the subject under study and applying their possible amendments were used. Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.741 and it can be concluded that the research questionnaire has good reliability. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software.

The number of respondents is male (50.8) and female (48.2) and there are 0 (0) unanswered. Therefore, the number of male respondents is more than female respondents. The average of 33.47 indicates that the respondents are middle-aged. The youngest respondent was 18 and the oldest respondent was 80 years old. In order to investigate the state of public participation at the level of the citizens of Baneh city, in this part of the research, by examining previous research and the opinions of experts and Dear professors, 16 items were designed as suitable items to evaluate the people's participation in Baneh city in the form of a questionnaire and provided to the sample size of the research. be And it does not have an acceptable status. In order to investigate urban development and its different dimensions, three main dimensions of urban development including physical, socio-cultural and economic dimensions have been investigated. In order to examine each of the development indicators in more detail, items for the aforementioned indicators were observed according to the review of previous sources and the opinions of experts that the evaluation of the citizens of the level of development in the investigated indicators is not at an acceptable level. Be The average satisfaction and evaluation of the residents of Baneh city on various indicators of urban development is at a very low level. So that the average physical development index is 1.6, the average socio-cultural development index is 1.9, and the average economic development index is 1.4, which is lower than the average level of citizen satisfaction. The results of the Pearson correlation test show that there is a significant correlation between the two research indicators and it can be said that the relationship between public participation and urban development in different physical, socio-cultural and economic dimensions is significant at the 95% level.

With the aim of investigating the state of public participation at the level of the citizens of Baneh city, after reviewing previous research and the opinions of respected experts and professors, 16 items were selected as suitable items to evaluate public participation in Baneh city in the form of a questionnaire designed and available in the volume The research sample was selected, and the results showed that the state of public participation is moderate to low in terms of citizens. And it does not have an acceptable status. Also, in order to investigate the various dimensions of urban development in Baneh, the main indicators of urban development including three physical, socio-cultural and economic indicators and 16 related sub-indices have been provided in the form of a questionnaire to the sample size of research at the level of the citizens of Baneh city. The results of citizens' assessment of the level of development in each of the development indicators are presented in the following tables. As can be seen in the results, the citizens' assessment of the level of development in the investigated indicators is not at an acceptable level. Pearson's correlation test has been used in order to investigate the relationship of the participation index and its effects in the urban development of Baneh. The results of the Pearson correlation test show that there is a significant correlation between the two research indicators and it can be said that the relationship between public participation and urban development in different physical, socio-cultural and economic dimensions is significant at the 95% level.

Therefore, in this study, the conditions of human comfort in Saghez city were evaluated using various bioclimatic indices such as Mahani, Terjong, Becker and psychometric diagrams. For this purpose, atmospheric elements of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine on a monthly scale during the 40-year statistical period (1979-2018) of Saghez meteorological station were used to achieve reasonable results. In the night condition, the conditions are more acute, so that except for the nights of July and August, when the conditions are comfortable, in other months of the year, low temperatures and cold weather have caused thermal dissatisfaction. According to the Terjong index, during the day only the months of April and October are in a pleasant condition, and the rest of the months of the year are in a warm to cool condition, and none of the months of the year are in a pleasant condition during the night. According to the psychrometric diagram, the highest comfort hours in the study area are related to October and May. Also, the lowest level of thermal comfort is related to the months of winter and summer. In general, in Saghez city, 7.3% of the months of the year (636 hours) are in the comfort zone and 92.7% of the months are not in the comfort zone. In general, the results of the study and comparison of different indicators show that in the study area, favorable and unpleasant bioclimatic conditions prevail, so that in summer and winter, hot and very cold bioclimatic conditions and unpleasant conditions prevail, respectively. In general, the months of May, October and to some extent April, June and September can be introduced as the most suitable months in terms of bioclimatic comfort in Saghez city based on the studied indicators.

Today,tourism activities are considered as the fourth part of human activities after agriculture,industry and services, so that it is called"invisible exports".Tourism is a valuable and balancing activity that causes economic and social development at the regional level and brings fair distribution of income as well as job creation.In this regard,the current research is considered as a series of applied researches,the results of which can greatly help managerial decisions and.Therefore,based on this goal,the tourism hub ofSardashtCity has been selected as one of the tourism hubs ofWestAzarbaijan province,which has exemplary tourism areas.The research method is descriptive-analytical.The statistical population included specialists and experts in the field of tourism planning and development,and40people were selected as a sample based on the purposeful sampling method.The research measurement tool included another questionnaire to identify strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats as a result of presenting strategies.The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of the reviewers,and theCronbach's alpha method was used to confirm the reliability of the research instruments.SWOTandQSPM methods were used for data analysis.that the results of the analysis using theSWOTanalytical model,the findings of the research indicate that the high potential ofSardashtCity's exemplary tourism areas and the location of these areas NextTo pristine attractions can act as a driving force for economic and sustainable development based on land use in the region and are in line with better planning for this sector in order to realize the proposed strategies should include various measures such as developing and equipping communication infrastructure(transportation,internet, telecommunication,etc.)increasing the public culture of thePeople to welcome tourists,providing services suitable(welfare, health services,and tourist complexes)government support for the residents of villages for the development of tourism and the creation of tourist-friendly houses,and in line with education and empowerment,actions such as laying the groundwork for the entry of science and technology parks and universities to be payed...

