مراد عباسی

Driving violations are the cause of many fatal, financial, and psychological accidents. So, Effective punishment can be effective in reducing violations. This study aimed to identify punitive measures taken by drivers to deter driving violations.
The approach of this qualitative research was exploratory in terms of type and content analysis in terms of method, which was analyzed using the three-stage Colaizzi coding method using MAXQDA-2020 software. The participating community included all elites, experienced traffic commanders, selected psychology professors, selected law professors, lawyers, sociologists, and education experts in Iran, from whom 19 people were identified and interviewed in writing until theoretical saturation was reached. In this study, a semi-structured written interview form was used in the form of 82 multiple-choice questions and 10 open-ended questions.
The analysis revealed that deterrent punishments for violations encompassed comprehensive and organizing themes, including: educational-explanatory measures: obligation to correct (3 basic themes) and referral (4 basic themes), financial-economic measures: payment (2 basic themes), probation (2 basic themes) and increasing the cost (4 basic themes), media-advertising measures: limited (2 basic themes) and general (4 basic themes), reactive-feedback measures: monitoring (5 basic themes), negative-punitive (4 basic themes) and limiting (5 basic themes).
Intelligent Automation and urgency of feedback were the most central inferences extracted from the themes of punitive measures to deter driving violations.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of organizational culture on the prevention of disciplinary violations of police officers. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, quantitative in terms of approach, and descriptive-survey in terms of method. In this regard, the statistical population in this research was made up of 4150 police officers of Kurdistan province, the sample size was determined based on Morgan's table of 351 people, and the data were collected using a questionnaire and the field method; The validity of the tool was confirmed formally and based on content and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha of 0.805. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test was used in SPSS23 software. The findings showed that different dimensions of organizational culture, including the culture of involvement in work, the culture of stability, the culture of adaptability, and the culture of mission, have a significant effect on the prevention of individual and organizational disciplinary violations of employees; In addition, the average effect of the culture of participation shows a higher average among the variables. Therefore, the higher the level of organizational culture in the organization, the more disciplined and committed employees will be.

The Islamic Republic of Iran's police force is one of the most important organizations in the country, which before carrying out its inherent and legal duties, must be able to maintain order and discipline in the entire body of the organization in order to prevent and reduce disciplinary violations that are the basis and The basis of the occurrence of crimes in the organization will be a useful and effective organization in establishing social order. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting disciplinary violations among employees of Payor Fara.

Thematic analysis was used in this research. The statistical population was the employees of Payor Faraja, and 14 of them were selected as a statistical sample using a targeted approach and theoretical saturation criteria. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, which was used to determine its reliability and validity using the four criteria of credibility, transferability, verifiability and reliability. The data was also analyzed in the form of thematic analysis.

According to the obtained results, the most common violations are absenteeism, laxity and negligence in performing duties, not being on time at the place of service, not following the rules and regulations, and not feeling responsible in the service, and also in the order of significant relationship. between organizational (managerial and non-managerial),with the amount There have been widespread disciplinary violations among Payor Faraja employees.

In all societies, crimes and lack of organizational discipline are closely related, and from the point of view of management science experts, one of the most important issues in the improper design of the management process of organizations is lack of sufficient discipline.

Today, the lack of organization of the quasi-legal procedures of smuggling through backpacking and shipping has faced the country's economy and the criminal justice system with a challenge. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of organizing the quasi-legal procedures of smuggling through backpacking and shipping in order to prevent the smuggling of goods.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of the nature and method of data collection it is qualitative and exploratory. Data collection was done using a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The participants included judicial and law enforcement experts who were purposefully selected from among them and after the interview, the data reached theoretical saturation in the 12th person, which was used to verify the components in three stages of the Delphi technique. Also, data analysis was done by content analysis and theme analysis. External control and review strategy was used to validate the data.

According to the findings of the research, 19 indicators in the form of the component "developing the process and how to backpacking and shipping";12 indicators in the form of the "characteristics of border areas" component; and 13 indicators were identified in the form of "characteristics of backpackers and backpackers" and 11 indicators were identified in the form of "characteristics of backpackers and shippers".

