مرتضی حیدری

Spirituality is one of the dimensions of human existence and, accordingly, it is considered as an important dimension of patient care, and paying attention to this dimension can lead to the improvement of a person's physical, mental and social health. Considering that the discussion of spiritual care is closely related to the values, beliefs and culture of every society, it is necessary to extract religious teachings in this field in a coherent and systematic way so that it is available to patients and their caregivers. Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of extracting the strategies and solutions proposed in the Holy Quran and hadiths. As a result, by referring to religious sources, this study reached three general themes, including reformation, adjusting tendencies and mind management skills, and each of them contains several solutions that can help patients to accept and cope with the specific conditions of the disease and increase hope. and help to reduce the psychological stress caused by the disease. The method used in this research is qualitative content analysis with a mixed approach; in this sense, by referring to previous researches, the spiritual needs of patients were extracted and a part of the needs was selected. These needs formed the previous categories and the initial analysis matrix, and then new codes were added by referring to the verses and traditions. Verses and narrations have been identified by keyword search and snowball sampling.

The need to address spirituality and the non-physical aspects of human beings is increasingly recognized and attended by healthcare providers and medical education institutes worldwide. Considering its importance and the emphasis of the Holy Qur'an and Islamic instructions and the Iranian Islamic civilization heritage, spiritual issues are expected to have a high priority to achieve a comprehensive and holistic approach to human life and health, so that it is reflected appropriately in the country's medical education. However, it seems that there are evident gaps in addressing the spiritual dimension of health in various parts of the Iranian medical education system, including in the curricula. This study aimed to investigate the situation of spiritual health in medical education programs to highlight the necessity of addressing spiritual health in medical education curricula.

To conduct this study, the curricula of 31 undergraduate programs including medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy, and 28 bachelor's programs in medical education were reviewed and analyzed concerning any mentions of spiritual health issues.

The study revealed that spiritual concepts are absent in about half of the curricula under study, while in many other fields, general references to these concepts can be seen only in the introductions of the field and especially in the statement of values and beliefs. A limited number of curricula contain a spiritual approach in other components of the curriculum as well, mainly in some relevant courses, but the tendency towards this approach is noticeable in the latest version of the curricula of nursing and general medicine. Furthermore, there is no course entitled spiritual health or with any other title dedicated to the relationship between religion and spirituality. Of course, 17 programs contain courses related to professional ethics, in which some references are made to religious and spiritual issues.

Regarding the necessity of training healthcare providers with a holistic approach, it seems that the curricula of medical education programs need a fundamental change to address the spiritual aspect of health appropriately. The perceived necessity of addressing spiritual health in medical education programs and the perceived gap in this regard confirms the necessity of revising the curricula as part of the road map to achieve the desired situation. It should be given proper attention by the medical education policymakers and authorities.

Impingement jet is a fluid flow that hits a surface perpendicularly or at a specific angle for the purpose of cooling or heating. The rate of transfer processes in turbulent impingement flows is affected by the formation of coherent structures, the interaction between them and transfer of It's energy.By oscillating the incoming flow in the impinging jets, the formation of coherent structures can be affected, and as a result, the amount of heat removal is affected. In this study, the effect of pulsed impinging jet using step and sinusoidal functions The flow and temperature field of a dimpled surface has been investigated by numerical method. The key parameters in this study include the shape of the input function, the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillating jet. The results of this study have been validated using previous researches and then The effect of key parameters on the  formation of coherent structures and the amount of heat extraction have been discussed and analyzed. The results show that bypulsating the inlet flow, it is possible to change the recirculation zones and the vorticity field in the flow and overally The heat increases on the dimpled surface. Such results show that the flow patterns and Nusselt number are highly dependent on the parameters of the input function such as frequency and amplitude.

Spirituality has an undeniable impact on healing power, the ability to cope with and adapt to change, and health-related conditions. Spirituality is an essential component of health care; it is critical, vital, and distinct from other types of care. Therefore, the current study attempted to explain the spiritual caregiver's understanding from the patients' perspective.

The current study was carried out in the educational and medical centers of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2020 using a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis. Data were collected and analyzed concurrently through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 participants using purposive sampling.