In recent years, with the increase in population, industrial development, illegal harvesting, increase in cultivated areas and drought, the use of underground water resources has multiplied. With the continuation of this practice, the level of underground water has decreased day by day. Therefore, the identification of underground water resources, its optimal use and management means sustainable and permanent harvesting of these precious resources. The method of weighted overlap analysis using multi-criteria decision-making techniques (MCDM), fuzzy hierarchical analytical process (FAHP) along with geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing knowledge in this study to find the potential of underground water resources in Saghez city watershed was used. In order to implement, the data of 740 wells and 14 geological, meteorological, topographical, hydrological and environmental parameters were prepared and processed in the GIS platform to produce a potential map of underground water resources. By using the system performance curve (ROC) to verify the potential map of underground water resources estimated by analyzing the distribution of existing open wells, the value of AUC = 83.7% shows that the model has successfully predicted groundwater. Statistical analysis showed that 8.74% and 18.48% of the total area are under very good and good potential, 31.48% and 34.25% are in the medium and poor potential area, respectively, and 7.05% are in the area with very poor potential. The findings will help policy makers and managers in planning and sustainable management of groundwater resources.Indiscriminate exploitation of underground water resources is increasing, so the quantitative and qualitative decline of these resources is considered as one of the important indicators of land degradation and is one of the effective and useful solutions for the implementation of various watershed management projects.

Floods are among inevitable hazards but its frequencies and volumes can be varied due to climate change. A comprehensive analysis of synoptic status can be useful for predicting similar events in the future. It is therefore very important for a good environmental management. Flash flood of July 2015 in Saghez was a catastrophe and did severe damage. In order to analyze the catastrophic precipitation, sea level pressure, 300 hPa, 500 hPa, 700 hPa, 850 hPa maps along with Omega, perceptible water map and humidity maps were investigated and analyzed, starting two days before the rainfall until the end of rainfall and even a day after. Results show that immigrant European high-pressure system along with Arabian low-pressure tongue have caused intense rainfall during the day. Mediterranean Sea, black sea and red sea have been effective in enhancing the system too. A day before the rainfall, at surface level, a high-pressure European system from the North West and the low-pressure tongue from the south west were approaching the country and the combination of these two systems have caused intense rainfall on the region. Ag the higher level, trough axis was over Turkey, Iraq and Persian Gulf. Short waves displacements along with change in axis positioning eastward caused pressure centers in the surface level to get closer. At this time, all the western part was located under the eastern axis short wave trough, causing intensifying instabilities along with uplifting humid weather and finally a catastrophic intense rainfall on Saghez and its surroundings on July 18 2015. It is important to pay attention to comprehensive watershed management as one of the major strategies for adaptation and resilience in flood-prone areas.

Wetland ecotourism is one of the main branches of the tourism industry that can play an important role in revitalizing villages, creating jobs and increasing income for villagers, protecting natural, historical and cultural heritage. Accordingly, the present study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 to identify the components affecting the local communities’ participation to develop the ecotourism in International Kani Barazan Wetland of Mahabad. The statistical population was the local communities of the villages around Kani Barazan wetland in Mahabad. They were 130 people that 97 of them were selected randomly with probability proportionate using the table of Krejcie and Morgan. The required data were collected via questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was used to determine its reliability. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha value for each section of the questionnaire was higher than 7.7. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed in both descriptive and inferential sections. In the descriptive section, the demographic characteristics of the studied individuals such as age, gender, education, etc. were studied. In the analytical section, mean comparison methods, t-test and multiple regression analysis were used. Based on the obtained results there was a significant difference (0.1) between men and women in terms of participation in tourism activities. Also, Findings from multiple regression analysis showed that variables such as local norms and culture, access to capital and efficient management, the most important components affecting the participation of local communities in the tourism industry development in international Kani Barazan wetland. Therefore, in formulating comprehensive plans for wetland management, such as the comprehensive tourism plan, these components should always have a special priority.