In order to prevent the illegal smuggling of goods and the stability of border security, it is inevitable to organize the quasi-legal procedures of backpacking and shipping. In this regard, it is necessary for the government board to approve a regulation in relation to "backpackers and shippers", "border areas", "backpacking goods and shipping goods" and "backpacking and shipping process" in the form of "organizing the quasi-legal procedures of backpacking and shipping", so that in the future, the phenomenon of backpacking and shipping does not pose a challenge to the country's economy

A white marriage is a marriage in which a man and a woman live together informally and without a religious contract. This phenomenon is a style and way of life that has been growing in recent years in Iran. The current research is an applied research that was carried out using library sources and documents in a qualitative way (content analysis). According to the results of this research, in addition to the criminal consequences and committing numerous crimes, white marriage has various legal consequences, especially in the field of inheritance, dowry, alimony, etc. Some of these behaviors have already been foreseen by the legislator in the form of legal rules. But in order to properly respond to this new phenomenon, it is necessary to adopt a differential criminal policy in relation to white marriage in the form of criminalization and response. In terms of criminalization, illicit relationship and adultery, failure to register marriage, abandonment of alimony, illegal abortion, etc. need to be reviewed and re-regulated and In the response section, active (non-coercive) measures are needed in the form of social prevention and reactive (coercive) measures in the form of correction, discipline and punishment of the perpetrator. Otherwise, the tendency of young people towards this style of marriage and its consequences will seriously confront the family institution with new and fundamental challenges, which will also affect the future of the country's population.

In order to protect Iranian users in cyberspace, in recent years, some social networks such as Facebook and Telegram have been filtered by the relevant authorities of our country. But still some users use filtered networks in different ways and using tools such as VPNs. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of social network filtering policies on the general sense of security of users.

The present research was conducted in a quasi-experimental way. The method of data collection was field study and the tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research was 402,453 citizens aged 18 to 65 living in the 22nd district of Tehran in 2015, and 384 people were selected for the sample size based on Cochran's formula.

The use of tools such as VPN and the use of unethical sites and undesirable content in cyberspace can affect the sense of identity, collective, cultural and intellectual security of users.

The results showed that the policy of filtering social networks has not only led to an increase in the public security of users who have not used VPN, but to some extent, it has also provided a sense of public security in some of the users who have used VPN.

plurality of crime is a special situation in which a person has committed several crimes before a final conviction, and Lawyers have expressed different views on the rules of plurality of crime. the regulation of criminal institutions cannot be independent of the goals of the criminal response. The present article is a descriptive-analytical study using documentary sources. This study answers the question of how the plurality of crime is affected by the goals of ta'zir and creates a new rule? Since the main goal in ta'zir is correction, and in addition to correction, compensation for the damage is also considered. Criminal talent should also be considered in the process of correction.it is also necessary to pay attention to criminal motives. Therefore, in committing crimes, if the motives are similar, they will interfere and will be limited to just one ta'zir. And if the motives are dissimilar, any motive independent of the other motive is the subject of ta'zir, and the plurality of motives will cause the plurality of ta'zir reactions. Unless the goal is achieved by applying an appropriate ta'zir,in which case the causes will interfere.In cases where the purpose of ta'zir is compensation, the plurality of victims will lead to the plurality of ta'zir,even if the motive is the same.in order to provide the Victims' interests, a reaction must be adopted in the light of which the perpetrator's correction is also achieved.

The presence and active participation of the people is a prerequisite for achieving development, especially cultural development. The police force of the Islamic Republic of Iran has also tried to provide grounds for social participation in executive affairs related to cultural development by organizing and employing part of the people in the form of honorary police. The current research seeks to explain the issue of what roles and methods the honorary police can play in the development of cultural affairs related to the police. Therefore, the present research was carried out with the aim of explaining the methods of participation of the honorary police in cultural development in the group of special police command of West Tehran.