The participants included 7 women and 5 men. The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was 44.16±10.1. From the analysis of interviews conducted with patients, 366 primary codes, 10 subcategories and 3 main categories were extracted, which indicated the participants' understanding of spiritual care. "Religion" (belief in the presence of God, observance of Sharia rules, honoring religious beliefs), "Morality" (respect for privacy, responsibility, honesty, confidentiality), and "aegis"(protection, support, follow-up and continuity of care).

In light of the findings of this study, spiritual care has a religious and ethical foundation, and its supportive aspects should receive more emphasis. According to patients, spiritual care entails responsibility, honesty, and confidentiality, as well as considering moral values and religious beliefs as a valuable resource that maximizes patient's self-care control and recovery.

Fields related to health sciences have high sensitivities due to their close relationship with health and community health. On the other hand, spirituality can provide a unique capacity to develop and promote health. The spiritual education program is not only a means to understand the educational content, but it is a movement beyond reasoning and analytical methods and thinking that usually takes place during education. The purpose of this research was to compile suggested topics of spiritual health for health disciplines.

The current study is a research in education that was conducted in 2021 in five stages. First, the texts related to spiritual health in health sciences were reviewed with an emphasis on spiritual health education. In the next step, the opinions of health professionals and experts were obtained. Then an expert panel consisting of experienced professors in the fields related to spiritual health, psychology, and health was formed to review the proposed items (including predetermined goals). The suggested items resulting from the expert panel comments were given to 15 health sciences, spiritual health, and psychology experts to respond to the indicators related to content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). In the end, the obtained results were summarized and suggested. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

This study developed the spiritual health course syllabus for health sciences majors with 24 titles, whose content validity was confirmed. The above titles were acceptable in terms of their necessity and the relationship of the selected titles with the title of spiritual health in health fields.

According to the opinion of experts in the spiritual health and health sciences field, the proposed syllabus can be used as a guide to complete and design the curriculum of the spiritual health course in health fields in medical sciences universities of Iran.

With the expansion of communication and information technology in schools, the traditional patterns of education will become new patterns. This research, with a logical and scientific approach, has compiled the indicators of future schools in Iran with emphasis on engineering and behavioral-educational features. The research method is descriptive survey and using the process of network analysis and fuzzy logic. The statistical population of this research is the members of the academic staff and experts in the field of future schools in Farhangian Universities of Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan and Tehran, as well as prominent teachers and administrators in the public and private sectors of education in the country. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed through face and content validity, as well as its reliability through Cronbach's alpha (0.85). The findings showed that the dimensions and elements of the future school can be explained in 10 dimensions and 48 Factors. The dimensions of the future school, in order of importance, include teaching processes, communication and technology, management features, learning processes, participatory policies, attitude to school, forward-looking thinking, safety and health, school design and indoor air.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-based mindfulness group therapy on reducing anxiety and increasing the quality of life of couples with delinquent husbands.

The current research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all criminals and their spouses who refer to Wasal Psychological and Counseling Clinic during the year 2021. For sampling, the available sampling method is used, 20 couples are selected from the clients of Vesal Psychological and Counseling Clinic and are randomly replaced in the experimental group and the control group. Received the cognitive-based intervention and no intervention was provided to the members of the control group. Before and after the implementation of the intervention, Beck's anxiety questionnaire (Beck et al., 1990) and quality of life (World Health Organization group, 1998) were completed by the sample group.

The results of repeated measurement variance analysis showed that in the post-test and follow-up stages, the anxiety of women with delinquent husbands in the experimental group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease (F = 89.74, P = 0.001) and the quality of life of the experimental group compared to the control group. The evidence of increase (F = 110.31, P = 0.001) was found significant.

The findings of the research confirm that it is important that mindfulness group therapy based on reducing anxiety reduces the marital conflicts of couples with delinquent spouses

The study of effective factors in promoting resilience is one of the goals of positive psychology, so the aim of this study was to determine the role of moral intelligence and distress tolerance in predicting resilience of students during coronation.

The present study was a correlation-analytical study. The statistical population of the study included all male students of Farhangian University of Shahid Bahonar Campus in Birjand in the academic year 2020-2021. The distress of Simon and Gaher (2005) and the resilience of Connor and Davidson (2003) responded. Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with SPSS software version 24 were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there was a direct and significant correlation between distress tolerance (r = -0.611) and moral intelligence (r = -0.613) with resilience (P <0.01). Also, the results showed distress tolerance (37.6%) and moral intelligence (45.1%) predict the variance of resilience. Ethical Considerations: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of Helsingi, informed consent and approval of the code of ethics. Discussion and

According to the results of the study, by increasing the tolerance of distress and promoting moral intelligence and their dimensions, students' resilience can be reduced during the corona; Therefore, in programs based on health promotion, it seems necessary to pay more attention to stress tolerance, moral intelligence and its promotion in students.