Early heat waves are extreme events that cause heavy losses in plant and animal life and cause many social and economic problems for communities. The purpose of this study was to identify synoptic patterns and statistical analysis of preterm heat waves in northwestern Iran. To do this, the maximum daily temperature data of March 14th was used for fourteen synoptic stations in the northwest of the country during the statistical period (1333-1393) Hijri Shamsi. Then, on the basis of the threshold, the Baldy index was selected for 61 days of heat wave. All statistical characteristics of the data were processed in SPSS software. They were The elevation data of the middle atmosphere of the atmosphere was extracted from a NCEP / NCAR database on a network with an arc 2/5 × 2/5 degree on the 0 to 70 degree eastern longitude and 0 to 60 degrees north latitude. The matrix was made up of 864 columns in 40 rows, with rows of days with thermal waves and elevation data on the columns on the middle of the atmosphere. The analysis of the basic components was performed on the algebraic data matrix matrix And 12 components that account for about 93 of the variations in pressure levels above 500 hp, were identified. To identify the coherent patterns, cluster analysis was performed on the scores of the components by the WARD integration method. Five types of pre-heat generation waveform patterns were identified. The results of this study showed that the premature heat waves in the northwest of Iran are due to high altitude formation in southern Arabia, the Aden valley and the center of Sudan at a level of 500 hpa and the formation of Sudan's low pressure in the sea level and the discharge of its tabs to the north and northeast of the region The case study (Northwest of Iran) also includes events occurring.

With the seriousness of the climate change debate in the world, the study of parameters and elements of the climate has been widely considered. With changes in climate patterns and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, other components such as runoff and soil moisture, which are important for natural and human systems, will undergo metamorphosis. Therefore, long-term prediction of climatic variables has been considered by many scientific communities worldwide in order to know about their changes and considering the necessary measures to moderate the adverse effects of climate change. The phenomenon of climate change is of increasing importance due to its scientific and practical dimensions, since human systems dependent on climatic elements such as agriculture, industry and the like are designed and operated on the basis of the stability and stability of the climate. Accordingly, general circulation models (GCMs) have been developed. Although these models represent significant results on the atmospheric and continental spatial scales, they combine a large part of the complexity of the planet's system, but they are inherently unable to control the dynamics and forms with a fine grid Local scalability. Therefore, an assessment of the effect of climate change on a local scale requires an interim and spatial gap between large-scale climatic variables and meteorological variables with local scale, in which case the main approach is the same downscaling models. The SDSM model is one of the most widely used statistical microscopic instruments, which has many uses in meteorological, hydrological, geographic and environmental studies. Because in this method, large-scale daily circulation patterns are used on a stationary scale; and when used for the rapid and cost-effective estimation of climate change, and for randomized meteorological generators and modified functions, have given acceptable results. Given that global models have generally simulated climatic elements until the year 2100, it is possible to use global model data to simulate the desired variables such as precipitation and temperature on a station scale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has used its latest assessment report (AR5) on new scenarios for the RCP as representatives of different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The new emission scenarios have four key paths RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5, which are named after their radiation in 2100, Future Perspective. The variation of the maximum temperatures of the synoptic station of Urmia during the period (2021-2050) of the CanESM2 global model has been used under three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.

Organizational commitment subject has been attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. In health care organizations, increasing of commitment and responsibility in human resources is very important, because customers of health organizations are human resources of other organizations. The present study was done to determine the effect of instruction of reducing work hours on organizational commitment of intensive care nurses.

In this semi experimental study, all nurses working in intensive care units were samples. Data collection was done by Allen and Meyer`s organizational commitment questionnaires before the implementation of instruction of reducing work hours and six month after it. Data was analyzed by statistical SPSS 16 software in significance level of P<0.05.

65 intensive care nurses participated in the study. The majority of nurses were female (92.3%) and married (70.8%). The mean age of samples in this study was 32.8±7.5 years and mean work history of them was 8.3±7.4 years. The mean total score of organizational commitment before the intervention was 95.2±20.9 and after it was 113.5±16.6 and the changes in the mean total score of organizational commitment and its dimensions before and after the intervention showed a statistically significant difference through increment (P<0.0001).

Results of present study showed increment of organizational commitment level by significant difference in organizational commitment score and its dimensions after the implementation of intervention. Considering the critical shortage of nurses in 57 countries and importance of retention of nurses especially in intensive units, nurse managers can achieve this by providing the satisfaction of the income and benefits and good working conditions and supporting and encouraging employees by increasing job satisfaction and organizational commitment and its dimensions.