In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive study, which was carried out with a survey method. The statistical population of this research includes all the employees of the Special Police Command in the west of Tehran province, who have engaged in police activities in the recruitment and employment of honorary police officers at the provincial level, and the number of 264 people has been calculated as the sample size. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by the opinion of professors and elites, and its reliability was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient as 0.88. The obtained data are reviewed and presented using statistical software in two descriptive and analytical forms.

The findings of the research showed that the average of all the indicators related to the cooperative performance of the honorary police in cultural development, except for the index of "Calling for the deeds and forbidding the evil" is higher than the average. Also, the examination of the average total indicators of participation in cultural development by the honorary police of the special police command of West Tehran showed that the upper limit of this range was more than 3 and the participatory performance of the honorary police in cultural development was higher than the average. Examining the average collaborative performance of the honorary police in the subordinate cities of the province also indicates the difference in the overall performance of the honorary police officers in different cities.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing negative mood regulation and self-review in drug dependent and normal people.

The current research method is causal-comparative of a descriptive type. A sample of 30 drug addicts and 30 normal people was selected by multi-stage cluster method in Mallard city in 2018. The research tool was the negative mood regulation questionnaire of Salvatore and Mearns and the self-review questionnaire of Snyder and Ganjesteed.

The research findings showed that there is a significant difference between the research groups in the regulation of negative mood and self-review.

According to the results of this research, drug addicts suffer from negative mood regulation and self-review. This shows that metacognitive factors should be taken into account in the prevention of drug addiction and in its treatment.

Longitudinal plurality of the two states' plurality "cause and steward" and "plurality of causes "is conceivable. To consider a Sponsor Factor, if it is the Factor of "causes", Islamic jurists have referred to both the well-known theory of "the cause of front-impact" and "the stronger cause from steward". Due to the lack of clear criteria for referring to these two theories to explain the actual specific position of each, there is a kind of interference in the use of these two theories. Hence, whenever there are common principles, by resorting to these two theories, sometimes we can have verdict to guarantee "the cause of front-impact" and "the stronger cause from steward". This article seeks to examine the basis and reasons for retaining each of these two theories, explain the actual position of the two theories. It is concluded that the relationship between these two theories is defined as " public and private of absolute", "the cause of front-impact" and "the stronger cause from steward" . Hence, we can say that in theory the criterion of liability is “being strong” - meaning that in the presence of the theory of "the stronger factor", "the cause of front-impact" is not necessarily invoked.

This paper attempts to show the relation of fluctuations in macroeconomic indicators and robbery based on formal announcement of the country, and also evaluates the influences of relating independent variables.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose functional, in terms of implementation method, quantitative analysis which has been used longitudinal-comparative approach and analysis have been performed in two levels of descriptive and explanatory. Theoretical model of research and secondary analysis of data related to the I.R of Iran Statistics Center regarding robbery has been experimented as a dependent variable and macro and important economic indicators (unemployment, inflation and economic growth) as independent variables of research in a period of 7 years (from 2009 to 2015).

Based on the research findings, the correlation coefficient between robbery and variables (inflation rate, unemployment rate and economic growth) is evaluated 0.757. The ratio of the robbery variance which determined by aforementioned variables is equal to 0.573, and according to significance level, it is said that independent variables are able to explain some of the changes of the robbery variable.

it can be concluded that the independent variables are effective factors on robbery, namely the effect of variables (inflation and unemployment) on robbery are directly and the relationship between economic growth and robbery has been reversed. It is suggested that policymakers try to find the origins of increasing robbery in order to reduce robbery-related crimes.

In countries with codified laws, criminal justice is experiencing a shift from intimidating justice to restorative justice. Restorative justice, unlike traditional criminal justice, gives the victim a pivotal role in the administration of justice. This role has been effective in many criminal proceedings, and specifically, victim-offender mediation is one of the proven processes. The purpose of this study is to explain the preventive restorative justice of the police using the existing capacities in information and communication technology.

The present research is a descriptive-analytical effort with an applied approach. In this research, note-taking tools have been used to collect the data extracted from library and electronic documents.