Self-control has a significant role in spiritual and social health. Religious instructions can be regarded as a great capacity for improving self-control. Self-control is composed of different concepts and components and is depends on the values and cultural background of the community. This study was performed to explain the mechanisms of the improvement of self-control that are derived from the Holy Qur’an.

Methods and Materials: 

A qualitative content analysis study was conducted in a deductive- inductive design. In the deductive phase, the theories and definitions of self-control were investigated in a variety of resources and the core concepts and its components were identified. At the inductive phase, the keywords identified were reviewed in Qur’anic verses and their interpretations and the concepts were retrieved, coded, and classified.

Mechanisms for the improvement of self-control are classified in eight main categories, included 21 subcategories and 82 concepts. Some mechanisms are in line with the existing theories, while some of them are specifically presented by the Holy Quran. The mechanisms include self-awareness, promotion of goals, inner motivation improvement, outer motivation improvement, warning, God-centeredness, creation and remembrance of the covenant of faith and symbol development.

As a result of the importance of self-control in individual and social life and the role of religious instructions in its improvement, it is necessary to explain it from religious perspective according to the Holy Qur’an. The mechanisms could be helpful for individuals and educational institutions and other organizations involved in spiritual and social health.

Most of a person's life is spent in employment. Today, we see a trend and special attention to the issue of job burnout all over the world. Burnout is a psychological symptom, an ongoing response to chronic personal and emotional stress in the workplace. Pediatric resident physicians are exposed to job burnout for various reasons, which reduces the quality of service delivery. Therefore, due to the importance of paying attention to the issue of job burnout and also the lack of a studies in this field in the community of pediatric resident physicians of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the job burnout of pediatric resident physicians of Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on Maslach questionnaire in 2020-2021.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 57 active in Pediatric resident physicians of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. To determine the level and intensity of job burnout, the Persianized Maslach questionnaire was used. To analyze the data, first descriptive statistics were used, including the mean standard deviation of burnout scores and their severity, and for comparison, a two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test was used. SPSS 26 software was used for data analysis.

The average intensity of job burnout in pediatric resident physicians of Tehran University of Medical Sciences is 55.45 and also the mean frequency of job burnout in pediatric resident physicians of Tehran University of Medical Sciences is 62.1.  In this study, there was no significant difference between the severity and frequency of job burnout with age, marital status, and work experience. However, a significant relationship was observed between the intensity of emotional burnout and the number of working days per week. A significant relationship was observed between the frequency of emotional burnout and living in a family. A significant relationship was observed between the severity of personality disorder and having children.

Based on the results of this study, job burnout among pediatric resident physicians of Tehran University of Medical Sciences showed the level of severe personal failure in terms of frequency and in average level, while this variable in the dimensions of emotional exhaustion has low intensity and moderate frequency, and depersonalization has low intensity and frequency.

Patients have certain rights that are expected to be observed and respected by healthcare providers. These rights include universal as well as local rights determined by the social and cultural context of any society. Patient’s rights consist of statements issued to declare the duties of the health providers pertaining to patients. There are charters of patient rights in different countries including Iran. However, it seems necessary to investigate more exactly the patient rights in accordance with the Islamic perspective as the fundamental value system of the country. This study was conducted to explore and explain the patient’s rights from the clerics’ point of view.

This was a conventional qualitative content analysis study. The participants were 20 clerics living in Qom selected through purposeful sampling, who met the inclusion criteria and could provide their understanding of the patient’s rights in the context of Islam. Deep semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were coded and categorized through qualitative content analysis.

This study led to the identification of four themes as the main features of patient’s rights from the clerics’ point of view including respect for patient autonomy, considering non-physical needs of patients, high-quality healthcare, and moral conduct.

According to the findings of this study, patient rights from the viewpoint of the clerics includes besides attending other needs of patients, their spiritual needs that should be addressed by healthcare providers.

The main objective of this research was the feasibility investigation of establishing virtual educational system in secondary schools of North Khorasan province. 

The research method is descriptive survey (contextualizing). The study population consists of all secondary school principals in North Khorasan province which include 1804 people. 317 people were selected as sample according to the population size and based on Krejcie and Morgan table. The sampling method in the present research is stratified random. The data collection tool included researcher-made questionnaire of feasibility study of establishing virtual educational system and has 30 items using Likert scale. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by the experts and its reliability through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained ./924 which showed the acceptable level of the research tool. Questions were analyzed by help of one sample T test, Independent t test and Levine test .

The results showed that all necessary infrastructure for establishing a virtual educational system including: hardware infrastructure, software infrastructure, electronic content, skilled and expert manpower and financial resources and support and culture-building activities is available in secondary schools of North Khorasan. There is a significant difference between male and female principals ideas in the field of developing all necessary infrastructures required for establishing virtual educational system. In the view of female principals the possibility of deploying hardware infrastructures, skilled and expert manpower, and financial resources and support and culture-building activities is more in comparison with male principals. 

Also in the view of male principals the possibility of deploying software infrastructures, and electronic content is more in comparison with female principals.

In this research the author has elicited the marked semantic features / components of art concept in the poetry of 6th century with using the principles of conceptual semantics. With a critical and editorial look at the structures identified for conceptual semantics, he has reviewed these structures and their application in the field of linguistic and literary research. After classification of semantic features in relevant fields with every feature, fifteen various semantic fields acquired for art concept in the poems of 6th century poets. These semantic fields in order of extenting their domains are: literary language, practical wisdom, eulogy, aesthetics, craft, morality and habitude, social criticism, war, anthropology, zoology, religion, cosmology, ecology, mysticism and love. In literary language field, the diverse ontological phenomenon have been the materials for the poetical imagery with figurative devices, i.e. simile and implicit metaphor. In the semantic realm of praise, the art of the praiseworthy feature, incapable, has been reported against him. The components obtained in the field of aesthetics show that the poetry of the sixth century was the basis of the discourse of aesthetics. The semantic field of industry has been obtained from various techniques and professions. Individual and social characteristics are grouped in the semantic domain of morality and temperament. Non gratification of poets in 6th century from their art has conceptualized the semantic field of social criticism. Also warfare and the quality of martial instrumen are also marked for the concept of art. Art has also been enumerated in the field of anthropology of human habits and, nevertheless, has been considered as a feature of various animals. Theism, religion and requisite for earmarking the religion also conceptualized for art. Finally, art has been reported as a feature of the universe and cosmic objects and has been conceptualized with singular semantic features of ecology, mysticism and love. The research findings show that art has a very comprehensive concept in the framework of the mentioned studies and is contrary to the conventional notions of today. The research findings prove that art in the studied framework has a most comprehensive and despite to usual assumptions concept.

Febrile seizure is one the most common pediatric disease. Diagnosis of this disease is usually based on the history and clinical signs and symptoms. Various factors have been suggested as pathogenesis of febrile seizure but the main cause is still unknown. Recent studies recommended a relationship between oxidative stress and febrile seizure. This study aimed to examine the relationship between febrile seizure and Malondialdehyde (MDA) serum level as an oxidant determinant and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) serum level as an antioxidant determinant.

In this case-control study, two groups of people including 46 patients with simple and complex febrile seizure, and 44 normal children were studied. There was no history of febrile seizures, afebrile seizures, epilepsy or any types of neurologic and metabolic disorders in patients. Thus, serum levels of MAD and SOD in the two groups of study were evaluated, separately.

The findings of this study showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde enzymes compared with healthy subjects. Also, the results of the measurement of the superoxide dismutase enzyme indicated a significant increase compared to the healthy group.

Significant increase in SOD and also a significant increase in MDA may be due to the stimulation of compensatory responses in the brain and subsequent the antioxidant system counteracting the oxidant system. These results also indicate the importance of time for enzyme measurements.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing emotional-focused couple therapy in group mode (EFCT) and practical training of intimate communication skills (PAIRS) in marital compatibility and communication patterns of couples.