The findings of this study showed that cyberspace can be a good platform for restorative justice to facilitate communication between litigants and also has features such as availability, speed, accuracy, no face-to-face confrontation, etc.

According to the results of this study, although the online model of victim-offender mediation has not been implemented so far, but this view can be a good alternative to the face-to-face situation in certain circumstances. However, it is clear that more research is needed to fully understand the structure and implications of an online system for resolving criminal disputes.

The police organization, like many organizations, depends on efficient and capable human resources. The nature of policing and being in stressful situations requires efficient manpower. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the efficiency of human resources of the traffic police in the west of Tehran province. The present study is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method and will be survey. The statistical population of this study includes 400 managers and employees of the traffic police in the west of Tehran province. In the present study, demographic variables are studied using descriptive statistics and in inferential statistics, multivariate linear regression analysis is used. The correlation coefficient of 5 independent variables of motivation, organizational culture, command method, empowerment and environmental conditions are: 0.859, 0.815, 0.870, 0.820 and 0.833, respectively, and their significance level to The order are: 0.028, 0.048, 0.024, 0.046 and 0.039 which shows the correlation coefficient, impact and strong relationship between the above independent variables and the dependent variable of efficiency. The results of the study showed that 5 independent variables of motivation, organizational culture, command method, empowerment and environmental conditions have a great impact on the efficiency of road personnel in the west of Tehran province. And the three variables of command method, motivation and environmental conditions with the correlation coefficient of 0.870, 0.859 and 0.833 and the coefficient of determination of 0.757, 0.738 and 0.694, respectively, had the highest correlation and impact.

Although virtual space has two-sided effects (positive and negative), but could be a conducive instrument to expand relations and increase social prestige of NAJA. The current study was conducted to indicate methods how to increase social prestige of NAJA using virtual space.

the grounded theory as a qualitative method was used for this research. Unlike quantitative methods that has statistical society and use numerical analysis, the process of gathering data in research field using this method is based on theoretical and purposeful sampling and non-numerical analysis. Thus in this study researchers used the late-mentioned samplings in research field to collect data via interviews until they reached the point of theoretical saturation. The research field was western cities of Tehran province and twelve non-related people plus ten personnel of NAJA were interviewed. The findings of this research are the output of three layers coding of raw data; open coding, axial coding and selective coding.

the findings indicate that NAJA can prepare the situation for increasing its social prestige by creativity in virtual space, creating a common virtual space, and removing obstacles in the way of useful interaction in virtual space.

based on the findings of this research, some strategies like non-violent depictions, attractiveness, expertise and skillfulness of personnel, presenting the achievement, trust-making relations, and mythologizing could have a pivotal role in increasing social prestige of NAJA via virtual space.

The car is one of the basic tools in fast and easy transportation, and any action against ownership and damage of car will seriously challenge this mission. Theft of a car and its accessories is one of the crimes that provoked this challenge and caused financial and psychological damage. in order to increase the car theft in Shahryar city, the present study was conducted in 2019 with the aim of finding the potential of places to local parking in a descriptive-analytical manner with a practical nature. Data were collected by document filing, field observation, and short interviews with 20 experts. Selected lands were analyzed and monitored using spatial analysis software (ARC GIS). Based on the research findings, 61 points in the central area of Shahryar with a gross area of 87187 square meters were selected based on 8 ranked indicators and capacity measurement. The results of the study showed that local parking policy is an alternative policy along with the development of public parking lots, the implementation of which at the local level can be useful in preventing car theft due to the policies of city managers and public participation.

The principles of mutual respect and sovereign equality are amongst the most fundamental rules of international law. Also, the principle of states’ immunity has been articulated in the 2004 Convention. In this light, some states including the US’s unilateral confiscation of other states’ immunity sounds unconventional. In this regard, the recent act of the US government to block and confiscate Iran’s property is of great importance. The present article examines the definition and scope of  states’ immunity in international law. Following this examination, a thorough critique of the US policy is undertaken and then, it will be concluded that the US policy of confiscation is in direct breach of international law.

as regards, one of the indicators of the development of a country, the security of the country from different aspects of economic security, political, social, and health. Support of criminal - policing Protection of intellectual property rights can be effectively indicator of the security of any country upgrade makes . In order that the regulations of the country in full support of all instances of intellectual production does not take place. Therefore, the present article, by using Documentation and library resources, Descriptive- analytical method and practical, survey the impact of criminal protection - policing of intellectual property on the index of the important security and explain the place of police in the implementation of this important. To make the results of this research, authorities need to strengthen the protection of intellectual property, in both the Legislation and the execution, Take action to criminalization some risk behavior and creation of organizations in police.