This research was applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of design, it was semi-experimental and in the form of a pre-test-post-test design with one control group and two experimental groups. The statistical population of this research is all couples who have referred to one of the counseling centers in Mashhad in 2019 to solve marital problems. The sample of the research was 24 pairs of volunteers who were randomly assigned to three groups; Two experimental groups and one control group (8 couples in each group) were replaced. In fact, the experimental groups each belonged to one of the methods of couple therapy (emotion-oriented - Perez's intimate communication skills). The content of the sessions was prepared according to Perez's principles of emotional therapy and sincere communication skills and was implemented in experimental groups during 9 sessions (one session per week). The data collection tools were Spiner's Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (DAS) and Couple Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), which were completed by both groups before and immediately after the intervention. The data was analyzed using analysis of covariance test.

The findings of the research show that emotion-oriented couple therapy and intimate communication skills training are effective in improving couples' relationships and increasing their compatibility.

Among the two treatment approaches, communication skill training in the Perez method on couples' communication patterns and emotion-oriented couple therapy approach have been more effective on marital adjustment (P≤0.05).

The stylistics deals with studying repetitions, and so employing the statistical analyses in stylistic evaluations proved to be useful in studying the frequencies. Whereas the descriptive statistics cannot always explain the stylistic fluctuations, using inferential statistics theories in evaluating stylistic phenomena will bear a scientific accuracy. “Stylometry” is the term that has been coined for studying stylistics with the use of computer.  In the present article, the author tried to evaluate imagination in the construction of simile in Khorasani style. In doing so, the books of twelve eminent poets of Khorasani style were studied diachronically and the relation of literal similes and imagination was examined. To analyze the data, the author adapted an inferential approach and calculated the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the correlation coefficient was 0 /374 and the significance level was 0/626 and therefore it could be said that there is a positive and direct relationship between variables. In stylistics terms, it means that the more compressed the angle of simile in Khorasani style, the more frequent literal similes would be, which is in line with the dominant norms of Khorasani Style.

In this study, cheap nanoparticles with the highest hybrid similarity were introduced to increase the surface resistance of ancient Pasargadae (Cyrus Tomb) rocks. As result, the kind of mineral of thin section of sample was detected as calcite and grainstone texture. The physical features of the sample indicated a high porosity. In order to achieve a high compatibility of the intended Nano materials, some powder of the sample was used as pre-material through Mechanical Grinder. After preparation of the powder, Nano material was prepared due to sol-gel method. Calcium Titanate blurs with the phase of Perovskite and Titanium dioxide with the phase of Anatase have been detected as XRD. These compounds were confirmed by FT-IR. The size of spherical and oval blurs prepared in the scale of Nano was confirmed by SEM. The existence of common elements such as Calcium, Titanium, Oxygen and Carbon was detected as EDX spectrometer. In this experience, Ethanol was used as solvent. In 4 hours, the gained Colloidal dissolved was added on the surface of the stone by the capillary specific. So as to module the resistance of the sample, the coated surface was examined under the abrasion test. Along with these experiments, all the levels for pre-material lime were done. The results show a relative improvement in the surface resistance of the sample rock. Meanwhile, there wasn’t any remarkable change in the case of the color of the sample.

quality of life is derived from the common experience of residents regarding their environment and its ability to respond to the citizens' needs. In this study, the impacts of cultural, sports, and art spaces of Tehran's district 18 as one of the elements affecting the improvement of the quality of life for citizens were investigated using a subjective approach. The statistical population of this study was determined as 385 subjects using Cochran's formula. At first and for analyzing, testing, and deduction of hypothesis, the questionnaires for district 18 residents were segregated from other referrers, then Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test with test value of 3, independent t-test and Friedman test were used for analyzing them. According to the results of one-sample t-test with test value of 3 and independent t-test, it was determined that cultural, sports, and art spaces of district 18 have affected quality of life differently by providing various regional and transregional functions. The results of Friedman test showed that each cultural, sports, and art center of district 18 had different impacts on life quality of regional and transregional citizens such that “Paradis Tamasha Cinema” and “Shahidan Esmaeili Sports Complex” had the highest and lowest impact respectively.

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, as an emerging disease brought about one of the most critical situations for the health care system. One of the most critical conditions placed facing the health care services’ system. The difficulty of managing this crisis, particularly with the special conditions of Iran, the unknown nature of the disease and the lack of sufficient experience, provided the arena for creativity and various innovations. These valuable experiences, if managed and turned into explicit knowledge, will provide valuable reserves for the Iranian and the world and health care system and neglect of explicit knowledge, it will lead to the loss of this enormous capital.