The phenomenon of conflict in society, including Crimes that creates disrupt social order, relationships, Space Hostility between people. And field To create further tension between society and its people provides. The conflict in any society is influenced by several factors that explain the study in the same way and with the aim of Social Criminology of conflict and the factors affecting it carried in 1395. The Statistical Society is over 15 years old people in Mallard and sample size According to Formula Cochran 358 Person determination Respectively. To Trust More Questionnaires Among 400 Person To Way Sample Trade Was In a multi-stage cluster Distribution. The reliability and validity using Cronbach's alpha was obtained. Results showed that the variables of social anomy, social isolation, relative deprivation, social - economic and gender have a significant relationship with strife. The regression test results show that 28% of the variation of the dependent variable, the independent variables have been explained.

The organizational structure of every institution, just as the elements of management, procedures, equipment and human resources, is considered a key element of that institution. This pillar of an institution, by taking into account the human development and community needs, should be designed and created so as to enhance the organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The advancements in the information and communication technologies (ICT) and transformations that has occurred, not only increases social welfare and speed things up, but also contributes to dependence of public ,governmental institutions ,and NGOs on this technology, such that most of the people’s daily routines have moved to cyberspace. This has presented challenges to police. First, this technology can serve police by improving the procedures, performing specialized duties, preventing and fighting crime. Second, the displacement of crime to cyberspace and offender’s taking advantage of this technology to commit crime represent challenges to society and the criminal justice system, including police. The present article is an interdisciplinary study (management, law and ICT) that tries to answer the following questions through descriptive and analytical method , using the library documents, and with an explanation of the duties and capabilities of police and the potentials of ICT: How should the future structure of Iran’s police be redesign and developed by considering this technology ? On which missions Iran’s police can utilize the ICT capabilities and substitute it for human resource? Based on the results of this study, Irans’ police should use the aforementioned technology on some of its missions like traffic control, crime prevention, crime detection and etc, so as to redesign its occupational structure and gradually decrease the number of employed workers, improve its information and communication technologies, increase accuracy, convenience, and pace of performing duties, reduce human error, enhance efficiency and effectiveness, avoid maintenance cost of human resource and prevent physical harm through considering ICT capabilities; so that, become an smart organizational entity.

In criminal offenses, to impose punishment on criminals, simultaneous existence of both Actus reus and Mens rea is essential. But there are exceptions in law and the parliament regarding the prevention of committing some dangerous behavior and protecting the public interest. The regulations forbid such acts due to the fact that they are difficult to prove, and they are not economical. This process is referred to as "strict liability or criminal liability without fault" and the offender will be punished, although a mental element may be necessary, i.e, whether or not she/he might have broken the law. Principle of the criminal law is to punish when 'No fault' is imposed on the person. This article explains the strict and absolute liability in criminal law and Islamic law and its relationship with the physician's responsibility. The present research concludes that compurgation does not eliminate the physician's responsibility but she/he can be excused from the punishment Diyeh. Thus in certain conditions, the criminal law and jurisprudence accept strict criminal liability.

In most of countries, crime prevention relies deeply on the responsibility of police. In Iran, according to paragraph (e) of Article 4of Police Act (1369), "crime prevention" is one of the most important tasks of police. To implement this duty, especially in case of the recent advances of ICT in some areas such as cyber privacy, police have faced with a lot of challenges.This paper aims to explain the concept of privacy in cyberspace, privacy violation aspects, and finally, challenges which, in order to implement the preventive strategies, police face with them in the cyberspace.