Medical education, beyond the acquisition of a set of knowledge and skills, is a quite complicated process of cultivation, formation, and development of health professionals (1) in the educational context which in turn, is deeply associated and intertwined with health delivery system. This is an output of close relationship and long-term interaction of the learner with the educational environment. The optimum output of this system, will be a graduate, possessing the required competencies and capable of performance with a holistic approach, a part of which are spiritual competencies (2). Regarding the significance of spirituality in holistic approach to health, medical education institutes and their accrediting agencies all over the world have seriously addressed the issue as an inseparable part of instructional goals and programs (3). Although this, by nature, is based on an old and original need, it is a relatively new phenomenon in formal medical education and thus undergoing a process of trial and error. Considering the multiple teaching and learning strategies and methods in medical education (4), the question arises about the best way for spirituality to be taught in medical schools.Determining the appropriate educational strategies in this field depends on a clear explanation of the aims and purposes of addressing spirituality in medical education. These aims could be classified in different levels, the minimum level being an overall perception of non-physical dimensions of human being. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal of incorporating spirituality in medical education according to the authors can be stated as a shift from the narrow biomedical paradigm to a deepened and strengthened holistic view among the health care potential workers, with special attention to Spirit as a truth composing a main part of his existence. It is believed that this recognition, followed by a comprehensive understanding of man and his diverse needs, leads to improvement in healthcare system and transcendence of health in human communities. In this way, addressing spirituality in medical education should be regarded paradigmatically, influencing many fundamentals of knowledge, attitude, and behavior. In other words, spirituality should be covered in medical curricula to convey a thorough knowledge of human being (5). It should be noted that during medical education, apart from technical knowledge and skills, a set of character traits and a kind of professional identity are formed, not only as a result of textbooks and educational materials, but through implicit and indirect messages conveyed within the atmosphere of education. These messages mainly focus on cultural customs, values, norms, social and behavioral expectations and tendencies, encompassing the concept of hidden curriculum in which, in addition to the content of the message, the sender, the environment and the way the message is exchanged are of particular importance (6). Hidden curriculum provides a capacity for transmission of messages beyond curriculum, which can be means of better training and finally better performance. Hidden curriculum, influenced by the organizational culture and especially role models, may be contrary to formal curriculum and the explicit educational goals. This is especially significant in clinical stages of medical education in which the actions of professors and others whose behavior is accepted as reference, accompanied by the overall atmosphere of the educational settings play a major role.It seems that to teach spirituality with the above-mentioned goals, it is necessary to take advantage from the capacity of hidden curriculum (7). Firstly, because it can be helpful in preventing against the negative consequences of what is implicitly taught in educational contexts, and secondly, to prepare the ground for utilizing it to develop and strengthen these competencies and meet existing challenges in areas such as medical ethics, professionalism, social accountability, and integrity. So, despite acknowledging spirituality and especially spiritual care as a part of formal curriculum, it seems that the effect of hidden curriculum is clearly greater on this dimension of health compared with other aspects of health. Although hidden curriculum exerts its effects in an implicit and at times unintended manner, targeted and planned interventions can lead to desirable effect on the learners. So it is recommended to consider spirituality in different levels from policy-making to planning, implementation and evaluation.

Single phase grid-tied inverters are remarkably increasing in low-power applications such as residential and industrial power supplies. In the single phase system, the inherent ripple power at twice the line frequency results in undesirable low-frequency ripple in the dc-link voltage and output ac current. This issue can be eased through the installation of bulky electrolytic capacitors in the dc link. However, such passive filtering approach may inevitably lead to limited system lifetime and reliability. To overcome these problems, auxiliary power decoupling methods are used to reduce the size of the electrolytic capacitor and replace it with film capacitor. In this paper, By introducing a shunt switching compensator (SSC) and exploiting instantaneous power theory (pq theory), the size of the required capacitance remarkably decreased.The proposed controlling system, based on the modified pq theory and single-phase modeling, was similar to a three-phase unbalanced system regarding the structure. The system simulation was according to the 3Kw photovoltaic system used at the Birjand University. The simulation results verify the proposed power decoupling technique. At the end, a cost comparison between the proposed structure and prevalent structure is also done.